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Article

Structure and Properties of Protective Coatings Deposited by Pulsed Cathodic Arc Evaporation in Ar, N2, and C2H4 Environments using the TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 Cathode

by
Philipp Kiryukhantsev-Korneev
*,
Alina Sytchenko
,
Alexander Sheveyko
and
Stepan Vorotilo
Scientific-educational Center of SHS, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2019, 9(4), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040230
Submission received: 27 February 2019 / Revised: 25 March 2019 / Accepted: 26 March 2019 / Published: 31 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Characterization and Surface Analysis of Metallic Materials)
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Abstract

:
Coatings were deposited by pulsed cathodic arc evaporation (PCAE) of a TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 cathode fabricated by the powder metallurgy method. The deposition was carried out in different gas media, including Ar, N2, and C2H4. The structure, elemental, and phase compositions of coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Coatings were tested in terms of their hardness, elastic modulus, elastic recovery, friction coefficient, and wear and corrosion resistance. The obtained results demonstrated that the coatings deposited in Ar possessed higher hardness up to 20 GPa and an elastic recovery of 92%. Coatings produced using C2H4 showed the minimum friction coefficient (0.35 ± 0.01). The use of nitrogen as a gas medium led to the formation of coatings with the best corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid. Coatings formed in N2 had a free corrosion potential of +0.28 V and a corrosion current density of 0.012 µA/cm2.

1. Introduction

The development of materials based on tungsten-free TiC–Ni hard alloys is a popular trend in the field of protective coatings with high wear, oxidation, and corrosion resistance [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. TiC–Ni ceramic coatings are used to modify the surface of metallic materials that are used as cutting and forming tools, electrical sliding contacts, and vehicle components. In these materials, the carbide grains provide high hardness and wear resistance, whereas the nickel matrix ensures high strength and resistance against corrosion [12,13,14,15]. The additional introduction of chromium into the metallic binders enhances the mechanical properties by 2%–5% and the corrosion resistance by 80% [16], while also increasing the resistance against oxidation [17,18]. Alloying of the TiC–Ni and TiC–NiCr coatings by Si3N4, NbC, Al2O3, and ZrO2 refractory compounds decreases the friction coefficient by 40% and increases the hardness and heat resistance by 30% and 25%, respectively, while also accelerating the growth of coatings [11]. The addition of ceramic nanoparticles to the cathode materials modifies the structure of the cathodes and increases their mechanical properties such as hardness (by 20%) and fracture toughness (by 40%) [19], which is essential for the increase of the cathode’s lifespan. The alloying of TiC-based coatings by rare-earth metals or metal oxides allows the modification of the coating’s structure, a decrease of the friction coefficient, and the enhancement of the coating’s mechanical properties [20,21]. In our previous investigations of electro-spark deposition using the TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 cathode, we revealed that the addition of Eu2O3 provided a positive influence on the electrical gas discharge characteristics (increasing the working pulse duration, total energy, average energy, and number of pulses), productivity of deposition [22], tribological properties, and oxidation and corrosion resistance of coatings [23].
TiC–Ni-based coatings can be manufactured by various techniques such as arc [1], laser [2] and plasma [3,4] cladding, plasma and high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying [5], electrodeposition [6], magnetron sputtering [7,8,9,10], and electro-spark deposition [11]. Cathodic arc evaporation is a prospective method for the deposition of coatings [24,25,26]. Due to the high energy of the deposited particles (10–100 eV), high hardness [27,28] and record-high adhesion can be attained [29,30]. Reactive cathodic arc evaporation has been successfully implemented in various environments such as N2 and CHx, yielding coatings with enhanced mechanical and tribological characteristics [31,32,33]. The drawbacks of the method, such as the deposition of droplets and the rapid degradation of ceramic cathodes, might be partially or fully alleviated by the application of the pulsed cathodic arc evaporation (PCAE) technique [26,34,35,36]. In the pulsed power supply mode, the thermal stress and the high-temperature gradients on the cathode, as well as overheating of the substrate are minimized [35,36]. Currently, there is no published data regarding the deposition of TiC–Ni-based coating by cathodic arc evaporation.
The aim of this work was to investigate the coatings produced by pulsed cathodic arc evaporation using previously produced TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 cathodes.

2. Materials and Methods

In this work, we used a 10 × 10 × 75 mm3 TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 cathode, produced by the powder metallurgy route from a mixture of titanium carbide, nickel, chromium, and europium oxide powders (81.0% TiC, 5.1% Ni, 8.2% Cr, and 5.7% Eu2O3). A detailed description of the methodology for cathode production is given elsewhere [23]. Our studies revealed that the introduction of a Eu2O3 additive led to an increase in the mechanical properties of the cathode by 20% and noticeably increased its service life. Discs made of 40 Ch steel (analog—steel 5140), size Ø of 30 × 5 mm2 (for tribological study), and monocrystalline silicon wafers with the (111) orientation and 20 × 20 × 0.5 mm3 size (for structure investigation, mechanical, and corrosion tests) were used as the substrates. A device made on the basis of a UVM-2M vacuum system equipped with a custom evaporator (NUST MISIS, Moscow, Russia) (Figure 1) was used for the coating deposition.
The cathode is fastened in the evaporator holder by a collet. The holder itself is fastened to the PTFE tube, which acts as a load-bearing isolator to prevent the insulation breakdown. The whole construction was placed in a quartz tube. Ignition was performed using a metallic wire separated from the cathode by an alumina plate. Anode construction is based on the water-cooled magnetron. The substrate is fastened on a circular holder and is located between the cathode and the anode at a distance of 20 mm from the cathode. The working gas pressure was 0.4 Pa and the residual pressure was 4 × 10−3 Pa. Ar (99.9995%), N2 (99.999%), and C2H4 (99.95%) were used as the deposition environments. Voltage and ignition frequencies were 15 kV and 10 Hz, respectively. The discharge voltage oscillated in the diapason of 160–200 V. Coatings were deposited without additional substrate heating. During deposition, the substrates had a floating potential. Before deposition, substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in isopropyl alcohol for 3 min and purified in vacuum with the applied 2 kV negative bias voltage for 5 min. The deposition time of coatings was 10 min for all types of substrates.
Elemental distribution profiles of the coatings were obtained using a glow-discharge optical emission spectrometer (GDOES) PROFILER-2 (Horiba Jobin Yvon, Longjumeau, France). Structural analysis was performed using a Hitachi S-3400N scanning electron microscope (SEM, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with the energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) add-on NORAN 7 system. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study was performed with a D8 ADVANCE (Bruker, Mannheim, Germany) diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. Raman spectroscopy was performed with an NTEGRA (NT-MDT, Moscow, Russia) installation equipped with a red laser (633 nm wavelength). Hardness (H), elastic modulus (E), and elastic recovery (W) were measured using a Nanohardness Tester (CSM Instruments, Peseux, Switzerland) equipped with a Berkovich indenter. The indentation load was 1 mN. Indentation curves were analyzed using the Oliver–Pharr method [37]. Tribological tests were carried out on an automated friction machine Tribometer (CSM Instruments) using the “pin-on-disc” scheme; 6 mm balls made of 400 C steel or alumina were used as the indenters where the normal load was 1 N and the linear velocity was 10 cm/s. Fractographical investigation of the wear tracks with the subsequent calculation of normalized wear rate was carried out using the Veeco WYKO NT1100 profilometer (Plainview, NY, USA). For the corrosion resistance experiments, we used the coatings deposited on the monocrystalline silicon wafers. Electrochemical investigations were performed using the three-electrode node with the “Voltalab PST050” potentiostat (Radiometer Analytical, Lyon, France) in 1 N H2SO4 solution at 25 °C. All potentials were processed and correlated to the standard hydrogen reference electrode. Free corrosion potentials were measured as a function of time for 0.5 h until a stationary state was reached. Corrosion currents were calculated using the technique based on the graphical representation of the Tafel equation. The interception points of the tangents of the polarization curves were defined, and their projection on the ordinate axis was used to estimate the free corrosion current.

3. Results

Table 1 provides the compositions (measured by EDS) of coatings deposited using the TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 cathode in Ar, C2H4, and N2.
Coating 1, deposited in Ar, had the lowest Ti content (39.7 at.%) and an over-stoichiometric surplus of C (13.2 at.%). The summarized content of Cr, Ni, and Eu was 7.4 at.%. Coating 2 had the highest carbon content (86.8 at.%) due to the additional deposition of C atoms from the C2H4 environment. The presence of surplus carbon led to the formation of sp2–sp3 bound carbon phases in addition to the titanium carbide. Coating 2 was characterized by a reduced content of metallic elements. In this case, the europium concentration was below the analysis threshold (0.1 at.%). In the case of deposition in the N2 environment, the carbon content was decreased as compared to the non-reactive sputtered coating 1 and was equal to 23.2 at.% while the nitrogen content was 53.2 at.%, leading to the formation of the titanium carbonitride phase. A GDOES analysis of the coating deposited on the steel substrate revealed a uniform distribution of all elements. The oxygen concentration was 5.5 ± 0.5 at.% (coating 1), 3.9 ± 0.3 at.% (coating 2), and 4.6 ± 0.4 at.% (coating 3). The impurities of oxygen in the coating were due to the porosity of the cathode and the gas environment. Deviation in the content of the metal elements measured by GDOES and EDS did not exceed 20%. According to the GDOES profiles and SEM images, the coating deposited in Ar had a deposition rate of 65 nm/min, whereas the coatings deposited in C2H4 or N2 showed 50 nm/min.
Figure 2 provides the typical SEM images of the surface and a cross-sectional fracture of the coatings.
Areas of cohesive destruction were present on the surface of coatings deposited on steel substrates in Ar and N2 and occupied about 30% of the surface. The surface of the coating deposited in C2H4 was less defective—the cohesion destruction areas occupied less than 2% of the surface. Deposition of coatings 1–3 onto silicon wafers resulted in higher-quality coatings (Figure 2). The structural defects might be caused by the high level of internal stress, which influences the adhesion and cohesion strength of the coatings [38].
Figure 3 provides the XRD patterns for the coatings deposited on the silicon wafers.
A sharp and intense peak at 2θ = 55.3°, present on all the XRD patterns, belongs to silicon. All coatings featured the peaks corresponding to (111), (200), and (220) planes of the TiC-based FCC phase. The presence of the (111) preferential orientation in coatings compared to the standard TiC powders is noticeable. The crystallite size of TiC, calculated from the broadening of (200) and (220) peaks using the Scherer’s formula, was 4.5–8.1 nm and did not depend on the gas environment. However, a similar analysis of the (111) peak revealed that the TiC crystallite size was 4.4, 5.8, and 7.3 nm for the coatings deposited in Ar, N2, and C2H4, respectively. The lattice parameter appeared to be the same (within the error boundaries of ± 0.001 nm) for all coatings. A calculation on the basis of the (111), (200), and (220) peaks showed corresponding values of 0.430, 0.424, and 0.425 nm. The deviation of the lattice parameter from the table value (a = 0.432 nm [39]) might be related to the presence of minor admixtures of Ni, Cr, Eu, and O in the TiC crystal lattice [40].
Raman spectra of TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 coatings deposited in Ar, C2H4, and N2 are provided in Figure 4.
The coating deposited in Ar had peaks located at 430 and 655 cm−1, which corresponded to the TiC phase [41]. The coating deposited in N2 had peaks at 300, 520, and 690 cm−1. This shift towards lower frequencies and the decrease in peak intensities was caused by the partial substitution of C atoms by N in the TiC lattice and formation of the TiCN phase [42]. Raman spectrum of the coating deposited in C2H4 contained additional peaks at 1340 and 1500 cm−1, whose position and form corresponded to amorphous carbon [43]. In this case, the intensity of TiC peaks was substantially reduced, as the main fraction of all chemical bonds in this coating corresponded to C–C bonds. None of the Raman spectra featured the europium oxide peak at 338 cm−1 [44], probably due to the low concentrations of Eu2O3 in coatings.
Table 2 provides the mechanical properties of coatings on steel substrates measured by nanoindentation.
The coating deposited in Ar had the highest hardness (H = 20.2 GPa) and outstanding elastic recovery (W = 92%). Such high value can be explained by the high sensitivity of the W parameter to the depth of the indentation. Indeed, repeated experiments by nanoindentation at a higher load of 4 mN gave a value of 68% for coating 1. The transition to reactive evaporation decreased both the value of H by 15%–18% and the value of W by 2%–9%.
Tribological testing of coatings was performed using the balls made of 440 C steel or Al2O3. When the steel ball was used as the counter-body, coating 1 was characterized by the lowest friction coefficient of 0.22, which remained constant during the whole wear distance (Figure 5).
In the case of coating 2 deposited in C2H4, the friction coefficient increased gradually up to 20 m distance and then slowly decreased. The median value for the friction coefficient was 0.34. In the case of coating 3, the friction coefficient rose steadily during the first 80 m distance, and then increased dramatically up to ~0.8 due to the complete wear of the coating. Coatings 1 and 2 deposited in Ar and C2H4 were able to withstand the wear over the full 100 m distance. Optical profilometry of the wear tracks revealed that the wear depth for coatings 1 and 2 was insignificant and comparable with the roughness of the initial coatings. Therefore, the wear rate could not be calculated (Figure 5). However, clear wear tracks were discernible on the tribo-contact zone of coating 3. Therefore, the coatings deposited in argon and ethylene demonstrated the highest wear resistance against the steel ball. An additional study was performed to reveal the best coating with the maximal wear resistance (Figure 5, insert). At a distance of 600 m, the friction coefficient of the coating 1 monotone increased from 0.19 to 0.36, after which there was a kink that was associated with the beginning of the destruction of the coating. A further increase in the friction coefficient was associated with the complete wearing of the coating and the formation of a metal–metal contact (ball–substrate), which was characterized by a high value of the friction coefficient close to 1. The friction coefficient of coating 2 monotonically increased from 0.23 to 0.44 at a distance ranging from 0 to 250 m. Intensive failure of the coating occurred between 250 and 450 m. The decrease in the friction coefficient after 450 m could be explained by the lubricating effect of the wear products with a high volume of sp2–sp3 carbon particles (debris). Thus, coating 1 demonstrated the maximal wear resistance.
Figure 6 reveals the dependence of the friction coefficient on the distance along with the 3D profiles of the tribo-contact zones, formed by an Al2O3 ball.
During the testing of the coating deposited in Ar, the friction coefficient increased from 0.18 to 0.8 throughout the whole distance with complete wear of the coating occurring at 60 m. The mean friction coefficient for coating 1 was 0.54. The coating deposited in C2H4 demonstrated a stable friction coefficient of 0.36 up to 46 meters but was followed by a sharp increase due to the full wear of the coating. The coating sputtered in nitrogen had the highest initial friction coefficient of 0.5, which then increased up to ~0.87 and oscillated in the 0.70–0.85 diapason during the rest of the test. This behavior was related to the complete wear of coating 3 during the first 10 meters of the test. The investigation of wear tracks revealed that the wear rates were 9.2 × 10−5, 4.8 × 10−5, and 5.0 × 10−5 mm3/(Nm) for coatings 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
The results of the electrochemical testing of coatings 1–3 deposited onto silicon are provided in Figure 7 as polarization curves, both in linear and semi-logarithmic coordinates.
The free corrosion potential φ and corrosion current density icor are shown in Table 3.
The stable free corrosion potentials were +0.3, +0.38, and +0.28 V for the coatings deposited in Ar, C2H4, and N2, respectively. All the coatings remained passivated and stable in sulfuric acid. During the anodic polarization in the 0.5–1 V diapason, coatings deposited in argon and ethylene demonstrated an activation peak of the current density, related to the oxidation of carbides of titanium and chromium with the subsequent isolation of the surface by oxide layers. For the coating deposited in nitrogen, this peak shifted towards the 1–1.5 V potentials. At potentials above 2 V, a breakdown of passive layers occurred for all the coatings. The calculated corrosion current density was 0.45 μA/cm2 for the coating deposited in Ar, 0.012 μA/cm2 for the coating deposited in N2, and 0.23 μA/cm2 for the coating deposited in C2H4. Comparison of the corrosion data revealed that the coating deposited in nitrogen was characterized by the highest corrosion resistance.

4. Discussion

One of the main advantages of combined application of PCAE and Eu2O3-doped metal-ceramic electrodes was the structural uniformity of the deposited coatings. Neither the volume nor surface (Ra = 3–5 nm for coatings on Si wafers with Ra = 0.9 nm) of the coatings 1–3 contained the inclusions of droplet phase, which is ubiquitous in the coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation [45,46,47]. Usually, the size of the macroparticles varies from ones to dozens of microns [48]. The elimination of droplet phase is evidently caused to the combination of various factors. The first factor is the considerable decrease of the cathode overheating during the PCAE as compared to the conventional cathodic arc evaporation due to the higher number of cathodic spots and their velocity [36,49]. Another factor is the high strength of the employed cathode, which was the result of both the presence of NiCr binder and Eu2O3 reinforcing particles in the cathode. Previously used binder-free ceramic electrodes (for example, chromium diboride) experienced rapid fragmentation due to spalling of ceramic phase grains in PCAE evaporator (Figure 1) and produced a significant amount of droplet particles in the coatings. Eu2O3-free TiC-NiCr cathodes had increased strength as compared to pure ceramics due to the presence of metallic binder phase. However, cathodes could not withstand local overheating and quickly failed due to cracking. TiC-NiCr-Eu2O3 cathodes featured 20% higher mechanical properties as compared to their Eu2O3-free analogs and endured up to 30 deposition cycles without any noticeable crumbling. Therefore, albeit the Eu2O3 content in deposited coatings was negligible, this additive had a pronounced impact on the cathode performance.
In addition to the absence of droplet phase, the coatings 1–3 produced in this work did not feature columnar growth of crystallites common for the cathodic arc deposited coatings [50,51]. The columnar structure is often detrimental for the mechanical and tribological properties as well as the corrosion resistance of the coatings [29,52].
Coatings 1–3 had a relatively low elastic modulus E within the 152–191 GPa diapason, which is close to the elastic modulus of Si (170 GPa), but differs more considerably from the elastic modulus of steel (224 GPa). Accordingly, coatings deposited on Si substrate had higher cohesive/adhesive strength and quality. Deposition of the coating in carbon-containing environment (C2H4) has led to a drastic improvement of the cohesive strength due to the formation of amorphous carbon phase (peaks at 1340 and 1500 cm−1 in Raman spectra, Figure 4). Moreover, the coating deposited in C2H4 provided the lowest friction coefficient during the tribological test performed using alumina ball as a counterbody. Friction coefficient was equal to 0.36 and remained stable until the coating was fully worn out (46 m). This feature, along with increased adhesive strength, can be attributed to the presence of amorphous carbon in the coating’s microstructure. However, when the relatively soft steel ball was used for the tribological tests, the coating deposited in Ar provided the lowest friction coefficient (0.19–0.36). Amorphous carbon usually reduces the friction coefficient of the coatings, but has a moderately detrimental effect on the hardness of the coatings (Table 2). Therefore, against softer counterparts (but on long distance) the coating deposited in Ar provides superior tribological properties, whereas against harder counterparts the coating deposited in C2H4 outperforms other specimens. The noticeable reduction of both mechanical properties and tribological performance of coating deposited in N2 can be attributed to the partial amorphization of the coating due to introduction of excess nitrogen.
The hardness of coatings exceeded the substrates hardness (4 GPa for steel and 14 for Si) by 18%–45%. Nanoindentation data was used for the calculation of H/E and H3/E2 parameters (Table 2), which might indicate the coating’s wear resistance [53] and deformation mode [54]. According to the literature data, the excessive concentration of carbon in titanium carbonitride coatings leads to a marked decrease in mechanical properties. Authors of work [55] reported that coatings with excess carbon (Ti/C = 0.15–0.19) had relatively low mechanical properties: H = 7.6–10.4 GPa, E = 87–109 GPa, H/E = 0.09–0.10, and H3/E2 = 0.06–0.09 GPa. Coatings with concentration ratio Ti/(C+N) = 0.61 exhibited H = 17 GPa, H/E = 0.059 and H3/E2 = 0.060 GPa [56]. TiCN coatings with lower carbon content have hardness about 22–23 GPa and elastic modulus in range 215–250 GPa [57,58].
Among the previously investigated materials, the most similar in composition Cr-doped TiCN coatings tested under similar conditions demonstrated a higher friction coefficient (>0.4) [59]. However, the PCAE coatings investigated in this work were characterized by slightly lower corrosion resistance as compared to the previously reported magnetron-sputtered TiCN [56] and TiC-NiAl [7] coatings.

5. Conclusions

Coatings were deposited onto steel and silicon substrates by pulsed cathodic arc evaporation of the TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 cathode in Ar, C2H4, and N2 environments. The TiC-based FCC phase with a crystallite size of 4–8 nm was the main constituent of the coatings. The introduction of nitrogen led to the formation of TiCN phase, whereas the increase of carbon content led to the formation of amorphous carbon. Coatings deposited in Ar were characterized by the highest hardness of 20 GPa and a record-high elastic recovery of 92%. The substitution of argon by nitrogen or ethylene had a detrimental effect on the coating’s mechanical properties.
The coating deposited in Ar, upon wearing by the steel body, demonstrated a low friction coefficient of 0.2 and a good wear resistance. When Al2O3 was used as the counter-body, the coating showed a constant rise of friction coefficient from 0.18 to ~0.8 due to the coating’s gradual destruction. Coatings with the maximum carbon content demonstrated satisfactory wear resistance and a low friction coefficient of 0.34–0.36 against both steel and Al2O3 balls due to the formation of an sp2–sp3 bound carbon phase. The introduction of nitrogen in the coatings led to a considerable deterioration of the coating’s tribological performance.
Coatings deposited in nitrogen had the lowest free corrosion potential of +0.28 V in H2SO4. The corrosion current density decreased from 0.45 to 0.23 μA/cm2 with the transition from non-reactive sputtering to sputtering in the C2H4 environment and then to 0.012 μA/cm2 when the N2 environment was used. The produced coatings can be recommended for the protection of steel parts from mechanical wear and corrosion.

Author Contributions

Author Contributions: Supervision, P.K.-K.; Investigation, P.K.-K., A.S. (Alina Sytchenko), A.S. (Alexander Sheveyko); Formal Analysis, P.K.-K., A.S. (Alina Sytchenko); Writing—Original Draft Preparation, P.K.-K.; Writing—Review & Editing: P.K.-K., S.V.

Funding

The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (No. 15-19-00203).

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to M. Petrzhik for the nanoindentation tests and N.V. Shvyndina for the SEM-EDS study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Coatings 09 00230 g001 550
Figure 1. A schematic of the pulsed cathodic arc evaporation (PCAE) method: 1—cathode being evaporated; 2—cathode holder; 3—isolator; 4—quartz tube; 5—ignition system; 6—ceramic; 7—water cooling system; 8—anode case; 9—copper plate; 10—magnet system; 11—substrate holder with a substrate; and 12—coating deposition zone.
Figure 1. A schematic of the pulsed cathodic arc evaporation (PCAE) method: 1—cathode being evaporated; 2—cathode holder; 3—isolator; 4—quartz tube; 5—ignition system; 6—ceramic; 7—water cooling system; 8—anode case; 9—copper plate; 10—magnet system; 11—substrate holder with a substrate; and 12—coating deposition zone.
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Figure 2. Typical plane-view and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of coatings 1 (a,b), 2 (c,d), and 3 (e,f) deposited onto the silicon.
Figure 2. Typical plane-view and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of coatings 1 (a,b), 2 (c,d), and 3 (e,f) deposited onto the silicon.
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Figure 3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of coatings produced in Ar (a), C2H4 (b), and N2 (c).
Figure 3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of coatings produced in Ar (a), C2H4 (b), and N2 (c).
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Figure 4. Raman spectra of the coatings.
Figure 4. Raman spectra of the coatings.
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Figure 5. Dependence of the friction coefficient on the distance and 3D profiles of tribo-contact zones (440 C steel counter-body). The figure insert shows the results at a higher distance for coatings 1 and 2.
Figure 5. Dependence of the friction coefficient on the distance and 3D profiles of tribo-contact zones (440 C steel counter-body). The figure insert shows the results at a higher distance for coatings 1 and 2.
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Figure 6. Dependence of the friction coefficient on the distance and 3D profiles of the tribo-contact zones (Al2O3 counter-body).
Figure 6. Dependence of the friction coefficient on the distance and 3D profiles of the tribo-contact zones (Al2O3 counter-body).
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Figure 7. Polarization curves for the coatings in linear (a) and semi-logarithmic (b) coordinates.
Figure 7. Polarization curves for the coatings in linear (a) and semi-logarithmic (b) coordinates.
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Table
Table 1. Elemental composition of coatings and the cathode.
Table 1. Elemental composition of coatings and the cathode.
CoatingsEnvironmentContent, at.%
CTiCrNiEuN
1Ar52.939.74.02.90.50
2C2H486.810.91.60.800
3N223.218.43.21.50.453.2
Cathode–45.645.75.32.90.40
Table
Table 2. Mechanical properties of coatings.
Table 2. Mechanical properties of coatings.
CoatingEnvironmentH, GPaE, GPaW, %H/EH3/E2, GPa
1Ar20.2166920.120.30
2C2H417.0191840.090.13
3N216.5152900.110.19
Table
Table 3. Electrochemical properties of coatings.
Table 3. Electrochemical properties of coatings.
CoatingEnvironmentφ, Vicor, μA/cm2
1Ar0.300.45
2C2H40.380.23
3N20.280.012

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Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, P.; Sytchenko, A.; Sheveyko, A.; Vorotilo, S. Structure and Properties of Protective Coatings Deposited by Pulsed Cathodic Arc Evaporation in Ar, N2, and C2H4 Environments using the TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 Cathode. Coatings 2019, 9, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040230

AMA Style

Kiryukhantsev-Korneev P, Sytchenko A, Sheveyko A, Vorotilo S. Structure and Properties of Protective Coatings Deposited by Pulsed Cathodic Arc Evaporation in Ar, N2, and C2H4 Environments using the TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 Cathode. Coatings. 2019; 9(4):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040230

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, Philipp, Alina Sytchenko, Alexander Sheveyko, and Stepan Vorotilo. 2019. "Structure and Properties of Protective Coatings Deposited by Pulsed Cathodic Arc Evaporation in Ar, N2, and C2H4 Environments using the TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 Cathode" Coatings 9, no. 4: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040230

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