Health-Promoting Properties and Potential Application in the Food Industry of Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan. Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan.
3. Methodology
4. Chemical Composition
4.1. C. medica L.
4.2. C. × clementina Hort. Ex Tan.
5. Biological Properties
5.1. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties
5.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5.3. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects
5.4. Enzymatic Inhibitory Activities
5.5. Application in Foods
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | [27] * | [28] * | [29] # |
---|---|---|---|
Thujene | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.28–0.59 |
α-Pinene | 2.5 | 2.1 | 0.69–1.47 |
Camphene | 0.9 | tr | tr–0.01 |
Sabinene | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.14–0.24 |
β-Pinene | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.93–1.39 |
Myrcene | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.13–1.47 |
α-Phellandrene | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.05 |
α-Terpinene | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.35–0.41 |
p-Cymene | tr | 0.5 | - |
Limonene | 35.4 | 60.8 | 51.27–60.56 |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | - | 1.4 | 0.75–1.19 |
(E)-β-Ocimene | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.10–1.74 |
γ-Terpinene | 24.5 | 23.4 | 20.89–24.40 |
Terpinolene | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.87–1.08 |
Linalool | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.17–0.37 |
n-Nonanal | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.09 |
Citronellal | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.08 |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.10 |
α-Terpineol | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.21–0.61 |
n-Decanal | 0.1 | tr | 0.04–0.07 |
Nerol | 1.0 | 0.1 | - |
Neral | 4.4 | 0.8 | 1.12–3.77 |
Geraniol | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.01–0.22 |
Perilla aldehyde | 0.2 | - | 0.01–0.02 |
Geranial | 5.5 | 1.0 | 1.80–6.26 |
Citronellyl acetate | 0.2 | tr | 0.01–0.04 |
Neryl acetate | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.11–0.20 |
Geranyl acetate | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.19–0.41 |
β-Elemene | 0.1 | tr | 0.01–0.02 |
β-Cubebene | 0.1 | - | - |
β-Caryophyllene | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.10–0.22 |
trans-α-Bergamotene | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.28–0.48 |
trans-β-Farnesene | 0.5 | tr | tr |
α-Humulene | 0.2 | tr | 0.03–0.06 |
β-Bisabolene | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.40–0.67 |
Tetradecanal | tr | - | 0.01–0.02 |
γ-Cadinene | tr | tr | - |
δ-Cadinene | 0.2 | - | - |
Germacrene B | - | tr | - |
(E)-Nerolidol | - | tr | - |
Spathulenol | - | tr | - |
β-Bisabolol | 0.4 | tr | - |
Citropten | 0.9 | - | - |
Compound | Peel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[38] * | [39] * | [40] | [41] ** | [42] | |
α-Pinene | 1.27 | 0.60 | 0.47 | 1.10–3.13 | 0.43 |
Camphene | - | - | 0.38 | - | - |
Sabinene | 0.83 | 0.20 | - | 3.56–9.10 | 0.15 |
β-Pinene | - | - | 1.83 | - | - |
n-Octanal | 0.44 | 0.20 | 0.37 | - | 0.13 |
Myrcene | 4.64 | 0.95 | - | 3.56–9.10 | 1.82 |
δ-3-Carene | 0.21 | - | - | - | 0.05 |
α-Phellandrene | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
δ-3-Carene | 0.06 | 0.05 | - | 0.22–0.36 | - |
α-Terpinene | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
p-Cymene | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
Limonene | 88.12 | 95.03 | 94.77 | 61.31–83.09 | 95.46 |
(E)-β-Ocimene | - | - | - | 3.31 | - |
γ-Terpinene | 0.05 | - | - | 0.32–0.33 | - |
Terpinolene | 0.05 | - | - | 0.30 | - |
Linalool | 1.02 | 0.30 | 0.82 | 3.39–6.64 | 0.53 |
Citronellal | 0.40–0.75 | 0.08 | 0.07 | - | 0.05 |
Terpinen-4-ol | - | - | 0.05 | 0.20–0.88 | - |
α-Terpineol | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 1.55 | 0.07 |
n-Decanal | 0.71 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.47–1.55 | 0.27 |
Nerol | - | 0.05 | - | - | - |
Geranial | - | - | 0.06 | - | - |
Neryl acetate | 0.06 | - | - | - | - |
Geranyl acetate | 0.06 | - | - | - | - |
β-Copaene | 0.10 | - | - | - | - |
β-Elemene | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
β-Cubebene | 0.10 | - | - | - | - |
Dodecanal | 0.18 | - | 0.06 | - | 0.05 |
β-Caryophyllene | 0.05 | 0.06 | - | - | - |
β-Bisabolene | - | 0.07 | - | - | - |
γ-Muurolene | - | 0.05 | - | - | - |
δ-Cadinene | 0.06 | 0.05 | - | 0.22–0.36 | - |
(E)-Nerolidol | 0.05 | - | - | - | - |
β-Sinensal | 0.10 | - | - | 0.22–0.31 | - |
α-Sinensal | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.37–0.70 | 0.07 |
Compound | Leaves | |
---|---|---|
[39] * | [26] ** | |
Thujene | 0.15 | 0.51–1.43 |
α-Pinene | 0.66 | 4.73–5.0 |
Sabinene | 19.52 | 22.59–23.32 |
β-Pinene | 1.12 | - |
Myrcene | 1.75 | 4.22–4.45 |
δ-3-Carene | - | 6.33–7.06 |
α-Phellandrene | 0.08 | 1.37–1.59 |
δ-3-Carene | 0.07 | 0.19–0.28 |
α-Terpinene | 0.41 | 2.08–2.64 |
Limonene | 1.95 | 5.88–6.62 |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | 0.29 | - |
(E)-β-Ocimene | 5.0 | 6.52–7.16 |
γ-Terpinene | 0.97 | 3.01–3.72 |
Terpinolene | - | 2.89–3.14 |
Linalool | 7.51 | 10.41–16.83 |
Citronellal | - | 2.87 |
Terpinen-4-ol | 0.06 | 2.43–4.54 |
α-Terpineol | - | 0.38–1.40 |
n-Decanal | - | 0.14–0.17 |
Nerol | - | 0.81–1.27 |
Neral | - | 0.14–0.16 |
Geranial | - | 0.12–0.20 |
Citronellyl acetate | 0.32 | - |
Neryl acetate | - | 0.13 |
Geranyl acetate | 18.04 | 0.20–0.64 |
β-Elemene | 7.49 | 0.24 |
β-Cubebene | - | 0.24 |
β-Caryophyllene | 0.13 | 0.69–1.92 |
trans-β-Farnesene | - | 0.34–0.75 |
α-Humulene | - | 0.11–0.22 |
γ-Elemene | 2.30 | - |
β-Bisabolene | 0.13 | - |
α-Muurolene | 5.32 | - |
γ-Muurolene | 0.41 | - |
α-Selinene | 3.06 | - |
δ-Cadinene | 0.07 | 0.19–0.28 |
Germacrene B | - | 0.31–1.04 |
(E)-Nerolidol | 0.52 | 0.20–0.35 |
Spathulenol | 0.06 | - |
γ-Eudesmol | 0.49 | - |
α-Muurolol | 1.31 | - |
β-Sinensal | - | 3.14–4.77 |
α-Sinensal | - | 1.46–2.68 |
Compound | Flowers |
---|---|
[43] | |
α-Pinene | 0.8–1.2 |
Sabinene | 34.8–47.9 |
β-Pinene | 1.8–2.2 |
Myrcene | 2.4–3.2 |
δ-3-Carene | 0.2–0.4 |
p-Cymene | 1.7–2.4 |
Limonene | 6.2–9.6 |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | 0.1 |
(E)-β-Ocimene | 0.5–1.4 |
γ-Terpinene | 0.1–0.6 |
Terpinolene | 0.1–0.2 |
Linalool | 16.8–28.9 |
Terpinen-4-ol | 3.0–3.9 |
α-Terpineol | 0.5–0.9 |
β-Elemene | 0.2–0.7 |
β-Caryophyllene | 0.2–1.3 |
β-Caryophyllene oxide | 0.3–0.9 |
(E)-Nerolidol | 4.2–7.1 |
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Tundis, R.; Xiao, J.; Silva, A.S.; Carreiró, F.; Loizzo, M.R. Health-Promoting Properties and Potential Application in the Food Industry of Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan. Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents. Plants 2023, 12, 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050991
Tundis R, Xiao J, Silva AS, Carreiró F, Loizzo MR. Health-Promoting Properties and Potential Application in the Food Industry of Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan. Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents. Plants. 2023; 12(5):991. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050991
Chicago/Turabian StyleTundis, Rosa, Jianbo Xiao, Ana Sanches Silva, Filipa Carreiró, and Monica Rosa Loizzo. 2023. "Health-Promoting Properties and Potential Application in the Food Industry of Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan. Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents" Plants 12, no. 5: 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12050991