Spatiotemporal Assessment of Surface Solar Dimming in India: Impacts of Multi-Level Clouds and Atmospheric Aerosols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reanalysis and Satellite Datasets
2.1.1. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Reanalysis Version 5 (ERA-5)
2.1.2. Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2)
2.1.3. Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES)
2.1.4. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
2.2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Variability of SSR, TCC, and AOD in India
3.2. Variability of Cimpact and Aimpact on SSR
3.3. Analysis of Regional Cimpact on SSR
3.4. Analysis of Regional Aimpact on SSR
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meteorological Parameters | Mean | Trend |
---|---|---|
SSR | 429 (Wm−2) | −0.11% year−1 (−0.40 Wm−2 year−1) |
TCC | 45% | 0.10% year−1 |
AOD | 0.41 (unitless) | 0.76% year−1 |
Impact | Region | Mean Impact (%) | Trend (% year−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Decade | 2nd Decade | 3rd Decade | |||
Cimpact | R1 | 40 | −0.34 | 0.09 | 0.41 |
R2 | 38 | −0.56 | 0.21 | 0.11 | |
R3 | 46 | −0.15 | −0.28 | 0.07 | |
R4 | 28 | −0.26 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
Aimpact | R1 | 11 | − | 0.28 | 0.15 |
R2 | 13 | − | 0.16 | 0.08 | |
R3 | 17 | − | 0.37 | 0.25 | |
R4 | 13 | − | 0.11 | 0.07 |
Impact | Region | Regional Mean Impact (%) | Mean Impact (%) | Trend (% Year−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Decade | Mean | 2nd Decade | Mean | 3rd Decade | Mean | ||||
HCimpact | R1 | 31 | 31 | −0.33 | −0.26 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.54 | 0.22 |
R2 | 28 | −0.36 | 0.10 | 0.15 | |||||
R3 | 37 | −0.10 | −0.21 | 0.07 | |||||
R4 | 29 | −0.24 | −0.04 | 0.12 | |||||
MCimpact | R1 | 44 | 40 | 0.05 | −0.19 | 0.02 | −0.08 | 0.38 | 0.13 |
R2 | 39 | −0.26 | 0.00 | 0.03 | |||||
R3 | 48 | −0.08 | −0.47 | 0.01 | |||||
R4 | 29 | −0.44 | 0.15 | 0.08 | |||||
LCimpact | R1 | 46 | 44 | −0.04 | −0.37 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.30 | −0.01 |
R2 | 51 | −1.10 | 0.51 | −0.14 | |||||
R3 | 53 | −0.25 | −0.17 | −0.12 | |||||
R4 | 28 | −0.07 | 0.05 | −0.05 |
Impact | Region | Regional Mean Impact (%) | Mean Impact (%) | Trend (% Year−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Decade | Mean | 2nd Decade | Mean | 3rd Decade | Mean | ||||
Aimpact | R1 | 11 | 13 | − | − | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
R2 | 13 | − | 0.16 | 0.08 | |||||
R3 | 17 | − | 0.38 | 0.26 | |||||
R4 | 13 | − | 0.11 | 0.08 |
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Jadhav, A.V.; Rahul, P.R.C.; Kumar, V.; Dumka, U.C.; Bhawar, R.L. Spatiotemporal Assessment of Surface Solar Dimming in India: Impacts of Multi-Level Clouds and Atmospheric Aerosols. Climate 2024, 12, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12040048
Jadhav AV, Rahul PRC, Kumar V, Dumka UC, Bhawar RL. Spatiotemporal Assessment of Surface Solar Dimming in India: Impacts of Multi-Level Clouds and Atmospheric Aerosols. Climate. 2024; 12(4):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12040048
Chicago/Turabian StyleJadhav, Ashwin Vijay, P. R. C. Rahul, Vinay Kumar, Umesh Chandra Dumka, and Rohini L. Bhawar. 2024. "Spatiotemporal Assessment of Surface Solar Dimming in India: Impacts of Multi-Level Clouds and Atmospheric Aerosols" Climate 12, no. 4: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12040048