Journal Description
Coatings
Coatings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on coatings and surface engineering published monthly online by MDPI. The Korean Tribology Society (KTS) is affiliated with Coatings and its members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Materials Science, Coatings & Films) / CiteScore - Q2 (Surfaces and Interfaces)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 14 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Coatings.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Comprehensive Characterization of Blue Wire NiTi File Failure: A Comparative Analysis of Cyclic Fatigue and Torsional Resistance Properties
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030361 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study compared the fatigue resistance and elemental composition of two blue heat-treated nickel–titanium (NiTi) files used in root canal preparation as follows: Tia Tornado Blue (TTB) and Race Evo (RE) file systems. For cyclic fatigue testing, the two systems were tested where
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This study compared the fatigue resistance and elemental composition of two blue heat-treated nickel–titanium (NiTi) files used in root canal preparation as follows: Tia Tornado Blue (TTB) and Race Evo (RE) file systems. For cyclic fatigue testing, the two systems were tested where each file was rotated inside an artificial metal canal submerged in either sodium hypochlorite or saline solution until fracture. Time to fracture was recorded. For torsional fatigue testing, the file tip was secured while the file was allowed to rotate at a fixed rate until fracture. Torque at failure was recorded. The two experiments were performed at simulated body temperature and the length of fractured segments was measured. Statistical analysis was carried out with a significance level (p-value) set at 5%. The mean cycles to fracture for RE were superior to that of TTB irrespective of the solution used (p < 0.05). TTB’s cyclic fatigue resistance decreased in NaOCl (p < 0.0001). RE demonstrated lower torque at failure (p = 0.002). All files were fractured at comparable lengths (p = 0.218). Although RE is considered more resistant to cyclic fatigue, it showed inferior torsional resistance compared with TTB. The NaOCl negatively affected the TTB’s cyclic fatigue resistance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Properties of Dental Materials and Instruments II)
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Investigation of Graphene Platelet-Based Dry Lubricating Film Formation in Tribological Contacts
by
Florian Pape
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030360 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
Dry lubricants used in highly loaded rolling bearings are in the focus of current research. In previous studies, graphene platelets applied as dry lubricants on the surfaces of angular contact ball bearings demonstrated superior properties. These specific bearings, experiencing both rolling and spinning
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Dry lubricants used in highly loaded rolling bearings are in the focus of current research. In previous studies, graphene platelets applied as dry lubricants on the surfaces of angular contact ball bearings demonstrated superior properties. These specific bearings, experiencing both rolling and spinning motion, create more severe conditions for dry lubricants. To gain deeper insights into the lubrication effects, micro-tribological studies were carried out on the respective film formation and running behavior effects. In the tests, a fixed steel ball slid against an oscillating counterpart under a defined load. During the measurements, the applied load and tangential forces on the ball were recorded to calculate the friction. Comparative investigations included nano-graphite particles and fullerene as dry lubricants, in addition to graphene platelets of various staple thicknesses. To increase the adhesion of the films to the surfaces, a pre-rolling process was implemented. Afterwards, the friction on the compressed films was measured. The results indicate that the pre-rolling process effectively reduces the friction of the system. After testing, the surfaces underwent analysis using laser scanning microscopy to assess the formed films, wear, and material transfer. It has been demonstrated that the pre-rolling process leads to the formation of a very thin compacted film with surface protective properties. With the ball as a counterpart, the graphene platelets generate a transfer film on the contacting surface.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Tribological Applications)
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Effect of Conformal Coating on Electrochemical Migration Behavior of Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitor for Automotives Based on Water Drop Test
by
Young-Ran Yoo, Seokyeon Won and Young-Sik Kim
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030359 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
A large amount of multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) is mounted inside a printed circuit board (PCB) constituting electronic components. The use of MLCC in electric vehicles and the latest mobile phones is rapidly increasing with the latest technology. Environments in which electronic components
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A large amount of multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) is mounted inside a printed circuit board (PCB) constituting electronic components. The use of MLCC in electric vehicles and the latest mobile phones is rapidly increasing with the latest technology. Environments in which electronic components are used are becoming more diverse and conformal coatings are being applied to protect mounted components from these environments. In particular, MLCCs in electronic components mainly have voltage applied. They might be used in environments where humidity exists for various reasons. In a humid environment, electrochemical migration (ECM) will occur, with the cathode and anode on the surface of the MLCC encountering each other. This can result in product damage due to a short circuit. In this study, the effects of voltage, NaCl concentration, and distance between electrodes on a non-mount MLCC, surface mount MLCC, and solder pad pattern were evaluated using a water drop test (WDT). Based on the analysis of the effects of the presence of conformal coating, applied voltage, concentration of NaCl, and the distance between electrodes, a mechanism model for ECM behavior in MLCCs was proposed.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)
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Open AccessReview
Application Research of Ultrasonic-Guided Wave Technology in Pipeline Corrosion Defect Detection: A Review
by
Feng Lyu, Xinyue Zhou, Zheng Ding, Xinglong Qiao and Dan Song
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030358 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper presents research on the application of ultrasonic-guided wave technology in corrosion defect identification, expounds the relevant ultrasonic-guided wave theories and the principle of ultrasonic-guided wave non-destructive testing of pipelines, and discusses the Lamb wave and shear horizontal wave mode selection that
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This paper presents research on the application of ultrasonic-guided wave technology in corrosion defect identification, expounds the relevant ultrasonic-guided wave theories and the principle of ultrasonic-guided wave non-destructive testing of pipelines, and discusses the Lamb wave and shear horizontal wave mode selection that is commonly used in ultrasonic-guided wave corrosion detection. Furthermore, research progress in the field of ultrasonic-guided wave non-destructive testing (NDT) technology, i.e., regarding transducers, structural health monitoring, convolutional neural networks, machine learning, and other fields, is reviewed. Finally, the future prospects of ultrasonic-guided wave NDT technology are discussed.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Preparation and Characterization Techniques for Developing Coating Materials and Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Vascularization Reconstruction Strategies in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
by
Jiping Chen, Yu Da, Jing Yang, Guirong Zhu and Haiyan Qin
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030357 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
Craniofacial bone defects are usually secondary to accident trauma, resection of tumor, sever inflammation, and congenital disease. The defects of craniofacial bones impact esthetic appearance and functionality such as mastication, pronunciation, and facial features. During the craniofacial bone regeneration process, different osteogenic cells
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Craniofacial bone defects are usually secondary to accident trauma, resection of tumor, sever inflammation, and congenital disease. The defects of craniofacial bones impact esthetic appearance and functionality such as mastication, pronunciation, and facial features. During the craniofacial bone regeneration process, different osteogenic cells are introduced, including primary osteoblasts or pluripotent stem cells. However, the defect area is initially avascular, resulting in the death of the introduced cells and failed regeneration. Thus, it is vital to establish vascularization strategies to build a timely and abundant blood vessel supply network. This review paper therefore focuses on the reconstruction of both osteogenesis and vasculogenesis. The current challenges, various strategies, and latest efforts applied to enhance vascularization in craniofacial bone regeneration are discussed. These involve the application of angiogenic growth factors and cell-based vascularization strategies. In addition, surface morphology, porous characters, and the angiogenic release property of scaffolds also have a fundamental effect on vasculogenesis via cell behavior and are further discussed.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Alloy Degradation and Implants)
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Open AccessArticle
Ferroelectric Thin Films and Composites Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Graphene Layers: Molecular Dynamics Study
by
Vladimir Bystrov, Ekaterina Paramonova, Xiangjian Meng, Hong Shen, Jianlu Wang, Tie Lin and Vladimir Fridkin
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030356 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
This work is devoted to the study of nanosized polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin ferroelectric films (two-dimensional ferroelectrics) and their composites with graphene layers, using molecular dynamics methods to (1) study and calculate the polarization switching time depending on the electric field and
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This work is devoted to the study of nanosized polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin ferroelectric films (two-dimensional ferroelectrics) and their composites with graphene layers, using molecular dynamics methods to (1) study and calculate the polarization switching time depending on the electric field and film thickness, (2) study and calculate the polarization switching time depending on changes of the PVDF in PVDF-TrFE film, and (3) study the polarization switching time in PVDF under the influence of graphene layers. All calculations at each MD run step were carried out using the semi-empirical quantum method PM3. A comparison and analysis of the results of these calculations and the kinetics of polarization switching within the framework of the Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire theory for homogeneous switching in ferroelectric polymer films is carried out. The study of the composite heterostructures of the “graphene-PVDF” type, and calculations of their polarization switching times, are presented. It is shown that replacing PVDF with PVDF-TrFE significantly changes the polarization switching times in these thin polymer films, and that introducing various graphene layers into the PVDF layered structure leads to both an increase and a decrease in the polarization switching time. It is shown that everything here depends on the position and displacement of the coercive field depending on the damping parameters of the system. These phenomena are very important for various ferroelectric coatings.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomistic and Continuum Methods for Modeling the Structure and Properties of Thin Films)
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Open AccessArticle
Long-Distance Freezing Design and Construction Based on Monitoring Analysis of Subway Connection Aisle
by
Yin Xu, Qiang Liu, Weiting Zhi, Guangqiang Shao and Peng Liu
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030355 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the context of a main road area with significant traffic flow, posing challenges to constructing the freezing station on the ground, an innovative proposal suggests situating the freezing station at the station. This approach aims to facilitate construction at the same time
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In the context of a main road area with significant traffic flow, posing challenges to constructing the freezing station on the ground, an innovative proposal suggests situating the freezing station at the station. This approach aims to facilitate construction at the same time for the connection aisle, tunneling, and track laying, thereby reducing the construction period; however, this will lead to a corresponding increase in the freezing pipeline distance. The theoretical analysis, numerical analysis, and integration with engineering practices were employed to examine the essential aspects and key technologies in the long-distance freezing design and construction, including the freezing hole construction, thermal insulation method of brine pipelines and tunnel segments, and technique program to retain the brine pressure and flow discharge, as well as the method to reduce the interplay of cross-construction. The validity of the construction program for the long-distance frozen excavation was finally evaluated based on onsite monitoring and theoretical analysis. The results show that the temperature of the brine in both the delivery and return pipelines first decreases linearly and then stabilizes gradually with freezing time, and the temperature difference is between 1 °C and 1.5 °C at the later freezing period. The temperature variation of the frozen wall is similar to that of brine in the delivery and return pipelines, and there is a good correlation between them. After the frozen wall encloses, the internal pressure of the frozen wall increases quickly, which can be effectively reduced to prevent wall cracking and breakage by regulating the pressure relief holes. The above theoretical analysis result shows that the average temperature of the frozen wall should be less than −9.7 °C when the designed thickness of the frozen wall is 2.2 m. The monitoring data indicates that the average temperature of the frozen wall reaches −13.9 °C, which satisfies the design requirement. The design and construction technology of long-distance freezing enhance the construction of the subway connection aisle. The novel method deviates from the conventional practice of establishing freezing stations within tunnels and offers valuable insight and guidance for comparable projects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Low-Carbon Buildings: Materials, Technology and Processes and Techniques)
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Open AccessArticle
On the Thermally Induced Interfacial Behavior of Thin Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Quasicrystal Films with an Adhesive Layer
by
Huayang Dang, Wenkai Zhang, Cuiying Fan, Chunsheng Lu and Minghao Zhao
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030354 - 16 Mar 2024
Abstract
The mechanical response of a quasicrystal thin film is strongly affected by an adhesive layer along the interface. In this paper, a theoretical model is proposed to study a thin two-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal film attached to a half-plane substrate with an adhesive layer,
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The mechanical response of a quasicrystal thin film is strongly affected by an adhesive layer along the interface. In this paper, a theoretical model is proposed to study a thin two-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal film attached to a half-plane substrate with an adhesive layer, which undergoes a thermally induced deformation. A perfect non-slipping contact condition is assumed at the interface by adopting the membrane assumption. An analytical solution to the problem is obtained by constructing governing integral–differential equations for both single and multiple films in terms of interfacial shear stresses that are reduced to a linear algebraic system via the series expansion of Chebyshev polynomials. The solution is compared to that without adhesive layers, and the effects of the aspect ratio of films, material mismatch, and the adhesive layer, as well as the interaction between films, are discussed in detail. It is found that the adhesive layer can soften the localized stress concentration. This study is instructive to the accurate safety assessment and functional design of a quasicrystal film system.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Structure and Mechanical Properties of Coatings)
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of NaAlO2 Concentration on the Characteristics of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating Fabricated on a ZK60 Magnesium Alloy
by
Shu-Fan Zhou, Sheng Lu, Wei-Gang Lv, Ze-Xin Wang, Dubovyy Oleksandr, Jun-Jie Gu, Jin-Wei Zhang and Liang-Yu Chen
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030353 - 16 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of NaAlO2 concentration in electrolytic solutions on micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings, focusing on their surface quality enhancement and corrosion resistance improvement. The surface morphology and microstructure of these coatings were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties,
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This study investigated the impact of NaAlO2 concentration in electrolytic solutions on micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings, focusing on their surface quality enhancement and corrosion resistance improvement. The surface morphology and microstructure of these coatings were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties, such as hardness and wear resistance of MAO coatings, were tested. The hardness of the 6 g/L group was 411.2 HV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examinations showed that MgAl2O4, CaMgP2O7, and MgSiO4 were the phases in the MAO coating. Antibacterial assessments were performed to evaluate the influence of NaAlO2 concentration, and the antibacterial rate of the 6 g/L group reached 97.08%. The hydrophilicity of the coatings was determined using water contact angle measurements, wherein the water contact angle of the 6 g/L was the lowest, at 58.25°. Corrosion resistance was evaluated with an electrochemical workstation. The findings revealed that the MAO coatings prepared with a NaAlO2 concentration of 6 g/L exhibited superior uniformity with fewer defects, enhanced corrosion resistance, and increased adhesive strength compared to other concentration groups. The 6 g/L NaAlO2 concentration MAO coating demonstrated the highest fitting coating resistance R3 (8.14 × 104 Ω∙cm2), signifying better corrosion resistance.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Properties of the Corroding Interface)
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Coating of Neural Electrodes with Platinum Nanoparticles Reduces and Stabilizes Impedance In Vitro and In Vivo in a Rat Model
by
Svilen D. Angelov, Christoph Rehbock, Vaijayanthi Ramesh, Hans E. Heissler, Mesbah Alam, Stephan Barcikowski, Kerstin Schwabe and Joachim K. Krauss
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030352 - 15 Mar 2024
Abstract
The efficacy of electrodes that are chronically implanted and used in the context of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of neurological disorders critically depends on stable impedance. Platinum–iridium electrodes were coated with laser-generated platinum nanoparticle colloids (PtNPs) via electrophoretic deposition using
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The efficacy of electrodes that are chronically implanted and used in the context of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of neurological disorders critically depends on stable impedance. Platinum–iridium electrodes were coated with laser-generated platinum nanoparticle colloids (PtNPs) via electrophoretic deposition using pulsed direct currents (DC-EPD). Uncoated electrodes were used as controls. In vitro, electrodes were stimulated for four weeks in a 0.9% NaCl solution. For the in vivo (rats) study, coated electrodes were implanted in the left and uncoated control electrodes in the right subthalamic nucleus (STN). After two weeks of recovery, electrodes were stimulated for four weeks. Impedance measurements were conducted after each week of stimulation, both in vivo and in vitro. NP-coating resulted in a significant and long-lasting reduction in electrode impedance (p < 0.05) over four weeks of in vitro stimulation. Despite an initial increase in impedance after intracranial implantation, the impedance of the NP-coated electrodes was also reduced during in vivo stimulation over four weeks. NP-coated electrodes had a lower fluctuation of impedance during stimulation compared to uncoated electrodes both in vitro and in vivo (p < 0.05). Laser-generated PtNPs applied to electrodes by pulsed DC-EPD lead to lower and more stable electrode impedance during chronic stimulation, with the potential to enhance the performance of DBS systems during chronic use.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications)
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Experiment and Numerical Simulation on Thermal Cycling Performance of YSZ-Based Sealing Coatings with “Brick-Mud” Layered Structure
by
Taotao Cheng, Yuelu Dong, Liang Ma, Zhibing Wu, Jun Wang, Xiang Ma, Zhiping Wang and Shijie Dai
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030351 - 15 Mar 2024
Abstract
The failure of premature thermal cycling spalling off is the bottleneck problem currently faced by yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic-based sealing coatings. Studies on the thermal cycling performance of coatings with “brick-mud” structures were carried out by experimental and simulation methods
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The failure of premature thermal cycling spalling off is the bottleneck problem currently faced by yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic-based sealing coatings. Studies on the thermal cycling performance of coatings with “brick-mud” structures were carried out by experimental and simulation methods in this paper. The results showed that, as the thickness of “mud” layer increased, the bonding strength of the “brick-mud” structure coatings gradually decreased. When the thickness of the “mud” layer was about 3 μm and 10 μm, the thermal cycling lives of the T1 and T2 coatings were improved by 90.0% and 135.7%, respectively, compared with conventional coating (T0 coating), while that of the T3 coating (containing thick “mud” layers of about 20 μm) was decreased by 81.4%. The stress field of M2 “mud” layers with different thicknesses was subjected to a comprehensive effect by thermal mismatch stress and pores in “brick” layer. Compared with the medium and thick “mud” layers, the thin “mud” layer sustained obvious larger and , indicating its potential for the preferential initiation of transverse microcracks. In addition, the thin “mud” layer withstood the largest and had the strongest potential for longitudinal crack growth. Both transverse and longitudinal cracking could consume energy during thermal cycling and reduce the stress concentration at the top coating/bond coating interface. These were the main reasons for the improvements in the thermal cycling performances of the T1 and T2 coatings. The degree of crack deflection and the capacity of energy dissipation in the “mud” layer increased significantly with its thickness. However, the propagation length of transverse cracks also gradually increased in the meantime. Especially when the “mud” layer was 20 μm, the length of the transverse cracks increased rapidly. Thus, early interlayer delamination failure occurred in the T3 coating during thermal cycling.
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(This article belongs to the Section Ceramic Coatings and Engineering Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Property of Biodegradable Zn-0.5Li Alloy through Calcium–Phosphorus Coating
by
Haotian Xing, Yunzhi Tang, Xinying Fa, Hongyun Zhang, Zhangzhi Shi, Shenglian Yao and Luning Wang
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030350 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
Zinc and its alloys have garnered significant attention in the field of biological implantation due to their biodegradable, osteogenic, and mechanical properties. However, the degradation of zinc and its alloys always lead to an increase in local ion concentration, and the bare metal
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Zinc and its alloys have garnered significant attention in the field of biological implantation due to their biodegradable, osteogenic, and mechanical properties. However, the degradation of zinc and its alloys always lead to an increase in local ion concentration, and the bare metal surfaces lack biocompatibility for implantation. To address these issues, a layer of calcium–phosphorus (CaP) coating was prepared on the surface of a Zn-0.5Li alloy. The micro-structure of the coating was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a white light interferometry microscope. The phases of the coatings were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The bonding strength between the coating and substrate was investigated using a scratch tester with a diamond stylus, and the corrosion properties were assessed using an electrochemical method. For the evaluation of biocompatibility and osteogenic properties, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the coating. Live/dead staining and proliferation tests were performed to assess cell viability and growth. Cell adhesion morphology was observed with SEM, and the level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on the material surface was evaluated by ALP staining and activity measurement. The CaP coating on the zinc alloy surface improved the alloy’s biocompatibility and osteogenic property, and could be a promising surface modification option for a biodegradable zinc alloy.
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(This article belongs to the Section Bioactive Coatings and Biointerfaces)
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Open AccessArticle
The Corrosion Resistance of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes with the Assembly Unit of Na2MoO4 and Benzotriazole
by
Di Wang, Zhiqiang Xu, Na Xu, Zengliang Hu, Hui Wang and Feiting Shi
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030349 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
Steel pipes are commonly used to strengthen the concrete’s load-bearing capacity. However, they are prone to corrosion in salt erosion environments. In this study, the influence of Na2MoO4 and benzotriazole on concrete-filled steel tubes’ corrosion performance is investigated. The steel
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Steel pipes are commonly used to strengthen the concrete’s load-bearing capacity. However, they are prone to corrosion in salt erosion environments. In this study, the influence of Na2MoO4 and benzotriazole on concrete-filled steel tubes’ corrosion performance is investigated. The steel pipes’ mass loss rates (MRs), ultrasonic velocity, electrical resistance, and the AC impedance spectrum and Tafel curves of concrete-filled steel tubes were used to characterize the degree of corrosion in the steel pipes. Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction were used for studying the composition of steel pipe rust. The research results revealed that the NaCl freeze–thaw cycles (F-C) and NaCl dry–wet alternation (D-A) actions had a reducing effect on the mass and ultrasonic velocity of the concrete-filled steel tubes. After 300 NaCl F-C and 30 NaCl D-A, the MRs were 0%~0.00470% and 0%~0.00666%. The corresponding ultrasonic velocities were 0%~21.1% and 0%~23.6%. When a rust inhibitor was added, the results were the opposite. The MRs decreased by 0%~80.3% and 0%~81.6% with the added Na2MoO4 and benzotriazole. Meanwhile, the corresponding ultrasonic velocities were 0%~8.1% and 0%~8.3%. The steel tubes were corroded after 300 NaCl F-C and 30 NaCl D-A. The addition of rust inhibitors improved the corrosion resistance of the concrete-filled steel tubes by increasing the electrical resistance before NaCl erosion. The corrosion area rate decreased by using the rust inhibitors. The corrosion resistance effect of benzotriazole was higher than that of Na2MoO4. The concrete-filled steel tube with an assembly unit comprising 5 kg/m3 of Na2MoO4 and 15 kg/m3 of benzotriazole had the best corrosion resistance under the erosion induced by NaCl F-C and D-A. Rust inhibitors reduced the content of iron-containing crystals and iron elements. The specimens with 5 kg/m3 Na2MoO4 and 15 kg/m3 benzotriazole had the lowest concentration of iron-containing crystals and iron elements.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Characterization of New Construction Materials and Coatings)
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Open AccessArticle
Fabrication of Particle-Stacking Microporous Metal Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion
by
Jinyong Qiu, Xiaoqiang Xu, Xu Chen, Yaxiong Liu and Yanlong Wu
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030348 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion can fabricate porous structures through lattices, but the preparation of micropores (<50 μm) with a specific pore distribution remains a challenge. Microporous 316L was fabricated by controlling the melting and solidification behavior of the particles using laser energy. The
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Laser powder bed fusion can fabricate porous structures through lattices, but the preparation of micropores (<50 μm) with a specific pore distribution remains a challenge. Microporous 316L was fabricated by controlling the melting and solidification behavior of the particles using laser energy. The laser energy density was not a determining factor for the porosity and micropore formation, except for the single-factor condition. The high-speed scanning mode required a higher laser power to disorder the pore distribution, whereas low-speed scanning with a low laser impact on the stacking particles formed organized pores. The hatch distance significantly affected the pore distribution and pore size. The pore distribution in the XY plane was organized and homogenous, with channeled pores mainly interconnected along the laser scanning tracks, whereas in the Z direction, it showed a relatively disordered distribution, mainly linked along the layered direction. The microporous 316L displayed a mean pore size and median pore size of 10–50 μm with a high-percentage size distribution in 1–10 μm, a controllable porosity of 17.06%–45.33% and a good yield strength of 79.44–318.42 MPa, superior to the lattice porous 316L with 250.00 MPa at similar porosity.
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(This article belongs to the Section Laser Coatings)
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Open AccessArticle
Fabrication of pH-Responsive PDPAEMA Thin Film Using a One-Step Environmentally Friendly Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
by
Mehmet Gürsoy
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030347 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interest in pH-responsive polymers. Polymers with ionizable tertiary amine groups, which have the potential to be used in many critical application areas due to their pKa values, have an important place in pH-responsive polymers. In this
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In recent years, there has been growing interest in pH-responsive polymers. Polymers with ionizable tertiary amine groups, which have the potential to be used in many critical application areas due to their pKa values, have an important place in pH-responsive polymers. In this study, poly(2-Diisopropyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPAEMA) thin films were coated on various substrates such as glass, fabric, and silicon wafer using a one-step environmentally friendly plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. The effects of typical PECVD plasma processing parameters such as substrate temperature, plasma power, and reactor pressure on the deposition rate were studied. The highest deposition rate was obtained at a substrate temperature of 40 °C, a reactor pressure of 300 mtorr, and a plasma power of 60 W. The apparent activation energy was found to be 17.56 kJ/mol. Based on the results of this study, uniform film thickness and surface roughness were observed in a large area. The PDPAEMA thin film was exposed to successive acid/base cycles. The results showed that the pH sensitivity of the thin film produced by the PECVD method is permanent and reversible.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plasma Coatings, Surfaces & Interfaces)
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Open AccessReview
Glasses, Frits and Glass-Ceramics: Processes and Uses in the Context of Circular Economy and Waste Vitrification
by
María Belén Almendro-Candel and Manuel Miguel Jordán Vidal
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030346 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
For decades, experts have paid considerable scientific and technological attention to the possibility of recycling waste that has reached nature as a result of mining activities related to natural stone, extracting metal or using foreign matter to recover natural environments. Several authors have
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For decades, experts have paid considerable scientific and technological attention to the possibility of recycling waste that has reached nature as a result of mining activities related to natural stone, extracting metal or using foreign matter to recover natural environments. Several authors have shown that many of these types of waste can be vitrified or synthesised with an appropriately designed composition, not just to decrease their size but (as is more interesting from a financial point of view) to produce a wide range of glassy and/or ceramic materials that can have uses in industry and, crucially, in the construction sector (building and public works). In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the state of the art, defining the different types of materials and their uses in order to decisively contribute to the circular economy and the zero-waste approach. We analyse the achievements accomplished in recent decades to be able to generate novel innovative ideas for collecting new eco-materials.
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(This article belongs to the Section Ceramic Coatings and Engineering Technology)
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Open AccessEditorial
Coatings 2023 Early Career Investigator Award: Announcement and Interview with the Winner
by
Coatings Editorial Office
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030345 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
What is your current research and why did you choose this research field [...]
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A Technical Study of Chinese Buddhist Sculptures: First Insights into a Complex History of Transformation through Analysis of the Polychrome Decoration
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Chiara Ricci, Paola Buscaglia, Debora Angelici, Anna Piccirillo, Enrica Matteucci, Daniele Demonte, Valentina Tasso, Noemi Sanna, Francesca Zenucchini, Sara Croci, Federico Di Iorio, Laura Vigo, Davide Quadrio and Federica Pozzi
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030344 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
Artifacts pertaining to Buddhist culture are often studied in relation to their circulation from India throughout the rest of Asia; however, many traveled to Europe during the last few centuries as trade commodities and pieces for the art market, losing any devotional purpose
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Artifacts pertaining to Buddhist culture are often studied in relation to their circulation from India throughout the rest of Asia; however, many traveled to Europe during the last few centuries as trade commodities and pieces for the art market, losing any devotional purpose in favor of a specific aesthetic sensitivity that was typically adapted to Western taste to appeal to collectors. This article presents a technical study of seven polychrome wooden sculptures from the Museo d’Arte Orientale (MAO) in Turin, Italy. Originally from China, these objects are generally attributed to the late Ming–early Qing dynasties (16th–18th centuries) based merely on stylistic and iconographic considerations. Scientific analysis sought to expand the available knowledge on their constituting materials and fabrication techniques, to address questions on their authenticity, to assess their state of preservation, and to trace the history of transformations they have undergone while transitioning from devotional objects to private collection and museum artwork. By delving into the sculptures’ intricate paint stratigraphy, the results were also key to guiding treatment choices. The outcomes of this study were featured in the MAO exhibition “Buddha10. A Fragmented Display on Buddhist Visual Evolution” (October 2022–September 2023).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Advances in the Study of Multilayered Surfaces in Cultural Heritage)
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanical Characterization of Resistance-Welded and Seamless API 5L X52 Pipes: A Comparative Study
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Gerardo Terán Méndez, Selene Irais Capula-Colindres, Julio César Velázquez, Daniel Angeles-Herrera, Noé Eliseo González-Arévalo, Esther Torres-Santillan and Arturo Cervantes-Tobón
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030343 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
It is well known that the mechanical properties of a steel plate depend on the anisotropy of the material and the rolling directions. This paper presents the results of the Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact test for the ST, TL, TS, LS, LT, 45°,
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It is well known that the mechanical properties of a steel plate depend on the anisotropy of the material and the rolling directions. This paper presents the results of the Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact test for the ST, TL, TS, LS, LT, 45°, and SL directions in API 5L X52 pipelines with electric-resistance-welded (ERW) and seamless (SMLS) pipes. Charpy specimens were manufactured and tested according to the ASTM E23 standard in laboratory conditions. All possible directions in the pipe were tested. Three Charpy specimens were tested for each direction, for a total of 21 Charpy tests. Moreover, the microstructures, hardness, ductile and brittle areas, and fracture surfaces of the Charpy specimens are presented in this research. The results show that the Charpy energy values, hardness, and microstructures depend on the direction of the specimens. The Charpy values of the SMLS pipe are higher than those of the ERW pipe because of several metallurgical factors, such as grain size, non-metallic inclusions, delaminations, and microstructures.
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(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion, Wear and Erosion)
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Properties of Diamond-like Tungsten-Doped Carbon Coatings Lubricated with Cutting Fluid
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Krystyna Radoń-Kobus, Monika Madej, Joanna Kowalczyk and Katarzyna Piotrowska
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030342 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of DLC coatings doped with tungsten (a-C:H:W) coatings obtained using plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) on the properties of the 100Cr6 steel. The results of the 100Cr6 steel specimens with and without the coating were
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In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of DLC coatings doped with tungsten (a-C:H:W) coatings obtained using plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) on the properties of the 100Cr6 steel. The results of the 100Cr6 steel specimens with and without the coating were compared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to observe the morphology of the coating surfaces and cross-sections and identify the elements in the coating composition. The contact angle of the investigated surfaces was measured with a tensiometer. Additionally, the effect of the coatings on the tribological properties of lubricated friction pairs was evaluated. Friction tests were performed on a ball-on-disc tribometer under lubrication with cutting fluid. The surface texture of the samples before and after the tribological tests was measured using a confocal profilometer. The results obtained from the tests and analysis allow for the conclusion that the use of DLC coatings a-C:H:W increases the hardness of 100Cr6 steel by three times. The values of the contact angles were indicative of surface hydrophilic characteristics. The tungsten-doped diamond-like coating under friction conditions reduced the coefficient of friction and wear. DLC coatings a-C:H:W lubricated with the cutting fluid improve the mechanical and tribological properties of 100Cr6 steel sliding surfaces under friction.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deposition and Characterization of Hard Coatings)
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