Surface Engineering for Bone Implants: A Trend from Passive to Active Surfaces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bone Implants
2.1. Implants: Interface between Living Tissue and Dead Matter
“Bone is deposited and reinforced at areas of greatest stress” [6].
2.2. Material Requirements for Load-Bearing Bone Implants
2.3. From Passive to Active Bone Implant Surfaces
2.4. Surface Modifications for Bone Implants
3. Surface Engineering: Coating Deposition
3.1. Biological Activity of Bone Implant Coatings
Name | Description |
---|---|
OsseoSpeed (Astra Tech AB, Mölndal, Sweden) | Titanium oxide blasting followed by chemical modification of the surface by hydrofluoric acid treatment |
SLActive (ITI; Institute Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland) | Coarse grit-blasting with 0.25–0.5 mm aluminum oxide grit at 5 bar followed by acid etching |
TiUnite (Nobel Biocare Holding AG, Zürich, Switzerland) | Electrochemical anodization process |
Nanotite (3i Implant Innovations, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA) | Sol-gel deposition |
Friadent plus (Dentsply Friadent, Mannheim, Germany) | large grit blasting (354–500 μm) and acid etching in hydrochloric acid/sulfuric acid/hydrofluoric acid/oxalic acid |
Ossean (intra-Lock, Boca-Raton, FL, USA) | is a grit-blasted/acid-etched/calcium phosphate impregnated surface |
3.2. Trends in Material for Inorganic Coatings on Bone Implants
3.3. Trends in Material for Organic Coatings on Bone Implants
3.4. Trends in Materials for Composite and Combined Coatings on Bone Implants
4. Coating Techniques
4.1. Dry Deposition Techniques
Technique | Coating thickness | Advantage | Disadvantage | Precursor materials |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma spraying | 50–250 μm | High deposition rates | Non-uniform coating crystalinity; line of sight technique | HA [36,124,125,126,127,128], Si-HA [40,49] and antibacterial Ag- HA composite coatings [66,67,129] |
RF magnetron sputtering | 0.5–5 μm | Uniform and dense coating; strong adhesion | Line of sight technique; time consuming; low deposition rates | HA [43], Si-HA [48,52], carbonated HA [32], and Zn, Mg, and Al-doped CaPs [130] |
Plasma spraying | 50–250 μm | High deposition rates | Non-uniform coating crystalinity; line of sight technique | HA [36,124,125,126,127,128], Si-HA [40,49] and antibacterial Ag-HA composite coatings [66,67,129] |
Pulsed laser deposition | 0.05–5 μm | Control over coating chemistry and morphology | Line of sight technique | HA resistant to dissolution in SBF [29], Ag-HA [131,132], HA [133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140] and fluorinated HA [60] alendronate-doped HA [57] |
Ion beam dynamic mixing deposition | 0.05–1 μm | High adhesive strength | Line of sight technique; requires high sintering temperatures | CaP coatings [141,142,143,144,145,146,147] |
Ion beam assisted deposition | 0.02–10 μm | increased tensile bond strength | Line of sight technique; | CaP [31,148,149,150] |
Biomimetic deposition | <30 μm | Coating of complex geometries; co-deposition of biomolecules | Time consuming; requires controlled pH | osteocalcin [151], fibronectin [152] and poly(L-lysine) [153]. BMP-2 incorporated into biomimetic CaP coatings [154,155]. |
Sol-gel deposition | <1 μm | Coating of complex geometries; low processing temperature | Requires controlled atmosphere processing; expensive raw materials | aluminosilicate [156], fluoridated hydroxyapatite, [157] Si-substituted hydroxyapatite [158], and bioglass [159,160,161] |
Electrophoretic deposition | 0.1–2 mm | Uniform coating; coating of complex geometries; high deposition rates | Difficult to produce crack-free coatings; low adhesive strength | CaP-chitosan composite coatings successfully combined with CaSiO3, heparin, and silica [162,163,164] |
Electrospray deposition | 0.1–5 μm | Co-deposition of biomolecules; control over coating composition and morphology | Low mechanical strength; Line of sight technique | HA [165,166],Nano HA [167], ALP [168], biomolecules-HA composite [88] collagen [169] |
4.2. Wet Deposition Techniques
4.3. Electrochemical Deposition Techniques
4.4. Clinical Performance
5. Summary and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
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Bosco, R.; Van Den Beucken, J.; Leeuwenburgh, S.; Jansen, J. Surface Engineering for Bone Implants: A Trend from Passive to Active Surfaces. Coatings 2012, 2, 95-119. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2030095
Bosco R, Van Den Beucken J, Leeuwenburgh S, Jansen J. Surface Engineering for Bone Implants: A Trend from Passive to Active Surfaces. Coatings. 2012; 2(3):95-119. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2030095
Chicago/Turabian StyleBosco, Ruggero, Jeroen Van Den Beucken, Sander Leeuwenburgh, and John Jansen. 2012. "Surface Engineering for Bone Implants: A Trend from Passive to Active Surfaces" Coatings 2, no. 3: 95-119. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2030095
APA StyleBosco, R., Van Den Beucken, J., Leeuwenburgh, S., & Jansen, J. (2012). Surface Engineering for Bone Implants: A Trend from Passive to Active Surfaces. Coatings, 2(3), 95-119. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings2030095