For-Verbs in Old English

Abstract

All of the for-verbs in the Dictionary of Old English can have semantic features of ‘equal or emphatic’, ‘expanded or antonymous’, ‘rare’, ‘only in gloss’ and ‘poetic’, including overlapping types. Most for-verbs have a sense of emphasis in contrast to their non-prefixed counterparts; some mean almost the same as the non-prefixed ones, some seem to be always used with the for-prefix, and some cannot be precisely identified because of their very rare occurrences. In this paper, I classify Old English for-verbs with examples and try to show why they were chosen in contrast to their non-prefixed counterparts.

In Modern German, three types of semantic differences can be identified among ver-verbs:

lassen : verlassen	almost equal or emphatic
kaufen : verkaufen	antonym
stehen : verstehen	quite different

Under the OED definition of the for-prefix.1, various meanings are listed: e.g., ‘away, off’ (forcast), ‘prohibition’ (forsay), ‘abstain from’ (forgo), ‘destructive effect’ (fordo), ‘in pieces’ (forburst), ‘all over’ (forgrow), etc. All the for-verbs in the DOE (Healey et al. 2008) can have semantic features of ‘equal or emphatic’, ‘expanded or antonymous’, ‘rare’, ‘only in gloss’ and ‘poetic’, including overlapping types. ‘Emphatic’ includes ‘in pieces’ and ‘all over’, while ‘expanded’ may imply some semantic changes.

Table 1. Semantic features of OE for-verbs.

For-Verb	Emphatic	Antonymous	Expanded	Only Once	Only in Gloss	Only in Poetry
forbærnan	v
forbelgan	v			v
for(e)beodan		v
forberan			v
forberstan	v
forbigan			v
forbindan	v
forbitan	v			v
forblawan	v		v
forblindian			v	v	v
forbrecan	v
forbregdan	v		v
forbrytan	v
forbugan	v		v
forbyrdian	v				v
forbyrnan	v
forceorfan	v
forceowan	v			v
forclæman	v				v
forclingan	v				v
forclyccan	v				v
forclysan	v			v
forcostian	v			v
forcrafian	v			v	v
forcuman			v
forcunnian	v		v		v
forcursian	v			v
forcweþan		v	v
forcwolstan	v			v
forcwysan	v
forcyrran			v
forcyþan		v	v
fordælan	v			v
fordelfan	v			v
fordeman		v	v
fordemman	v				v
fordician			v
fordiligian	v
fordimmian	v				v
fordon		v	v
fordræfan	v			v
fordrencan	v
fordrifan	v
fordrincan	v
fordrugian	v
fordruncnian	v			v
fordwinan	v
fordwylman	v			v
fordylmengan	v			v
fordyttan	v
forealdian	v
forelcian	v			v
forfaran		v	v
forfeallan	v			v
forferan		v	v
forferian		v		v
forfleon	v
forflygan	v			v	v
forfon	v
forfyllan	v			v	v
forgan	v		v
forgangan	v		v
forgægan	v
forgælan	v			v	v
forgearwian	v			v	v
forglendrian	v		v
forgnagan	v
forgnidan	v
forgrindan	v
forgripan	v
forgriwen (pp)	v			v
forgrowan	v
forgumian	v			v
forgyfan		v	v
forgyldan			v
forgylpan	v			v
forgyltan	v
forgyman		v
forgymeleasian	v
forgyrdan	v			v
forgytan		v	v
forhabban		v
forhatan		v
forhælan		v		v	v
forhætan	v			v
forhealdan		v	v
forheardian	v
forheawan	v
forhelan	v
forhelian	v
forher(e)gian	v
forhogian		v	v
forhorwian	v				v
for(e)hradian			v
forhweorfan	v
forhwyrfan			v
forhycgan		v	v
forhydan	v
forhylman			v	v		v
forhynan	v		v
forhyrdan	v					v
forlacan			v			v
forlædan		v
forlæran		v
forlætan	v		v
forlæþan	v			v
forlecgan	v			v
forleogan	v
forleon			v
forleosan	v
forlicgan			v
forligrian			v		v
forliþan			v
forlorian	v			v	v
forlosian			v
formælan	v			v
formeltan	v
formengan	v			v
formolsnian	v
formyltan	v
formyrþr(i)an	v
fornæman	v			v
forneþan	v			v
forniman	v		v
fornydan	v
forpæran	v
forpyndan	v			v		v
forrædan		v
forrreceleasian	v			v
forridan		v
forrotian	v
forsacan			v
forsætian	v			v
forsceadan	v
forsceamian	v
forsceorfan	v			v
forsceotan	v		v
forscrencan	v
forscrifan		v
forscrincan	v
forscufan	v			v		v
forscyldigian	v
forscyppan			v
forscyrian			v	v
forscyttan	v
forsearian	v
forsecan			v			v
forsecgan		v
forsellan	v	v
forsencan			v	v
forsendan			v
forseon		v	v
forseoþan	v			v
forsetnian	v				v
forsettan			v
forsittan			v
forsiþian			v	v		v
forslawian	v
forslæwan	v
forslean	v
forsmiten (pp)	v			v	v
forsmorian	v
forsmorþrian	v			v
forsorgian	v			v
forspanan	v
forspendan	v
forspennan	v				v
forspildan	v
forspilian	v				v
forspillan			v
forsprecan		v
forstalian	v
forstandan		v	v
forstelan	v
forstoppian	v			v
forstregdan	v			v	v
forstyltan	v				v
forstyntan	v
forsucan	v
fors(w)ui(g)ian	v
forswælan	v
forswapan	v					v
forswelan	v			v		v
forswelgan	v
forsweltan	v
forsweorcan	v
forsweorfan	v				v
forswerian		v
forswigan	v
forswiþan	v
forsyngian	v
fortendan	v
forteon	v		v
fortimbr(i)an		v			v
fortogian	v			v
fortredan	v		v
fortreddan	v		v
fortrendan	v			v
fortruwian	v		v
fortrymman	v			v	v
fortyhtan	v
fortyllan	v			v		v
fortynan	v
forþeccan	v				v
forþecgan	v			v		v
forþencan			v
forþeofian	v			v	v
forþeostrian	v				v
forþerscan	v			v
forþindan	v
forþolian	v			v		v
forþræstan	v		v
forþringan	v
forþryccan	v
forþrysm(i)an	v
forþyldian	v
forþyl(di)gian	v
forþylm(i)an	v
forwandian	v
forwaxan	v			v
forweallan	v			v
forweaxan	v
forweddian	v			v	v
forwegan	v			v		v
forweornian	v
forweorpan	v
forweorþan		v	v
forwisnian	v
forwlencan	v
forwracnian	v			v
forwrecan	v
forwregan	v
forwreon	v			v	v
forwritan			v	v		v
forwriþan	v
forwundian	v
forwyrcan1		v	v
forwyrcan2			v
forwyrdan	v
forwyrnan	v
foryldan	v
foryrman	v

at the end of this paragraph shows these features with ticks. As meanings change according to contexts, ticks are added to more than one feature whenever necessary. Most for-verbs have a sense of emphasis in contrast to their non-prefixed counterparts; some mean almost the same as the non-prefixed ones, some seem to be always used with the for-prefix, and some cannot be precisely identified in sense because of their very rare occurrences. There are some verbs to which only the prefixed forms were attested (e.g., forgægan, forpæran, forsetnian). In this paper I classify Old English for-verbs in the following sections and try to explain why they were chosen in contrast to their non-prefixed counterparts.

1. Emphatic (Including Almost Equal with the Non-Prefixed Counterpart)

Among 242 for-verbs in the DOE corpus, 167 verbs are used emphatically in contrast to their non-prefixed counterparts, although the degree of emphasis depends on each verb in each context. When 16 verbs which have both emphatic and expanded meanings and one verb with emphatic and antonymous meanings are added, 76.0% of for-verbs can be used with emphatic meanings. As the space is limited, examples given here for each verb are restricted to those which represent its feature as clearly as possible. All the abbreviated titles of the texts used in this paper follows Healey and Venezky (1980).

1.1. Forbærnan

Forbærnan means ‘to burn up, scorch’ and appears in many texts. Its emphatic use can be seen when F in Ps 82.15 is compared with A and D; forswælan in I is another variant.2

(Editions of the psalter glosses are cited in the references with abbreviations. A is from Kuhn (1965), D from Roeder ([1904] 1973), F from Kimmens (1979) and I from Lindelöf (1909–1914)).

(1)	Or 6 13.141.213
	ד het forbærnan þæt gewrit þe hit on awriten wæs, hwæt mon on geare agiefan sceolde,
	‘and (he) commanded the document, in which it was written what should be given each year, to be burnt’

(2)	Ps 82.154 [sicut ignis qui conburit siluas. uelut flamma incendat [Galican: comburens] montes]
	A: swe swe fyr ðæt forberneð wuda swe swe leg forberneð muntas
	D: swa swa fyr þe forbærnð wudas oþðe swa leӡ onæle muntas
	F: swa swa fyr þe bærnð wuda swa swa leg forbærnende muntas
	I: swaswa fyr þæt þe forswælþ wudu swaswa liget forswælende duna
	AV: As the fire burneth a wood: and as the flame setteth the mountaines on fire:

1.2. Forbelgan

Forbelgan ‘to become angry’, occurs only once, which shows its reflexive use.

(3)	LS25 (MichaelMor) 37
	þa forbealh he hine forþon þe þæt hryþer him þuhte on wedenheorte þe þær swa ferde geond þone widgillan munt.
	‘then he was angry because, as it seemed to him, the bull had insanely gone over the spacious mountain’

1.3. Forberstan

Forberstan ‘to break apart’ appears as an emphatic variant of berstan, which survives into ModE burst. Here I give two often-quoted, well-known lines in poetry. For the presentation of the texts of Anglo-Saxon poems, I refer to Krapp and Dobbie (1931–1953).

(4)	Beo 2680b5
	Nægling forbærst,
	geswac æt sæcce sweord Biowulfes,
	gomol ond grægmæl.
	‘Nægling broke; Beowulf’s old and grey-coloured sword failed him in the struggle’.

(5)	Phoen 568a
	Me þæs wen næfre
	forbirsteð in breostum, ðe ic in brego engla
	forðweardne gefean fæste hæbbe.
	‘The hope of this will never crumble in my heart, for I have secure an enduring joy in the Ruler of the angels’.
	(tr. Bradley ([1982] 1987))

1.4. Forbindan

According to the DOE (Healey et al. 2008) counting, forbindan ‘to bind up’ occurs only three times. Here I give an earlier example.

(6)	CP 16.105.7
	Bi ðon wæs gecueden on ðære æ: Ne forbinden ge na ðæm ðyrstendum oxum ðone muð.
	‘Of which was mentioned in the law: “Do not bind the mouth of the thirsting oxen.”’

1.5. Forbitan

Forbitan ‘to bite through’ occurs only once.

(7)	LS35 (VitPatr) 390
	þa ahleop þær an <leo eorðscræfes> þystrum and hio swengde on hine and forbat him þone sweoran.
	‘then a lion leapt from the darkness of earth-dwelling and rushed on him and bit him through the neck’

1.6. Forblindan

Forblindan ‘to make blind’ occurs only once and only in gloss; here in Ru2, and the double gloss in Li and the past participle form of ablendan in WSCp should be compared. (For the versions of the Gospels, see Morrell (1965)).

(8)	Mk 6.526 [non enim intellexerant de panibus erat enim cór illorum obcecatum]
	Li: ne forðon oncneaun of hlafum wæs forðon hearta hiora fore-geblind ł fore-geðistrat
	Ru2: ne forðon oncneowun of hlafum wæs forðon heorta hiora for-blindad
	WSCp: ne ongeton hi be þam hlafon; Soðlice heora heorte wæs ablend;
	AV: For they considered not the miracle of the loaues, for their heart was hardened.

1.7. Forbrecan

Forbrecan ‘to break to pieces’ is used emphatically as a variant of other prefixed and non-prefixed verbs, as seen in the following examples. (See also Section 4.13. Fortredan).

(9)	CP 33.229.9
	ðylæs se lytega fiond æfter fierste suiður fægnige ðæt he hine mid his lotwrencium besuice, ðeah he hine ær openum gefeohte ofercome, & [him] ðone stiðan suiran forbræce [C: fortræde].
	‘lest the wily foe after a time rejoice more in entrapping them with his artifices after they had overcome him in an open fight, and breaking their stubborn necks’
	(tr. Sweet (1871–1872))

(10)	Jn 19.31 [Iudaei ergo … rogauerunt pilatum ut frangerentur eoram crura et tollerentur]
	Li: iudeas ðonne … gebédon ðone groefa ꝥte hia gebreco ł uoero tobrocene hiora sciu ד uere genumeno
	Ru2: iudæas forðon … gibedun ðone groefa ꝥte gibrece ł tobrocen werun sconce hiora ד ginumune werun
	WSCp: Đa iudeas bædon pilatum ꝥ man for-bræce hyra sceancan. and lete hi nyðer
	AV: The Iewes therefore … besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away.

1.8. Forbrytan7

Forbrytan ‘to break, crush’ is used emphatically and can be used as an alternative to tobrytan, brecan, tobrecan and forbrecan, as seen in the following examples. In Mt 12.20 other for-verbs, forweorpan and fordrifan, can be seen in double gloss for eiciat.

(11)	Mt 12.20 [harundinem quassatam non confrincet et linum fumigans non extinguet donet eiciat ad uictoriam iudicium]
	Li: gerd wácc ł bifiende ne breceð ד récende ł smécende ne drysnes wið forworpa ł fordrifa to sige dom
	Ru1: hread þæt wagende ne to-breceþ ד flæx ł lin smikende ne adwæscet oþ ꝥ ut ascendeþ to sigor in dome
	WSCp: Tocwysed hreod hé ne for-brytt. ד smeocende flex hé ne adwæscþ. ǽrþam þe he aworpe dóm to sige.
	AV: A bruised reed shal he not breake, and smoking flaxe shall he not quench, till he send forth iudgment vnto victory.

(12)	Ps 9.36 [Conteris brachium peccatoris et maligni requiretur delictum eius nec inuenietur]
	A: forðræst earm ðes synfullan ד ðes awergdan bið soht scyld his ne bið gemoeted
	D: þu forbrytest earm synfulles awyrӡedes bið soht scyld his ne he met bið
	I: forbrec ł tobryt earm ł anweald þæs synfullan ד þæs awirgedan byð gesoht syn his ד he ne byð gemet
	AV: Breake thou the arme of the wicked, and the euill man: seeke out his wickednes, till thou finde none.

1.9. Forbyrdian

Forbyrdian ‘to endure, wait for’ occurs only in gloss. In the Psalter it is found as a single, gloss, double gloss, and with variants. E is from Harsley (1889) and K from Sisam and Sisam ([1959] 1969).

(13)	Ps 32.20 [Anima autem nostra sustinet dominum. quoniam adiutor et protector noster est.]
	A: sawul soðlice ur abideð dryhŧ for ðon fultum ד gescildent ur is
	D: sawl ure forbyrdiӡað dryhten ӡefylsta ד ӡescyldend ure he is
	E: Soþlice ure sæule forbyrdigað ł geðolað drihten forðon gefylsta ד gescildend ure he is
	I: saw lure anbidaþ forþi þe he fultumiend ד gescyldend ure is
	K: sawle ure bewarað drihten forðon fultum ד frofer ure is
	AV: Our soule waiteth for the Lord: he is our helpe, and our shield.

1.10. Forbyrnan

Forbyrnan ‘to burn up completely’ is an emphatic form of byrnan (or biernan), occurring in various texts.

(14)	Beo 1616a
	Sweord ær gemealt,
	forbarn brodenmæl;
	‘The sword had already melted; the damasked blade had burnt up’.

(15)	GD4(C) 41.328.26
	forþon us is ӡeornlice to ӡeþencanne, þeah þe þæt treow ד þæt hiӡ ד þæt healm forbyrne on þam huse, þæt þæt ӡold ד þæt seolfor ד þa deorwyrðan stanas na ne forbyrnað;
	‘therefore it is desirable for us to think, though the tree and the grass and the straw would burn at the house, that the gold and the silver and the precious stones never burn up’

1.11. Forceorfan

Forceorfan ‘to cut through’ is an emphatic form of ceorfan. The adjectival use of the past participle is seen in ÆLS (Martin) 72. In Lk 13.7, it is used in WSCp but replaced by forscrifan in WSH. (See also Section 2.11. forscrifan).

(16)	ÆLS (Martin) 69, 72
	He gelæhte ða his sex. and forcearf his basing. and sealde healfne dæl þam gesæligan þearfan. and þone healfan dæl he dyde on his hricg. Þa hlogon his geferan þæs forcorfenan basinges.
	‘Then he drew his knife, and cut in two his cloak, and gave the half part of it to the happy poor man, and put the other half on his own back. Then his comrades laughed at the cut cloak’.

(17)	Lk 13.7 [succidite ergo illam ut quid etiam terram occupant]
	Li: ic hrendas ł scearfað forðon ðailca ł hia to huon uutedlice eorðo gi-ónetað ł gemerras
	Ru2: ceorfas ł rendas forðon ðailco ꝥte hwon ד wutudlice eorðo gi-onetað
	WSCp: For-ceorf hine hwi of-þricð he ꝥ land;
	WSH: For-scrif (sic) hine hwy ofer-stricð (sic) he þæt land8
	AV: cut it downe, why cumbreth it the ground?

1.12. Forceowan

Forceowan ‘to bite off’ occurs only once.

(18)	Bo 16.36.23
	Þa he ða beforan ðone <graman> cyning gelæd wæs, & he hine het secgan hwæt his geferan wæron ðe mid him ymbe sieredon, þa forceaw he his tungan & wearp hine mid ðære tungan on þæt neb foran.
	‘When he was led before the cruel king, and he commanded him to tell what were his comrades who plotted with him, he bit off his tongue and cast himself with the tongue in the face’.

1.13. Forclæman

Forclæman ‘to plaster up, close up (ears or throats)’ occurs twice only in gloss: CorpGl2 13.100 obturat folclaemid and 13.186 oplauit forclaemde. As the non-prefixed clæman occurs in Lch and Med, these verbs seem to be adopted as a rendering of Latin medical contexts.

1.14. Forclingan

Forclingan ‘to shrink up’ is used only in gloss. Examples are CorpGl2 16.192 rigentia forclingendu and VSal 1 17.4 on forclungenum treow.

1.15. Forclyccan

Forclyccan ‘to shut up’ occurs only in psalter glosses. In Ps 57.5, it is chosen in D; fordemman is chosen in E, fordyttan in A, and dyttan in P (from O’Neill (2001)). (Cf. Section 1.24. fordemman and Section 1.36. fordyttan).

(19)	Ps 57.5 [Ira illis secundum similitudinem serpentis sicut aspides surdę. et obdurantis aures suas.]
	A: eorre him efter gelicnisse nedran swe nedran deafe ד forduttænde earan hire
	D: yrre him ӡelicnesse nædran swa nædran … ד forclyccende earan heora
	E: yrre him efter gelicnesse nedræn swæ nedræn deafe ד fordemmende eæran hira
	P: Yrre heom becume anlic nædran, ða aspide ylde nemnað; seo hi deafe deð, dytteð hyre earan,
	AV: Their poison is like the poison of a serpent: they are like the deafe adder that stoppeth her eare:

1.16. Forclysan

Forclysan ‘to shut up ears’ occurs only once.

(20)	PeriD 17.11.20
	ad aures: þis <sceal> to þan earan, þe wind oþþer wæter forclyst.
	‘this should be to the ears, which wind or water closes up’

1.17. Forcostian

Forcostian ‘to tempt’ occurs only once.

(21)	HomU 1 59
	Bér þá tó him þa ylce costungæ þe hé þá ereste men Adam ד Euam mid forcostode ד biswáác, ד his wylles weald on him æhte;
	‘Then he brought to him the same temptations with which he tempted and deceived the first human beings, Adam and Eve, and had power over them as he wished’.

1.18. Forcrafian

Forcrafian ‘to ewquire, compel’ occurs only once and only in gloss, BenRGl 48.82.3 [exegerit] giforcrafað, which is emended as gif forcrafað.

(22)	BenRGl 48.82.3 [Si autem necessitas loci aut paupertas exegerit ut ad fruges colligendas per se occupentur non contristentur]
	neodbehefnes stowe oððe þearflices <gif> forcrafað wæsmas to-gegadrigenne þurh hi þæt hi beon gebisgode hi nab eon gedrefede
	‘in a place of necessity or poverty, if they require plants to be gathered by those who are employed, they are not in trouble’

1.19. Forcursian

Forcursian ‘utterly accursed’ occurs only once. In the following example, it occurs in the past participle with two other verbs. (See also Section 2.13. Forswerian and Section 1.68. Forleosan).

(23)	ChronE 1137.49
	Þe biscopes ד lered men heom cursede æure, oc was heom naht þarof, for hi uueron al forcursæd ד forsuoren ד forloren.
	‘The bishops and the clergy were forever cursing them, but that was nothing to them, for they were all excommunicated and forsworn and lost’.

1.20. Forcwolstan

Forcwolstan ‘to swallow down’ is used only once in a medical context.

(24)	Lch II (1) 4.6.11
	eft fifleafan seawes þry bollan fulle lytle sceal forcuuolstan
	‘again three bowel-full of cinquefoil sap (one) must swallow down for a while’

1.21. Forcwysan

Forcwysan ‘to crush utterly’ is used in psalter glosses. In Ps 109.6, it appears in D, which can be compared with tocwysan in I.

(25)	Ps 109.6 [conquassauit capita multa in terra copiosa]
	A: gescænæd heafud monigu in eorðan genyhtsumre
	D: he forcwysde heafdu maneӡo on eorðan
	E: gebrietæþ heafdo monega on eorðæn genihtsume
	I: he tocwyseð heaffu on eorðan
	AV: he shall wound the heads ouer many countries.

1.22. Fordælan

Fordælan ‘to deal out’ occurs only once in WSCp; Li chooses from-salde and Ru2 for-salde. It is likely that words in WSCp and glosses may differ, but it is noticeable that the word choice of Ru2 can be different from that of Li. (See Section 6.1. Forsellan).

(26)	Lk 8.43 [et mulier quaedam erat in fluxu sanguinis ab annis duodicim quae in medicos erogauerat omnem substantiam suam nec ab ullo potuit curari]
	Li: ד wif sum wæs in flowing blodes from wintrum twoelfum ðio on lecum from-salde all feh hire ne from ænigum mæhte gelecnæge ł wosa gelecned
	Ru2: ד wifum ðæm ðe wæs in flowing blodes from wintrum twelfum ðio in lecum for-salde all feh hire ne in ængum mæhto gihæla ł lecniga
	WSCp: Đa wæs sum wif on blod-ryne twelf gér; Seo for-dælde on læcas eall ꝥ heo ahte. ד ne mihte þeah of ænegum beon ge-hælyd;
	AV: And a woman hauing an issue of blood twelue yeres, which had spent all her liuing vpon Phisitions, neither could be healed of any.

1.23. Fordelfan

Fordelfan ‘to dig up’ occurs only once in a charter.

(27)	Ch 298 3
	ðonne on ðone dic ðær Esne ðone weg fordealf ðonon of dune on ðæs wælles heafod.
	‘then in the ditch where the slave dug up the way from there out of the hill on the river’s head’

1.24. Fordemman

Fordemman ‘to shut up’ is found only in gloss. In Ps 57.5, E shows the form fordemmende as a rendering of obdurantis. (See also Section 1.15. Forclyccan and Section 1.36. Fordyttan).

1.25. Fordiligian

Forfiligian ‘to devastate, do away with’ is often used in Bede, in which the pair of for-verbs can be seen (cf. Section 5.4. Fordon). Another example is given from BenR.

(28)	Bede 3 18.234.27
	se ðe þæt on his mode gehogod ד geteod hæfde, þæt he wolde ealle his þeode from þæm geongrum oð þa yldran fordon ד fordilgian,
	‘he who had thought in his mind and determined that he wished to destroy and annihilate all his people from the young up to the elders’

(29)	BenR 59.105.1
	Syn ealle þa æhta, þe þam cilde ӡebyrien, swa fordyleӡade and todælede, þæt him nan hyht beon ne þylfe,
	‘May all the possessions, which befit to the child, be abolished and dispersed, so that no hope should be required to him’

1.26. Fordimmian

Fordimmian ‘to make (something) utterly dim’ occurs only in gloss.

(30)	LibSc 25.18 [In uíta partum dicitur. qui amat argentum non uidebit scientiam. et qui congregat illud obscurabitur;]
	on life yldryna ys gecweden se þe lufað seolfor he na gesihð ingehyd ד se þe gaderað þæt biþ fordimmod oððe aþystrod
	‘It is said in the life of ancestors; he who loves silver will not understand consciousness, and he who gathers it will be becloud or obscured’.

1.27. Fordræfan

Fordræfan ‘to drive, compel, bring forcibly’ occurs only once.

(31)	LawIneRb 62
	be þon þe mon to ceace [MS ceape] fordræfe
	‘by which one brings forcibly to kettle (cattle?)’

1.28. Fordrencan

Fordrencan ‘to make (someone) drink’ is transitive in contrast to fordrincan (see Section 1.30. Fordrincan) and can be used reflexively. (Gen is from Crawford ([1922] 1969)).

(32)	Gen 19.32
	Uton fordrencean urne fæder færlice mid wine, ד uton licgan mid him, þæt sum laf beo hys cynnes.
	‘Let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, so that we may preserve seed of our father’.

(33)	ChrodR 1 60.31
	Manege synt, þæt gyt wyrse is, þæt na þæt an hi sylfe fordrencað, ac eac oðre halsiað þæt hi mare drincan þonne him framige.
	‘Many are, what is still worse, that they themselves not only become drunk, but also others swear that they drink more than it avails them’.

1.29. Fordrifan

Fordrifan ‘to drive out’ was used up to the early sixteenth century (see OED fordrive v.: OE to 1513), and the non-prefixed drive survived and is used in present-day English. In Mt 21.12, Ru1 as well as WSCp uses the verb-adverb combination in contrast to the prefixed verb in Li.

(34)	ChronE 927.1
	Her Æþelstan cyning fordraf Guðfrið cyng.
	‘In this year Athelstan drove out king Guthfrith’.

(35)	Mt 21.12 [Et intrauit iesus in templum dei et eiciebat omnes uendentes et ementes in templo]
	Li: ד in-eade ðe hælend in temple godes ד fordraf alle bebohton ד bohyon in temple
	Ru1: ד eode se hælend in tempel godes ד wearp ut ealle þa sellende ד gebycgende in þæm temple
	WSCp: þa se hælend into þam temple eode he adraf út ealle þa þe ceapodun innan þam temple
	AV: And Iesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the Temple,

1.30. Fordrincan

Fordrincan ‘to drink excessively’ is emphatically used in many texts. GD is from Morricca (1924). (For variants, see Section 1.125. Forswigan and Section 4.10. Forniman).

(36)	CP 40.295.6
	Forðæm [ðæt] wif ðe Ab[i]gall hatte suiðe herigendlice forsuigode ðæt dysig hiere fordruncnan hlafordes, se wæs haten Nabal,
	‘Therefore, the woman called Abigail very laudably concealed the folly of her drunken lord, who was called Nabal’

(37)	GD4(C) 33.308.15
	ד he þa on æfenne æfter þam fæstene wæs ӡecyrred ham to his huse ד wearð þa mid mycclum wine fordruncen [O: fornumen]
	‘and in the evening after the fast he was back home to his house and became drunk by too much wine’

1.31. Fordrugian

Fordrugian ‘to become dry up’ can be emphatically used for non-prefixed drugian. (See also Section 1.91. Forscrincan).

(38)	Met 20 104a
	gif ꝥ nære, þonne hio wære
	fordrugod to duste, ד todrifen siððan
	wide mid winde, swa nu weorðeð oft
	axe giond eorðan eall toblawen.
	‘if it were not, then it (the earth) would be dried up to dust, and then driven widely with wind, as now the ash were often all blown away throughout the world’

Cf. Bo 33.80.18

forþam gif ꝥ wæter hi ne geðwænde, þonne drugode hio ד wurde todrifen mid þam winde swa swa dust oððe axe

‘therefore, if the water did not moisten it, then it (the earth) dried up, and would be dispersed with the wind as dust or ash’

(39)	Lk 8.6 [et aliud cecidit supra petram et natum aruit quia non habebat umorem]
	Li: ד oðer feall ofer stan ד ꝥ brord ł awisnade ł fordrugade forðon ne hæbde wetnise
	[Ru2: lost]
	WSCp: And sum feoll ofer þæne stán ד hit for-scranc forþam þe hit wǽtan næfde;
	AV: And some fell vpon a rocke, and assoone as it was sprung vp, it withered away, because it lacked moisture.

1.32. Fordruncnian

Fordruncnian ‘to be made drunk’ occurs only once. (See also Section 4.5. Forgan).

(40)	Conf 2.1(O) 61
	& ælce dæge grreordige him to middæges, buton Wodnesdæge & Frigedæge, þonne he sceal fæstan to nones, & forgan flæsc & wine, þæt is ælces cynnes drinc þe man mæge foredruncnigan [Conf 2.1: foredruncen beon; Y: ofdruncen beon]
	‘and each day he feasted himself till midday, except Wednesday and Friday, when he must fast till noon, and abstain from flesh and wine, that is drink of any kind that one could be made drunk’

1.33. Fordwinan

Fordwinan means ‘to disappear’. In Lk 14.34, forðineð occurs in Ru2 as a variant of this verb, and the DOEC (Healey et al. 2009) has it; and it occurs in the DOE (Healey et al. 2008); the manuscript (MS Auct D.2.19) has the same, with a minor space between for and ðineð. There is a verb ðinan ‘to grow moist’ but no forðinan in the DOE (Healey et al. 2008).

(41)	Lk 14.34 [Bonum est sál si autem sál quoque euanuerit in quo condietur]
	Li: god is se salt gif ðonne se salt æc ðon forduinde ł forduineð in ðon ł in ðæm bið besmitten ł gehyded
	Ru2: god is ðæt salt gif wutedlice salt ec ðonne forðineð in ðon ł ðæm bismiten bið
	WSCp: Gód ys sealt gif hit awyrð on þam þe hit gesylt bið.
	AV: Salt is good: but if the salt haue lost his sauour, wherewith shall it be seasoned?

(42)	ÆLS (Maur) 315
	Hwæt ða se sceocca sona fordwán of his gesihðe. mid swiðlicum reame.
	‘So then the devil straightway vanished out of his sight with a mighty outcry’.

1.34. Fordwylman

Fordwylman ‘to confound’ occurs only once.

(43)	Bo 5.14.4
	Of ðæm ðonne onginnað weaxan þa mistas ðe ꝥ mod gedrefað, ד mid ealle fordwilmað ða soðan gesihðe swelce mistas swe[l]ce nu on þinum mode sindon.
	‘Then among them the mists begin to grow, which stir up the mind, and altogether confuse the true sense of sight, as mists are now in your mind’.

1.35. Fordylmengan

Fordylmengan ‘to dissemble’ occurs only once. (See also Section 1.11. Forceorfan).

(44)	ChrodR 1 8.11
	ד þara gymeleasra ד þæra prutra ד þæra modigra gyltas þreage man sona ד gerihte, ד ne fordilemenge hi, ac sona swa hi up sprincgen, swa forceorfe ma hi ד heora
	wyrtruman eal ætsamne,
	‘and sins of the careless and the proud and the arrogant are rebuked and amended and never ignored, but as soon as they spring up, they are cut off and their root altogether’

1.36. Fordyttan

Fordyttan ‘to block’ survived up to 1400 (see OED fordit v). (See also Section 2.1. For(e)beodan and Section 2.14. Fortimbr(i)an).

(45)	Gen 8.2
	ד ða wylspringa(s) ðære miclan nywelnysse wurdon fordytte ד ðære heofonan wæterðeotan, ד se ren wearð forboden.
	‘(AV) The fountaines also of the deepe, and the windowes of heauen were stopped, and the raine from heauen was restrained’.

(46)	Ps 62.12 [laudabuntur omnes qui iurant in eo. quia obstructum est ós loquentium iniqua]
	A: bioð hereð alle ða ðe swergað in hine for ðon fortimbred is muð spreocendra ða unrehtan
	D: heriӡað ealle þa ðe sweriӡað on him fordytt muð sprecendra unrihtu
	E: herigað eælle ðæ þe sweriæð on hine fordæn fordett is muð sprecendræ unriht
	I: beoþ geherode ealle þa þe sweriað on hine forþi þe is fordyt muð sprecendra unrihte þing
	AV: euery one that sweareth by him shall glorie: but the mouth of them that speake lies, shall be stopped.

1.37. Forealdian

Forealdian ‘to grow very old’ is an emphatic form of ealdian ‘to grow old’ (cf. Mercian aldian, ModE old). (See also Section 1.95. Forsearian and Section 5.15. Forweorþan).

(47)	Bo 39.131.7
	ד hi eft gehyt ד gehelt þonne hit forealdod bið ד forsearod, ד eft geewð ד geedniw[að] þonne þonne he wile.
	‘and again hides and keeps them (creatures) when it (divine providence) gets old and withered, and again reveals and renews as it would’

(48)	Solil 1 10.3
	Ac cumað oðre for hy, swa swa leaf on treowum; and æpla, (and) gears, and wyrtan, and treoweu foraldiað and forseriað; and cumað oððer grenu:
	‘But others come instead, as foliage on trees; and fruits, grass, and wort, and trees delay and wither, and come other green things’.

(49)	Ps 101.27 [Ipsi peribunt. tu autem permanes. et omnia sicut uestimentum ueterescent. et sicut opertorium mutabis eos et mutabuntur.]
	A: hie forweorðað ðu soðlice ðorhwunas ד alle swe swe hregl aldiað ד swe swe wrigels onwendes hie ד hie bioð onwende
	D: hy forweorþað þu soþlice þurhwunast ד ealle swa swa hræӡl ealdiaþ ד swa swa blidd þu awentst hy ד hy beoð awende
	I: hig forwyrðað ł losiaþ þu soðlice þurhwunast ealle swa swa scrud łgegyrlu ד hi forealdiað ד swaswa oferbrædedls ł wæfeis þu awenst hig ד hig beoð awende
	AV: They shall perish, but thou shalt indure, yea all of them shall waxe old like a garment: as a vesture shalt thou change them, and they shalbe changed.

1.38. Forelcian

Forelcian ‘to delay’ occurs only once.

(50)	Eluc 1 84
	beon þurh heora deað afyrhte & gemanede to Godes þenunga þe heo forelcdan
	‘be afraid by their death and mindful of the service to God, which they put off too long’

1.39. Forfeallan

Forfeallan ‘to fall upon excessively’ occurs only once.

(51)	Alex 30.12
	ða ic þa unmætnisse & micelnisse ðæs snawes geseah, ða þuhte me þæt ic wiste þæt he wolde ealle þa wicstowe forfeallan;
	‘When I saw the excessive greatness of snow, it seemed to me that I wished that it would overwhelm all the dwelling-place’.

1.40. Forfleon

Forfleon ‘to escape’ is used as an emphatic form of fleon ‘to fly from, flee’. (See also Section 3.14. Forliþan).

(52)	ApT 48.19
	Mid þam þe ic þæt forfleah, þa wearð ic on sæ forliden and com to Cyrenense.
	‘When I escaped that, I became shipwrecked in the sea and came to Cyrene’.

(53)	ÆCHomI, 39 521.53
	Uton for þi ælc yfel forfleon⸵ ד gód be ure mihte gefremman⸵
	‘Therefore let avoid every evil, and let make oood through our might’.

1.41. Forflygan

Forflygan ‘to put to flight (licentiousness)’ occurs only once and only in gloss.

(54)	Abbo 110.10
	aginat uenerum, portat anaboladia he forflycð galscipe he byrð linnenne wæuels
	‘he puts to flight the wantonness, he bears linen clothing’

1.42. Forfon

Forfon ‘to seize’ is an emphatic form of fon and appears often in poetry. (See also Section 5.14. Forstandan).

(55)	Jul 284a
	Forfoh þone frætgan ond fæste geheald.
	‘Seize the perverse creature and hold tightly on to him’.

(56)	Dan 613a
	Đa for ðam gylpe gumena drihten
	forfangen wearð and on fleam gewat,
	ana on oferhyd ofer ealle men.
	‘Then on account of that boasting the lord of men suffered a seizure and went fleeing away, alone in his pride above all men’.

(57)	LawIne 62
	Gif hine forðnele forstandan se ðe him ær ceap fore sealed, & he hine þonne forfehð, þolige þonne his ceapes se, ðe he him ær fore sealed.
	‘If he who had given him cattle before will not further defend him, and he (the accuser) arrests him (the accused), then he should lose the cattle which he had given him before’

1.43. Forfyllan

Forfyllan ‘to fill up’ occurs only once and only in gloss.: ClGl1 4621 obstictas forfyldan.

1.44. Forgægan

Forgægan ‘to transgress’ is a for-verb without a non-prefixed counterpart and synonymous with ofergægan. In Ps 118.119, where each gloss shows a variety of renderings, this verb is used in I as a second gloss. L is from Lindelöf (1909).

(58)	ÆHom 27 109
	Þa cwæð Ambrosius, Hwi come þu hider? wilt þu forgægan Godes æ nú, and mid þinum riccetere wéndan ongean God?
	‘Then Ambrosius said: Why did you come hither? now do you wish to transgress God’s law and turn against God with your tyranny?’

(59)	ÆCHomI,7 237.154
	Ac þa ða hi godes bebod forgægdon. ד þæs awyrigedan deofles lare gehyrsumodon.
	‘But when they transgressed God’s command and followed the teaching of the accursed devil’

(60)	Ps 118.119 [Preuaricantes reputaui omnes peccatores terrę.]
	A: oferliorende ic getalde alle synfulle eorðan
	D: wemmende ic tealde ealle synfulle eorðan
	I: æslitendras ł forgægende ic talode ealle þa arleasan on eorþan
	L: oferleorende ד oferfarende ic getealde ealle synfulle eorþan
	P: Ic oferhylmend ealle getealde, þa on eorðan her yfele wæron,
	AV: Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like drosse:

1.45. Forgælan

Forgælan ‘to avoid’ occurs only once and only in gloss.

(61)	LkArgGl(Li) 8 [uitauimus publicam curiositatem ne non tam uolentibus deum uideremur quam fastidientibus prodissę]
	we forgældon [MS: f’gældon] ł gesaegdon ł þæt bærlic ferwitgiornes nere suiðor wilnendum God þætte we gesegen ðon [-].
	‘we avoided or cursed to settle that open curiosity were not so much desirable for God that we observe …’

1.46. Forgearwian

Forgearwian ‘to set free’ occurs only once and only in Ru2. (See also Section 5.7. Forgyfan).

(62)	Mk 15.6 [Per diem autem festum dimittere solebat illis unum ex uinctis quem-cum-que petissent.]
	Li: ðerh ðone dæge ðonne symbel for-geafa gewuna wæs him enne ł an of ðæm gebundenum ðone suæ huælcne hia gegiuudon
	Ru2: ðerh ðone dæg ðonne symbles forgeorwiga giwuna wæs him enne ł an of ðæm gibundennum swa hwelcne swa hia ge-giowadun
	WSCp: On symmel-dæge wæs his gewuna ꝥ he him for-geafe ænne gebundenne. swa hwylcne swa hi bædon;
	AV: Now at that Feast he released vnto them one prisoner, whomsoeuer they desired.

1.47. Forgnagan

Forgnagan ‘to gnaw to pieces’ is an emphatic form of gnagan ‘to gnaw’.

(63)	Exod 10.5
	ge on treowum ge on æcerum ge on eallum growendum ðingum, hi forgnagað.
	‘not only on trees, in the fields, but in all growing things, they (locusts) eat’

(64)	ÆCHomII,12.1 112.70
	þæt eahteoðe wite wæs. þæt gærstapan ofereodon eall þæt land. swilce swa næfre ær ðan næron. ne eft næfre ne gewurðað. and hí forgnogon swa hwæt swa se hagol belæfde. oððe on treowum. oððe on oðrum wæstnum;
	‘the eighth plague was that locusts overran all the land, as if it had never been before or never will be again, and they gnawed whatever the hail left, either on trees or on other plants’

1.48. Forgnidan

Forgnidan ‘to crush, break to pieces’ is an emphatic form of gnidan. In glosses, each version uses different rendering. G is from Rosier (1962) and J from Oess (1910). (See Section 1.8. Forbrytan and Section 4.16. Forþræstan, and also Section 1.91. Forscrincan).

(65)	Ps 3.8 [Quoniam tu percussisti omnes aduersantes mihi sine causa dentes peccatorum conteruisti]
	A: for ðon ðu sloge alle wiðerbrocan me butan intingan toeð synfulra ðu forðræstes
	D: forðon ofsloӡe ealle wiþerӡende intinӡan teþ synfulra þu forbryttest
	E: Forðæm þu ofsloge ł smite ealle wiðergiende me butan intyngan ד þæra synfulra tęð þu abrutedest
	G: forþam þe þu ofsloge ealle þa wiðerwerdan [ ] butan intingan toðes synfullra þu geþreadest
	I: forðan þe þu ofsloge ealle þa wiðrigendan me butan intingan teþ synfulra þu forgnide ł þu tobryttest
	J: forþon þe þu ofsloge ealle þa wiðerweardan me buton intingan toþas ł teþ synfulra þu geþreadest ł tobrittest
	AV: for thou hast smitten all mine enemies vpon the cheeke bone: thou hast broken the teeth of the vngodly.

(66)	Mk 9.18 [qui ubiqumque eum adpraehenderit adlidit eum et spumat et stridet dentibus et arescit]
	Li: seðe sua-huér hine gegripes gebites ł toslites hine ד fæmeð ד gristbitteð mið toðum ד scrinceð
	Ru2: se ðe swa hwer hine ge-gripes he bites ד slites hine ד fæmeð ד grist-bites mið toðum ד serepes
	WSCp: se swa hwær swa he hine gelæcð forgnit hine. ד toðum gristbitað ד for-scrincþ.
	AV: And wheresoeuer he taketh him, he teareth him, & he fometh, and gnasheth with his teeth, and pineth away:

1.49. Forgrindan

Forgrindan ‘to grind down’ occurs in poetry and glossaries (see DOE (Healey et al. 2008)).

(67)	Beo 2335a
	Hæfde ligdraca leoda fæsten,
	ealond utan, eorðweard ðone
	gledum forgrunden;
	‘With flaming dragon had wasted with fire the stronghold of the people, the land by the sea, all that region of earth’.
	(tr. Clark Hall ([1911] 1972))

(68)	Phoen 227b
	Þonne clæne bið
	beorhtast nesta, bæle forgrunden
	heaþotfes hof;
	‘Then the brightest of nests, the house of the brave bird, is entirely destroyed by fire’.

1.50. Forgripan

Forgripan ‘to seize, grasp’ is an emphatic form of gripan ‘to seize’.

(69)	Bede 5 17.456.3
	Ac þæt hwæþere swa wesan ne mihte, forðon se bysceop wæs forgripen mid wællbreowe deaðe,
	‘But yet this might not be, for the bishop was seized by a cruel death’

(70)	Phoen 507a
	þonne fyr briceð
	læne londwelan, lig eal þigeð
	eorðan æhtgestreon, æpplede gold
	gifre forgripeð, grædig swelgeð
	londes drætwe.
	‘when the fire breaks the land’s frail wealth, and flame devours wholly earth’s possessions, and eagerly grasps apple-shaped gold, and greedily swallows the treasures of the world’
	(tr. Gollancz ([1895] 1958))

1.51. Forgriwen

Forgriwen, past participle of forgriwan ‘to sink (in vice)’, occurs only once. (See also Section 1.143. Forþryccan).

(71)	HomU 9 (Verc 4) 39
	Þa ðe her swiðost galpettað ד on unriht[ti]dum on oferfyllo bioð forgriwene, þa bioð þær on mæstum hungre forþrycced.
	‘Those who boast most strongly here and are sunken unrighteously in gluttony, they will be there oppressed in great hunger’.
	(tr. Nicholson (1991))

1.52. Forgrowan

Forgrowan ‘to grow to excess’ occurs only twice, one of which is in The Riming Poem and interpreted with difficulty, and the other appears in the thirteenth-century manuscript.

(72)	Rim 46b9
	Gewiteð nihtes in fleah
	se ær in dæge wæs dyre, scripeð nu deop in feore
	brondhord geblowen, breostum in forgrowen, flyhtum toflowen.
	‘What was precious in the day flees away in the night; deep, now, in the self, grown, alas, in the breast, a bloom of riches has burned—and fled, melted away’.
	(tr. Macrae-Gibson ([1983] 1987))

(73)	TrinHom 129.24
	for þi is þis western for-grouen. mid brimbles. and mid þornes and mid iuele wiedes.
	‘therefore this wilderness is overgrown with brambles and with thorns and with evil weeds’

1.53. Forgumian

Forgumian ‘to neglect’ occurs only once.

(74)	LawRomscot 2
	gif hit [romgescot] hwa forgumie, gylde LX scillinga & be twelffealdan agief þene Rompenincg
	‘If anyone ignore the payment, pay sixty shillings and pay the Roman penny by twelve-fold’.

1.54. Forgylpan

Forgylpan ‘to boast of’ occurs only once, in the past participle used as an adjective.

(75)	HomU37 56
	ne recð God ælmihtig þære forgolpenan ælmessan ne ðæs gymeleasan gebedes
	‘God Almighty cares neither boastful alms nor careless prayer’.

1.55. Forgyltan

Forgyltan ‘to become guilty’ is an emphatic form of gyltan ‘to be guilty’ and often used reflexively.

(76)	HomU35.2 61
	forþon þe hie hæfdan hie sylfe swiþe stranglice wiþ god forgelte and wiþ ealle his halgan,
	‘because they themselves had become so strongly guilty against God and against all his saints’

(77)	WHom 15 3
	þa men þe mid openan heafodgyltan hy sylfe forgyltað
	‘when men who themselves become guilty by evident deadly sins’

1.56. Forgymeleasian

Forgymeleasian ‘to disregard’ appears in various texts, while non-prefixed gymeleasian occurs only twice (see DOE (Healey et al. 2008)). (See also Section 1.166. Foryldan, Section 3.6. Forgyldan, and Section 5.15. Forweorþan).

(78)	Deut 8.19
	Gyf ge ðonne forgymeleasiað Drihtnes bebod, eowres Godes, ד fyliað fremdum godum, ic secge eow to soðan ðæt ge forwurðað mid ealle.
	‘If you ignore the command of the Lord your God, and follow other gods, I say to you truly that you shall die all together’.

(79)	CP 63.459.23
	Forðæm wæs eac beboden ðurh Moyses, gif hwa adulfe pytt, & ðonne forgiemeleasode ðæt he hine betynde, & ðær ðonne befeolle on oððe oxa oððe esol, ðæt he hine scolde forgieldan.
	‘Therefore it was also commanded through Moses, that if anyone dug a pit, and neglected to enclose it, and an ox or an ass fell into it, he was to pay for it’.

(80)	HomS49 194
	Þa þe foryldað & forgymeleasiað þæt hi nellað hira bearn to þam fullwihte & to þære onasettednysse þæs biscopes bletsunga bringan gif him under þam forðsið getimað, witun hi þæt hi befeallað on swiðe hefige synne wið god ælmihtigne, forþam hi forgimeleasedun þæne man þe hi to gode gestrynan scealdan, & hi sceolun þære sawle gescead agyldan on domesdæge beforan gode butun hi hit ær mid micelre dædbote her gebetan.
	‘Those who pay for and neglect so that they do not wish to bring their sons to the baptism and to the placement of bishop’s favour if it happens to them under the decease, let them fall in such a heavy din against God Almighty, because they neglect the man whom they must beget to God, and they must yield the separation of soul on doomsday before God, except they formerly repair it here with great repentance’.

1.57. Forgyrdan

Forgyrdan ‘to encircle entirely’ occurs only once.

(81)	ChronC 189.1
	Her Seuerus onfeng rice, ד he rixode .xvii. gear, se Brytenland mid d‵i′c forgyrde [A: begyrdde] fram sæ oþ sæ.
	‘In this year Severus succeeded to the kingdom, and reigned seventeen years; in Britain he carried an earth work from sea to sea’.

1.58. Forhætan

Forhætan ‘to make too hot’ occurs only once.

(82)	Lch II(2) 36.1.26
	hat lyft & swolga bringað adle on ðam milte þonne se mon wyrð to swiþe forhæt.
	‘hot and burning air brings disease in the spleen when the man gets too overheated’

1.59. Forheardian

Forheardian ‘to become very hard’ is an emphatic form of heardian which is used in Lch.

In Ps 89.6, A and I render Latin induret faithfully. (Cf. MnE hard, harden, and see also Section 1.31. Fordrugian and Section 1.156. Forwisnian).

(83)	HomS2 (Verc 16) 91
	ד hine þonne hwæðre ða forheardydan heortan Iudeas hine ne woldon ongitan, ac hie wæron heardran þonne ænige stanas,
	‘And Him, then, however, those very hardened hearts of Jews wished not to recognize, and they were harder than any stones;’
	(tr. Nicholson (1991))

(84)	Ps 89.6 [Mane sicut herba transeat. mane floreat et pertranseat. uespere decidat induret et arescat.]
	A: on marne swe swe wyrt leoreð on marne bloweð ד ðorhleoreð on efenne gefalleð forheardað ד adrugað
	D: on merӡen swa wyrt ӡewiteð bloweð ד fareð on æfen afylð astiþað ד adruwað
	F: on mergen swa wyrt gewiteð on mergen bloweð ד fareð on æfen afylð astigaþ ד drugað
	I: on ærne morgen swaswa gærs gewiteþ morgen blewð ד gewiteþ æfen niþerfylð he forheardaþ ד fordurgaþ
	AV: in the morning they are like grasse which growth vp. In the morning it flourisheth, and growth up: in the euening it is cut dowme, and withereth.

1.60. Forheawan

Forheawan ‘to cut down’ is an emphatic form of heawan. (See also Section 1.11. Forceorfan).

(85)	Mald 288b
	Raðe wearð æt hilde Offa forheawen;
	‘Offa was rapidly hacked down in the battle’.

(86)	Ps 128.4 [Dominus iustus concidet ceruices peccatorum.]
	A: dryhŧ rehtwis ceorfeð swirban synfulra
	D: rihtwis forheawð hnollas synfulra
	E: drihten soðfest æciorfe swioræn firenfulræ
	I: drihten se rihtwisa forheaweð ł forcyrfð hnollas synfulra
	L: drihten rihtwis forceorfeð sweorban synfulra
	AV: The Lord is righteous: hee hath cut asunder the cordes of the wicked.

(87)	Ps 73.6 [exciderunt ianuas eius in idipsum. bipenne et ascia deiecerunt eam]
	A: curfun dura his in ðæt ilce twibille ד eadesan awurpun ða
	D: hy aheowon dura his on þæt selfe of matucce ד adesan hy utawurpon hy
	E: hy æcurfon duræ his on þet selfe mid twibille ד adese hy æwurpon hy
	G: hy aheowon (ł acurfon) dura his on þæt selfe on twibyle ד adesa [ ] hy utawurpon hy
	K: forheowan dyra his on þæt sylfe on mattucce ד adesan hi vtawvrppan hi
	AV: But now they breake downe the carued worke thereof at once, with axes and hammers.

1.61. Forhelan

Forhelan ‘to conceal’ is an emphatic form of helan. (See also Section 5.8. Forgytan).

(88)	Bo 17.40.27
	Forþy ic wilnode andweorces þone anweald mid to reccenne, ꝥ mine cræftas ד anweard ne wurden forgitene ד forholene.
	‘Therefore I wish material power to wield with, so that my skill and power would not be forgotten and concealed’.

(89)	Lk 8.17 [Non enim est occultum quod non manifestitur nec absconditum quod non cognoscatur et in palam ueniat]
	Li: ne forðon is degle ꝥte ne bið æd-eawad ne gehyded ł forholen ꝥte ne on-cnauen ł ongetten bid ד on eawung cymed
	[Ru2: lost]
	WSCp: Soðlice nis nán ðing digle ꝥ ne sy geswutelod. ne behydd. ꝥ ne sy cuþ. ד open;
	AV: For nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest: neither any thing hid, that shall not be knowen, and come abroad.

(90)	ChronE 1137.76
	Wenden ð it sculde ben forholen. oc ure Dryhtin atywede ð he was hali martyr.
	‘They thought that his death would be concealed, but our Lord showed that he was a holy martyr’.
	(tr. Garmonsway ([1953] 1972))

1.62. Forhelian

Forhelian ‘to cover’ is an emphatic form of helian. (Cf. Section 1.61. Forhelan; see also Section 1.121. Forswelgan).

(91)	ThCap2 32.361.1
	Hingriende synt to gefyllanne, þyrstende to drencanne, nacode to forhelianne, untrume and þa þe on cwærterne beoð to geneosianne, and cumin in to gelaðianne,
	‘The hungry are to be filled, the thirsty to be drunk, the naked to be clothed, the sick and those who are in prison to be found out, and strangers to be invited’.

(92)	Ps 105.17 [Aperta est terra et degluttiuit dathan. et operuit super synagogam abiron.]
	A: ontyned wes eorðe ד forswalg ד oferwrah ofer gesomnunge abirones
	E: geoponod is eorþe ד forswylhð dætæn ד onttnde ofer gesæmnunge æbyron
	K: anopenod is eorþe ד forswealh ד forhelede ofer ӡeӡaderunӡe abirones
	AV: The earth opened and swallowed vp Dathan: and couered the company of Abiram.

1.63. Forher(e)gian

Forher(e)gian ‘to lay waste’ is an emphatic form of hergian (cf. MnE harrow).

(93)	Bede 4 16.298.14
	Đa he ða þæt onfond, þæt his cirice eallum hire æhtum wæs bereafod ד forhergad, þa cerde he to Seaxwulfe Mercna bioscope:
	‘When he found that his church was robbed and despoiled of all its possessions, he went off to Seaxwulf, bishop of Mercia’

(94)	ChronA 887.11
	ד tu folc gefeoht gefuhton, ד þæt lond oft ד gelome forhergodon, & æghwæþer oþerne oftrædlice ut drædfe;
	‘and (they) fought two pitched battles, often and many a time laid that land waste, and each frequently drove out the other’

1.64. Forhorwian

Forhorwian ‘to become defiled’ occurs only twice in gloss. (See also Section 1.85. Forrotian).

(95)	MonCa 3 1.9 [confusus est libanus et absorduit]
	wæs gedrefed se holt & forhorwade [MonCa 1: forrotede]
	‘the wood was afflicted and defiled’

(96)	Ps 8.3 [ex ore infantium et lactantium perfecisti laudem: Propter inimicos tuos. ut destruas inimicum et defensorem [Gallican: ultorem]]
	A: of muðe cilda ד milcdeondra ðu gefremedes lof fore feondum ðinum ðæt ðu toweorpe feond ד gescildend
	G: [ ] muðe on cilda ד meolciendra þu gefremedest lof for feondum ðinum þætte þu toweorp[ ] [ ]d ד þone gescyldend ł þone forhosedan
	I: of muþe cildra ד sucendra þu fulfremedest lof for þinum feondum þæt ðu toweorpe feond ד wrecend ł ד scildend
	AV: Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength, because of thine enemies, that thou mightiest still the enemie and the auenger.

1.65. Forhweorfan

Forhweorfan ‘to overthrow’ is an emphatic form of hweorfan and occurs only twice. Ps 16.13 includes many for- and fore-verbs in gloss; in the DOE headwords (Healey et al. 2008), fore- means ‘before’ but for(e)- may denote emphasis and/or expanded meanings as well as ‘before’; therefore, I classify forestæppan in I into fore-verbs. Ferhweorf in D is an attested spelling variant. C is from Wildhagen ([1910] 1964). (See also Section 3.3. Forcuman, Section 3.4. Forcyrran, and Section 3.7. For(e)hradian).

(97)	HomU 32 (Nap40) 18
	And on þam dæge on þam fyrenan wylme sæ forhwyrfeð and eorðe mid hyre dunum and heofonas mid heora tumglum,
	‘And on that day the sea came to an end in the boiling of fire and the earth with its mountains and heavens with their stars’

(98)	Ps 16.13 [Exsurge domine preueni eos et subuerte [Gallican: subplanta] eos eripe animam meam ab impio frameam]
	A: aris dryhŧ forecym hie ד forcer hie genere sawle mine from ðæm arleasan sweorde
	C: aris drihtyn forecum hie ד forceorf hie ӡenere sawle mine fram [ ] arleasum suurde
	D: aris forecum hy ד ferhweorf hy alys sawle mine fram arleasum flane
	I: arise ala drihten forestæpe ł forhrada hine ד understappla ł forscrænc hine alys sawle mine fram arleasum þin sweord ł flana þine
	AV: Arise, O Lord, disappoint him, cast him downe: deliuer my soule from the wicked, which is thy sword:

1.66. Forhydan

Forhydan ‘to conceal completely’ is an emphatic form of hidan (cf. MnE hide). (See also Section 1.61. Forhelan).

(99)	CP 49.377.6
	Hu nytt bið se forholena cræft oððe ðæt forhyd[d]e gold?
	‘Of what use is the concealed art or the hidden gold?’

(100)	PPs 139.5 3a
	Þa on hyge þohtan þæt hi ahyltan me
	and minne gang georne swylce,
	forhyddan oferhygde me inwitgyrene,
	wraðan wealsadan wundnum rapum;
	‘Then the proud thought in mind, that they would trip me up and hide treacherous snare, hostile cord, eagerly in my way, with wound ropes’

Cf. PsGlD 139.5-6 [Qui cogitauerunt subplantare gressus meos. absconderunt superbi laqueos mihi.] ða þohton beswican stæpan mine hyddon ða ofermodan ӡrinu me

‘they thought to betray my steps; the proud hid snare from me’

1.67. Forhyrdan

Forhyrdan ‘to harden’ occurs only in poetry.

(101)	PPs 94.8 3a
	Gif ge to dæge drihtnes stefne
	holde gehyran, næfre ge heortan geþanc
	deorce forhyrden drihtnes willan.
	‘If you hear the voice of the Lord faithfully today, you will never harden the thinking in your heart wickedly to the will of the Lord’.

Cf. A in Ps 94.8 [hodie si uocem eius audieritis nolite obsurare corda uestra] to dege gif stefne his ge geherað nyllað aheardian heortan eowre

‘today if you hear his voice you will not harden your heart’

1.68. Forlæþan

Forlæþan ‘to hate utterly’ occurs only once.

(102)	WHom 20.1(H) 108
	and þurh þæt ðe mon swa deþ, þæt mon hyrwæð þæt mon sceolde herian & forlæþeð [B: to forð laðeð] þæt mon sceolde lufian, þurh þæt mon bringæð alles to monige on yfele þance & on undæde, swa þæt heom ne scamæð na, þeah heo singian swiðe
	‘and by which one does so that one condemns which must be praised and hates utterly which must be loved, by which one brings all too many in evil thought and in wicked deed, so that it is not shameful to them though they sin very much’

1.69. Forlecgan

Forlecgan ‘to cover up’ occurs only once.

(103)	LchII(1) 25.2.2
	wið foredum lime lege þas sealfe on þæt forode lim & forlege mid elmrinde, do splic to, eft simle niwa oþþæt gehalod sie.
	‘against worn-out gluten, cover up the ointment on the worn-out gluten, and cover up with elm-bark, put splint to, again always anew until is ordained’

1.70. Forleogan

Forleogan ‘to testify falsely’ is an emphatic form of leogan.

(104)	ÆLS (Book of Kings) 196
	Þa dydon þa heafod-menn swa swa þæt hetelice wíf him on gewrite bebead. and budon him to gemote. Fundon ða lease gewitan þe forlugon naboð.
	‘Then the chief men did even as the hateful woman had bidden them in the writ, and summoned him to a meeting, and found the false witnesses who belied Naboth’.

(105)	ÆCHomI,3 198.20
	þa setton hi lease gewitan þe hine forlugon⸵ ד cwædon ꝥ he tallice word spræce be moysen. ד be gode;
	‘then they appointed false witnesses who testified him falsely and said that he spoke words reprehensively about Moses and about God’

1.71. Forleosan

Forleosan ‘to lose utterly’ is used with prefix. (See also Section 2.13. Forswerian).

(106)	Beo 2145b
	Nealles ic ðam leanum forloren hæfde,
	mægnes mede,
	‘By no means did I lack the rewards, the meed of might’.
	(tr. Clark Hall ([1911] 1972))

(107)	ChronE 1137.11
	Hi hadden him manred maked ד athes suoren, ac hi nan treuthe ne heolden; alle he wæron forsworen ד here treothes forloren,
	‘They had done him homage and sworn oaths of fealty to him, but none of their oaths was kept; they were all forsworn and their oaths broken’.

1.72. Forlorian

Forlorian ‘to lose (an animal)’ occurs only once and only in gloss. (See also Section 1.71. Forleosan).

(108)	Lk 15.4 [quis ex uobis homo qui habet centum oues et si perdiderit unam ex illis]10
	Li: huoelc from iuh monn seðe hæfeð hundrað scíp ד gif forlorað ł losað enne of ðæm
	Ru2: hwelc of iowih mon seðe hæfeð hundreð scipa ד gif for-leaseð an of ðæm
	WSCp: Hwylc man is of eow þe hæfð hund sceapa. ד gif he for-lyst [WSH: leost] án of þam.
	AV: What man of you hauing an hundred sheepe, if he loose one of them,

1.73. Formælan

Formælan ‘to transfer (by mutual agreement)’ occurs only once.

(109)	Ch Thomas 8
	and <gif> ani man formaele hine sylfne of biscopes scire innan kynges scire,
	‘and if anyone negotiate himself from bishop’s see inside king’s see’

1.74. Formeltan

Formeltan ‘to melt away’ is an emphatic form of meltan (cf. ModE melt).

(110)	And 1146b
	Het wæpen wera wexe gelicost
	on þam orlege eall formeltan,
	‘He commanded men’s weapons to melt away completely like wax in the fight’

(111)	ÆLS (Agatha) 224
	and ethna up ableow swyðe egeslice ontendnysse. and arn be þam munte on flodes gelicnysse. and formulton þa stanas.
	‘and Etna exploded with a very fearful burning, and ran down the mountain even like a flood, and the stones melted’

1.75. Formengan

Formengan ‘to associate with’ occurs only once.

(112)	CP 51.395.4
	he mæg ðeah hine formengan to ðæm ecum mid his willan,
	‘it (mind) can yet associate with the eternal with its aspirations’

1.76. Formolsnian

Formolsnian ‘to decay’ is an emphatic form of molsnian.

(113)	ÆLS (Æthelthryth) 108, 110
	Hit is swutol þæt heo wæs ungewemmed mæden. þonne hire lichama ne mihte formolsnian on eorðan. and godes miht is geswutelod soðlice þurh hi. þæt he mæg aræran ða for-molsnodon (sic) lichaman.
	‘It is evident that she was an unspotted virgin, since her body was not suffered to moulder in the earth, and in her, God’s power is verily manifested, namely, to raise up corruptible bodies,’

(114)	HomU6 (Verc 15) 21
	ד þa halignessa beoð þonne formolsnode.
	‘And all justice will have ceased’.

1.77. Formyltan

Formyltan ‘to melt away, become liquefied’ can be identified with formeltan (cf. Section 1.74), though it is less frequent and used especially in ÆLS and ÆGram.

(115)	ÆGram 185.16
	liquor ic formylte

(116)	ÆLS (Thomas) 409
	Þa eode se deofol of þære anlicnysse ut. and towende hí sona swa swa wex formylt. swa þær ne beláf hire an lim ge-sund.
	‘Then came the devil out of the image, and destroyed it instantly, even as wax melteth away, so that not one limb of it remained whole’.

1.78. Formyrþr(i)an

Formyrþr(i)an ‘to kill’ is used in the prefixed form (cf. morþor ‘murder).

(117)	HomU26 104
	þær swutelađ ælc cild, hwa hit formyrđrode.
	‘where reveals every child, who murdered it’

(118)	Conf 4 21.148
	gyf wif hyre cild formyrðrige innan hire oððe siððan hit forðcume mid dræncum oððe mid mistlicum þingum, fæste X gear.
	‘if a woman killed her child inside her or after it came forth with drinking or with displeasing things, fast ten years’

1.79. Fornæman

Fornæman ‘to wear out’ occurs only once.

(119)	GD3(C) 34.245.2
	ד þonne heo byð mid lanӡre nearonesse þære ӡnornunӡe forth ד ӡeswænced ד fornæmed, þonne æt nehstan byþ acænned of bælde forӡifnesse sorhleasnes,
	‘and when she is afraid of sorrow with long distress and afflicted and worn out, then at last (she) is brought forth sorrowlessness from strong forgiveness’

1.80. Forneþan

Forneþan ‘to risk one’s life’ occurs only once.

(120)	Or 5 3.117.4
	Þa besæt Scipia hie healf gear on hiera fæstenne ד hie to þon gebrocode þæt him leofre wæs þæt hie hie seolfe forneðdon þonne hie þa iermþo leng þrowoden.
	‘Then Scipio besieged them half a year in their fortress and afflicted them to an extent that they preferred that they risked their lives when they should suffer miseries for long’.

1.81. Fornydan

Fornydan ‘to compel’ is an emphatic form of niedan. (See also Section 1.167. Foryrman and Section 5.13. Forseon).

(121)	WHom 20(BH) 37–38
	ד godcunde hadas wæron nu lange swiðe forsawene; ד wydewan fornydde on unriht to ceorle, ד to manige foryrmde, ד earme men beswicene ד hreowlice besyrwde,
	‘and divine races were now neglected for long, and widows compelled wrongly to men, and brought low to many, and poor men betrayed and deceived pitifully’

1.82. Forpæran

Forpæran ‘to destroy’ is used in the prefixed form. (See also Section 1.106. Forspendan and Section 3.7. For(e)hradian).

(122)	CP 39.287.4–5
	Ongean ðæt is to cyðanne ðæm ðe beoð to hrade, ðonne hie forhtadigað ðone timan godes weorces, ðæt hie forpærað ðæm edleane, & oft befeallað on micel yfel,
	‘On the other hand, those who are too hasty are to be told, that when they anticipate the time of a good work, they lose their reward, and often fall into great evil,’

(123)	ÆCHomII,13 129.65
	Wite gehwa se ðe oðerne to leahtrum forspenð. þæt he is manslaga. þonne hé ðæs oðres sawle forpærð. þurh his yfelum tihtingum;
	‘Be aware of anyone who leads the other to sins; that he is a murderer, when he turns other’s soul away through his evil thoughts’.

(124)	ÆLS (Christmas) 71
	His we magon wundrian. and wé ne magon. ne ne motan. ná furðor embe þis smeagen. gif we nellað us sylfe for-pæran.
	‘we may wonder at Him, but we may not, and must not, enquire further concerning this, if we would not lose ourselves’.

1.83. Forpyndan

Forpyndan ‘to do away with’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(125)	ChristA 97b
	ac Crist onwrah
	in Dauides dyrre mægan
	þæt is Euan scyld eal forpynede,
	wærgða aworpen,
	‘but Christ revealed in David’s dear kinsman that the sin of Eve is entirely set aside and the curse averted’

1.84. Forreceleasian

Forreceleasian ‘to neglect’ occurs only once.

(126)	HomU 55 (Thorpe) 49
	Eala hu earme & hu ungesælige þa beoð þe hig sylfe swa Godes bebodu forreceleasiað þæt hig þisne egeslican cwide gehyran sculon.
	‘Alas, how wretched and how unhappy are those who (they themselves) neglect God’s commands so that they must follow this dreadful speech’.

1.85. Forrotian

Forrotian ‘to rot away’ is an emphatic form of rotian. (See also Section 1.37. Forealdan).

(127)	Exod 7.21
	ד þa fixas ðe wæron on þam wætere, wurdon deade, ד ðæt wæter forrotede ד ða Egyptiscan ne mihton drincan þæt wæter, for þam heora wætera wæron geworden to blode.
	‘and the fishes that were in the river died: and the river rotted away, and the Egyptians could not drink the water of the river, because the waters came to blood’

(128)	CP 17.125.11
	Đis is ðearf ðæt se [ðe] wunde lacnigean wille giote win on, ðæt sio reðnes ðæs wines ða forrotedan wunde suge & clænsige, & eft ele, ðæt se hie lieðe & gehæle.
	‘He who desires to heal a wound must pour in wine, that the harshness of the wine may penetrate and cleanse the corrupted wound, and afterwards oil, to soften and heal it’.

(129)	Ps 48.15 [Et obtinebunt eos iusti in matutino. et auxilium eorum ueterescet [Gallican: dominabuntur eorum] in inferno. et a gloria sua expulsi sunt.]
	A: ד bigetað hie ða rehtwisan in margentid ד fultum heora aldað in helle ד from
	wuldre his on weg adrifene sind
	D: oferswiþað hy ryhtwise on ӡlæterunӡa ד fultum heora forrotað on helle ד fram wuldre heora anydde hy synt
	F: ד oferswiþaþ heora rihtwise on uhttide ד fultum heora forrotaþ ł ealdað on helle fram wuldre heora
	P: And sona on þam ylcan morgene þa rihtwisan heora wealdað, and hyra fultum and hyra anweald forealdað on helle, for þæm hy beoð adrifene of heora wuldre.
	AV: and the vpright shall haue dominion ouer them in the morning, and their beauty shall consume in the graue, from their dwelling.

1.86. Forsætian

Forsætian ‘to catch (an army) by lying in wait’ occurs only once (cf. besætian ‘to lay wait for’, which is also found only once).

(130)	Or 3 11.79.10
	Þa geascode þæt Umenis ד forsætade hie ðær ðær hie geþoht hæfdon þæt hie hiene besætedon, ד hie begen ofslog ד þa oþre gefliemde.
	‘Then Eumenes found that and caught them in an ambush where they had thought that they besieged him and he slew them both and put the other to flight’.

1.87. Forsceadan

Forsceadan ‘to scatter, disperse’ is an emphatic form of sceadan. (See also Section 1.71. Forleosan).

(131)	GuthA 478a11
	Ge sind forscadene, on eow scyld siteð!
	‘You are utterly estranged; guilt remains upon you!’

(132)	CPEp 29a
	Gif her ðegna hwelc ðyrelne kylle
	brohte to ðys burnan, bete hine georne,
	ðy læs he forsceade scirost wætra,
	oððe him lifes drync forloren weorðe.
	‘If any servant brought a fire-pan full of holes here to this stream, beat him well, lest he disperse clear water, or the drink of life should be lost for him’.

1.88. Forsceamian

Forsceamian ‘to be greatly ashamed’ is an emphatic form of sceamian. (See also Section 1.148. Forwandian).

(133)	LS13 (Machurus) 16v.3
	þam yfelum monnum & þon ungeleaffullum he na ne forsceamode to mislicianne.
	‘he was not ashamed to displease evil men and the unbelieving’

(134)	Ps 24.4 [Confundantur iniqui facientes uana]
	A: sien gescende ða unrehtwisan donde ða idlan
	D: syn ӡescende ł forscamode ða unryhtwisan donde idelu
	P: Scamien heora ealle þa unrihtwisan þe idelnesse wyrcað.
	AV: let them bee ashamed which transgresse without cause

(135)	Ps 39.15 [Auertantur retrorsum et erubescant qui cogitant mihi mala]
	A: sien forcerred on bec ד scomien ða ðencað me yfel
	D: syn ӡecyrred underbeclinӡ ablysien ł forscamien þa ðe þohton me yfelu
	E: Sien gecirrede under becling ד forscæmien ł ablysien þæ æe me þencæþ yfeles
	AV: let them be driuen backward, and put to shame, that wish me euill

1.89. Forsceorfan

Forsceorfan ‘to gnaw off’ occurs only once.

(136)	Or 5 4.119.16
	Đa þa Marcus Flaccus wæs consul, comon gærstapan on Affrice ד ælc wuht forscurfon þæs þe on þæm lande wæs weaxendes ד growendes.
	‘When Marcus Flaccus was consul, locusts came in Africa and gnawed off everything which was growing in the land’.

1.90. Forscrencan

Forscrencan ‘to supplant, overthrow’ is an emphatic form of screncan.

(137)	ÆCHomI,38 512.164-5
	ד se bið unleas forscrencend þe mid gleawnysse his flæsclican leahtras ד deofles tihtinge forscrencþ;
	‘and he is a true supplanter who supplants his carnal crime and devil’s enticement’

(138)	Ps 17.40 [et precincxisti me uirtute ad bellum. Subplantasti omnes insurgentes in me subtus me]
	A: ד ðu bigyrdes me mid megne to gefehte ד gescrenctes alle arisende in me under me
	D: ד ðu beӡyrdest me of mæӡene to ӡefeohte ðu underplantudest ealle onarisende on me underneoþan
	E: and megne þu me begierdes to gefiohte þu underwyrtwæledæst eælle onarisende on me under me
	I: ד þu ymgyrdest mid strengþe to gefeohte ד ðu beswice ł underdulfe ł ד ðu forscrænctest onarisende on me under me
	J: ד begirdest me mid mægne to gefeohte þu forscrængtest þa arisendan on me under me
	AV: For thou hast girded mee with strength vnto the battell: thou hst subdued vnder me, those that rose vp against me.

1.91. Forscrincan

Forscrincan ‘to shrink, dry up’ is an emphatic form of scrincan (cf. MnE shrink). (See also Section 1.156. Forwisnian).

(139)	Gen 32.32
	For þam nellað Israhela folc etan sine gyt oð ðisne dæg, for þam ðe heo forscranc on Iacobes ðeo ד astifode.
	‘Therefore the children of Israel would not eat of the sinew till this day, because it shrank in Jacob’s thigh and became stiff’.

(140)	Ps 128.6 [Fiant sicut foenum aedificiorum [Gallican: tectorum]. quod priusquam euellatur arescit [Gallican: exaruit]].
	A: sien swe swe heg timbra ðæt ær ðon sie utalocen adrugiað
	E: wese swæ heg getymbriendræ þet ærðæm utæluceþ forwisneþ
	F: hi syn swa swa hig þecena þæt ærðam utalocen sy forscrang ł adruwode
	J: hi sin swaswa hig þecena þæt ærþam utlocen sy adruwod ł forscranc
	AV: Let them bee as the grasse vpon the house tops: which withereth afore it growth vp:

1.92. Forscufan

Forscufan ‘to repel utterly’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(141)	Ex 204b
	Flugon frecne spel, feond wæs anmod,
	werud wæs wigblac, oðþæt wlance forsceaf
	mihtig engel, se ða menigeo beheold,
	‘Brave speeches fled, the enemy was resolute, the army was bravely caparisoned, until the mighty angel who guarded the multitude thrust in front of the arrogant,’

1.93. Forscyldigian

Forscyldigian ‘to find guilty; (past part) wicked’ is an emphatic form of scyldigian (cf. scyldig). (See also Section 4.10. Forniman).

(142)	ÆLS(Agnes) 89
	Þa ge-seah sympronius hyre soþan anrædnysse. and cydde hire freondum. þæt heo for-scylgod (sic) wære for hire cristen-dome: þe se casere onscunode
	‘Then Sempronius saw her true constancy, and told her friends that she would be accused for her Christianity, which the emperor abhorred’.

(143)	ÆLS(Chrysanthus) 319
	Hwæt ða clelrinus se forscyldegoda gerefa mid fyrhte wearð for-numen. and ferde to þam casere. and sæde him be endebyrdnysse þa syllican tacne.
	‘Whereupon Celerinus, the vicious prefect, was seized with terror, and went to the emperor, and related to him in order the wonderful signs’.

1.94. Forscyttan

Forscyttan ‘to shut off’ is an emphatic form of scyttan. Forestæppan in the second gloss of I in Ps 58.11 is classified into fore-verbs (see DOE (Healey et al. 2008)). (See also Section 3.3. Forcuman).

(144)	Ps 58.11 [deus meus misericordia eius pręueniet me]
	A: god min mildheortnis his forecymeð mec
	G: god min mildheortnesse his forcumeð me
	I: min god mildheortnys his forscytte ł forestepð me
	AV: The God of my mercy shall preuent me;

(145)	ÆCHomI,36 487.49
	Hi heofodon folces synna. ד heora wrace mid him sylfum forscytton;
	‘They lamented people’s sins and prevented their revenge by themselves’.

1.95. Forsearian

Forsearian ‘to dry up’ is an emphatic form of searian. (See also Section 1.1. Forbærnan and Section 1.11. Forceorfan).

(146)	CP 45.341.10
	forðæm [ðe na] se ðorn ðære gitsunga ne wyrð forsearod on ðæm helme, gif se wyrttruma ne bið færcorfen oððe forbærned æt ðæm stemne.
	‘because the thorn of greed never withers in the crown, unless the root has been cut off or burnt at the stem’

(147)	Ps 36.2 [Quoniam tanquam foenum uelociter arescent. et sicut holera herbarum cito cadent.]
	A: for ðon swe swe heg hreðlice adrugiað ד swe swe leaf wyrta hreðe fallað
	I: forðon þe swaswa hig hrædlice hi adruwiað ł forseariaþ swaswa wyrta felda ł blæda wyrtena hwætlice hi feallaþ ł hreosað
	P: for þæm swyþe hraþe forseariað swa fileðe, and hy gefeallað swiðe hrædlice swa swa wyrta leaf oþþe blostman
	AV: For they shall soone be cut downe like the grasse; and wither as the greene herbe.

1.96. Forseoþan

Forseoþan ‘(past participle) consumed’ occurs only once.

(148)	ÆCHomI,5 220.107
	Hi sind gehatene martyra blostman. for ðan ðe hi wæron swa swa upaspringende blostman. on middeweardan cyle ungeleaffulnysse swilce mid sumere ehtnysse forste forsodene;
	‘They are called blossom of martyr, because they were just as upspringing blossom in the middle of cold unbelief as withered by frost of midsummer persecution’.

1.97. Forsetnian

Forsetnian ‘to beset’ occurs only in gloss. Here in Ps 21.13, D and G choose the verb.

(149)	Ps 21.13 [Circumdederunt me uituli multi⸵ tauri pingues obsederunt me.]
	A: ymbsaldon me calfur monig fearras faette oferseton me
	D: ymbsealdon cealfru meniӡe fearras fætte forsætnodon
	G: utan ymbsealdon me cealfra mænige fearras fætte forsætnodon (ł ofsæton) me
	I: ymhwurfon ł ymbsetton ł ymbtrymdon me cealfas mænega fearras fætte ofsettun ł ymbsæton me
	AV: Many bulles haue compassed me: strong bulles of Bashan haue beset me round.

1.98. Forslawian

Forslawian ‘to be sluggish, hesitate’ is an emphatic form of slawian.

(150)	CP 39.283.1-2
	Forðæm, ðonne we forslawiað ðone gecopestan timan, ðætte we ðonne ne beoð onælde mid ðære lustbærnesse ures modes, ðonne bistilð sio slæwð ón us,
	‘Therefore, when we put off the fittest time, so that we are not inspired with a hearty desire, sloth steals on us,’

(151)	Bo 10.22.7
	forðon ðe ic wat ꝥ ðu auht ne forslawode ꝥte þu þin agen feorh for hine ne sealdest gif þu hine gesawe on hwelcum earfoðum,
	‘because I know that you ought not to hesitate to give your own life if you saw him in any hardship’

1.99. Forslæwan

Forslæwan ‘to be sluggish’ occurs only twice.

(152)	CP 39.285.3-4
	& donne he wenð ðæt he funden hæbbe hwæt he ryhtlice óndræde, ðonne wile he gereccean ðæt he noht unryhtlice hit ne forslæwde, ðonne him ðyncð ðæt he ryhte lade funden hæbbe.
	‘and when he thinks he has found what he can rightly dread, he tries to prove that he did not wrongly procrastinate it, when he thinks he has found a good excuse’
	(tr. Sweet (1871–1872))

(153)	LibSc 66.7 [Cum lugentibus ámbula non té pígeat uisitáre infirmum.]
	mid heofigendum ga na þe forslæwe geneosian untrumne
	‘go lamenting, do not delay visiting the sick’

1.100. Forslean

Forslean ‘to cut through, strike’ is an emphatic form of slean. (cf. ofslean; see also Section 1.63. Forher(e)gian).

(154)	GD1(C)9.57.3
	ד se þa sume dæӡe wæs forslaӡen ד forherӡod mid onhreosendum hægle,
	‘and which was destroyed and devastated some day with falling hail’

(155)	LawAf 1 50
	gif monnes ceacan mon forslihð, þæt hie beoð forode, gebete mid XV scillingum
	‘if one devours man’s jaws, so that they are broken down, pay with fifteen shillings’

1.101. Forsmiten

Forsmiten ‘(past part) smeared’ occurs only once and only in gloss.

(156)	CollGl 16.3 37
	interlitas besmerede, besylede ł forsmitene
	‘defiled, stained or smeared’

1.102. Forsmorian

Forsmorian ‘to smother, choke’ occurs in similar contexts concerning the seed that fell among the thorns; cf. the next verb. (See also Section 1.144. Forþrysm(i)an and Section 4.16. Forþræstan).

(157)	ÆCHomII,6 55. 94, 95, 97 (95 has forsmorþrian as a variant)
	Hwene ǽr we spræcon be ðæm sæde. þe betwux þam ðornum sprang. and mid heora wæstme forðrysmod wearð; Drihten sylf trahtnode be ðisum. þæt ða sind þe godes wórd gehyrað. ac hí sind gebysgode mid heora welum. and mid heora lifes lustum forsmorode. and ne beraðnanne wæstm; Woruld cara and welan. and flæsclice lustas forsmoriað [C: forsmorþriað] ðæs modes ðrotan. and ne geðafiað gódne willan infaran to his heortan. swilce hí ðone lífican blǽd forðræstne acwellon;
	‘A little while ago we spoke about the seed, which sprang among the thorns and became choked with its fruit; the Lord himself commented on this: that those who hear God’s words but are occupied with their properties and choked with their life’s desires and not bearing offspring; Worldly cares and properties and carnal lusts choke the threat of mind, and do not allow God’s will to enter his heart, as they destroy their vital spirit suppressed;’

1.103. Forsmorþrian

Forsmorþrian occurs only once, as a manuscript variant of forsmorian. See the preceding example in Section 1.102. Forsmorian.

1.104. Forsorgian

Forsorgian ‘to be utterly despondent’ occurs only once.

(158)	WHom 10C.82
	Ne ænig ðurh worldhoge forsorgie to swyðe, ac hihte on his Drihten.
	‘Do not despond too much by worldly care, but trust in his Lord’.

1.105. Forspanan

Forspanan ‘to entice, seduce’ is an emphatic form of spanan. (See also Section 2.7. Forlædan).

(159)	GenB 350b
	Wæs ær godes engel,
	hwit on heofne, oð hine his hyge forspeon
	and his ofermetto ealra swiðost,
	þæt he ne wolde wereda drihtnes
	word wurðian.
	‘Once he had been an angel of God, bright in heaven, until his ambition and his presumption most of all deluded him so that he was not willing to respect the word of the Lord of the multitudes’.

(160)	CP 36.249.20
	& on ðone ilcan deað hie wilniað eal moncynn tó forspananne & to forlædanne.
	‘and to the same death they wish to allure and seduce all mankind’

(161)	ÆCHomI,21 351.172
	Se þe bið forspanen to forlire ד þeahhwæðere ne bið gebiged to ðære fremminge. he drincð unlybban ac hit him ne derað gif he mid gebedum to gode flihð;
	‘He, who is misled to destruction and moreover is not turned to the progress, drinks poisonous drug but it does not hurt him if he flies to God with prayers’.

1.106. Forspendan

Forspendan ‘to spend completely’ is used in the prefixed form. In the following examples, especially in Seven Sleepers, for-verbs are accumulated to emphasise the content. (See also Section 1.1. Forbærnan, Section 2.3. Forgyman, Section 5.10. Forhogian and Section 5.13. Forseon).

(162)	Or 1 1.17.29
	ד þonne hys gestreon beoð þus eall aspended, þonne byrð man hine ut ד forbærneð mid his wæpnum ד hrægle, ד swiðost ealle hys speda hy forspendað mid þam langan legere þæs deadan mannes inne
	‘and when his treasures are all spent in this way, then they carry him out and burn with his weapons and garments, and especially they use up all his wealth with the long lying of the dead man inside’

(163)	LS(SevenSleepers) 304
	we þin cynelice gebod nahwær ne forgymdon. ne we ða weorðlican godas næfre ne for-hogodon; hwi wilt þu us leof witnian for oðra manna þingon þe þin gebod for-sawon. and ure sceattas for-spendon geond ealle eorðan.
	‘we never neglected anywhere thy kingly commands, neither despised we ever the worthy gods; why wilt thou, lord, punish us for the sake of other men who contemned thy command and spent our treasures all over the earth?’
	(tr. Skeat (1881–1900))

1.107. Forspennan

Forspennan ‘to entice, allure, seduce’ is “attested only as pres. part.” and occurs three times “in glosses to Aldhelm” (see DOE (Healey et al. 2008), and also Section 1.105. Forspanan).

(164)	AldV 13.1 3190: incelebroso bepæcendre, forspennendre
	AldV 1 4507: lenociantes illecebras maculantes seductions forspennende forspenningce

1.108. Forspildan

Forspildan ‘to destroy’ is an emphatic form of spildan.

(165)	CP 58.441.32
	Ic hæbbe ðe nu todæg gesetne ofer rice & ofer ðioda ðæt ðu hi toluce & toweorpe & forspilde & tostence & getimbre & geplanrige.
	‘I have set thee today over kingdoms and nations, to pluck out, and destroy, and dissipate, and scatter, and built, and plant them’.

(166)	Ps 142.12 [et in misericordia tua disperdes inimicos meos. et perdes omnes qui tribulant animam meam]
	A: ד in mildheortnisse ðinre tostences feond mine ד forspildes alle ða ðe swencað sawle mine
	D: ד on mildheortnesse þinre þu forspillest fynd mine ד þu forspilst ealle ða þe swencað sawle mine
	I: ד on mildheortnesse þinre þu forspilst ł ðu adwæsctest feond mine ד þu forspilst ł ד ðu amyrst ealle þa þe swencaþ sawle mine
	L: ד on mildheortnesse ðinre þu forspildst fynd mine ד þu forspildest ealle ða þe swencaþ sawle mine
	AV: And of thy mercy cut off mine enemies, and destroy all them that afflict my soule:

1.109. Forspilian

Forspilian ‘to sport, play’ is an emphatic form of spilian, only two occurrences in AldV (see DOE (Healey et al. 2008)).

(167)

AldV 13.1 4165: parasitorum gliwra, cnihta, forspillendra þena.

1.110. Forstalian

Forstalian ‘to steal away’ occurs only twice in Law.

(168)	LawIne 24
	gif witeðeow Englisc mon hine forstalie, ho hine mon & ne gylde his hlaforde
	‘if an English man reduced to slavery steal away from him, he should be hanged and his lord should not be punished’

1.111. Forstelan

Forstelan ‘to steal’ is an emphatic form of stelan. (See also Section 1.137. Forþeofian).

(169)	GenA 1579a
	Þa com ærest Cam in siðian,
	eafora Noes, þær his aldor læg,
	forhðe forstolen.
	‘Then Ham, the son of Noah, went in first where his lord lay, deprived of consciousness’.

(170)	Bo 32.71.15
	hwæt þu þonne mæne mid <þære> gidsunge þæs feos, nu þu hit nahu elles begitan ne miht buton þu hit forstele oððe gereafige oððe abeþecige?
	‘what would you mean, then, with the covetousness of property, now that you cannot get it in any other way, except you steal or rob or get by asking it?’

1.112. Forstoppian

Forstoppan ‘to stop up’ occurs only once.

(171)	LchII (1) 3.10.1
	eft wið þon ilcan genim grenne æscenne stæf, lege on fyr, genim þonne þær seaw þe him of gæþ, do on þa ilcan wulle, wring on eare & mid þære ilcan wulle forstoppa þær eare.
	‘with the same condition, take green staff of ash-wood, lay on the fire, then take the sap that comes out of it, put on the same wool, wring on the ear and with the same wool close the ear completely’

1.113. Forstregdan

Forstregdan ‘to destroy’ occurs only once and only in gloss. In Ps105.23, B (from Brenner (1908) has one example of this verb for one of the two Latin verbs of the same form. (See also Section 3.25. Forspillan).

(172)	Ps 105.23 [Et dixit ut disperderet eos si non moyses electus eius stetisset in confractione in conspectu eius. ut auerteret iram ab eis. ne disperderet eos.]
	A: ד cweð ðæt he tostrugde hie gif no moyses se gecorena his stode in gebroce in gesihðe his ðæt he forcerde eorre his ד he ne tostrugde hie
	B: ד cwæđ đæt he tostruӡde hie ӡif no se ӡecorena his stode on ӡebroce on ӡesihđe eius đæt he forcerre eorre his đy læs he forstruӡde hie
	C: ד cwæð þæt he tostencte hi ӡef ne moyses se ӡecoryna his stode on ӡebroce on ӡesihþe his þæt he acyrrde yrre from him þylæs he tostencte hi
	D: ד he cwæð þæt he forspille hy ӡif na ӡecoren his stode on ӡebrice on ӡesihðe his þæt hy acerde eorre fram him þylæs he forspilde hy
	AV: Therefore he said that he would destroy them, had not Moses his chosen stood before him in the breach: to turn away his wrath, lest hee should destroy them.

1.114. Forstyltan

Forstyltan ‘to be astonished’ occurs only in gloss.

(173)	Mk 5.42 [et confestim surrexit puella et ambulabat erat autem annorum duo-decim et ob-stupuerunt stupor maximo]
	Li: ד sona aras ꝥ mægden ד ge-eode ł geongende wæs wæs uutedlice wintra tuoelfo ד fore-styldton feer-suiga mið ðær maaste
	Ru2: ד sona aras ðæt mægden ד eode ł gongende wæs. wæs wutudlice wintra twelfe ד for-styltun swigunge micelre
	WSCp: ד heo sona aras ד eode; Soðlice heo wæs twelf winter. ד ealle hi wundredon mycelre wundrunge.
	AV: And straightway the damosell arose, and walked, for shee was of the age of twelue yeeres: and they were astonished with a great astonishment.

1.115. Forstyntan

Forstyntan ‘to blunt, crush’ is an emphatic form of styntan.

(174)	Let 1 140
	and he sæde þæt him wurde for þisse micclan beorhtnesse his eagena gesihð forstynted, þæt he nænig þinga locian ne mihte on þa beorhnesse.
	‘and he said that his eyesight became blunted because of this great brightness, so that he could not see anything in the brightness’

1.116. Forsucan

Forsucan, forsugan ‘to suck; (past part) sucked in’ is an emphatic form of sucan.

(175)	Lch II (2 Head) 7
	læcedomas wið adeadodum magan & gif he forsogen sie & tacn adeadodes magan, hu þæt ne gemylt þæt he þigeþ, VI læcedomas.
	‘the medicine against failing stomach and if it is sucked in and sign of failing stomach, is it not melt what is taken, six medicines’

1.117. Fors(w)ui(g)ian

Fors(w)ui(g)ian ‘to pass over in silence’ is an emphatic form of swigian (cf. Section 1.125. Forswigan).

(176)	Bede 4 33.380.28
	Nis ðæt eac swylce to forswugienne, ðætte nu ær þrím gearum þurh his reliquias geworden wæs, ד me nu neowan þurh ðone sylfan broðor gecuðode, in ðæm þe hit geworden wæs.
	‘We must not also pass over in silence a cure, which took place just three years ago by means of his relics, and lately made known to me by the same brother, in whose case it was performed’.
	(tr. Miller ([1891] 1959))

(177)	ÆLet 5 10
	ac we sceolon secӡan and forswiӡian ne durron þa halӡan lare, þe hælend tæhte:
	‘but we must tell and dare not to conceal by silence the holy teaching, which the Lord taught’

1.118. Forswælan

Forswælan ‘to burn up’ is an emphatic form of swælan. In ChronE 1006.18, MS has forspeldon, E forsweldon (f. DOE (Healey et al. 2008)), C forswældon, D forswælldon, F forbernde. It is quite likely that the runic wynn was confused with <p> (see Plummer ([1892] 1952, the first edition) 137.3). (See also Section 1.1. Forbærnan, Section 1.91. Forscrincan, Section 1.108. Forspildan).

(178)	ChronE 1006.18
	ד ferdon þa to Wealingaforda. ד þet eall <forsweldon>,
	‘they went to Wallingford and burnt it to the ground’

(179)	Mk 4.6 [et quando exortus est sól exaestuauit eo quod non haberet radicem exaruit]
	Li: ד ða arisen wæs ł ða upp-eode sunna ge-drugade ł forbernde forðon næfde wyrtruma gedrugade
	Ru2: ד ða aras ł up-arnende wæs sunne ד drygde ł forbernde ד forðon ne hæfde wyrtruma adrugade
	WSCp: þa hit up-eode. Seo sunne hit forswælde. ד hit forscranc. forþam hit wyrtman næfde.
	AV: But when the Sunne was up, it was scorched, and because it had no roote, it withered away.

1.119. Forswapan

Forswapan ‘to sweep away’ occurs only in poetry.

(180)	GenB 391a
	Hafað us god sylfa
	forswapen on þas sweartan mistas;
	‘God himself has swept us into these black mists’.

(181)	Beo 477b
	Is min fletwerod,
	wigheap gewanod; hie wyrd forsweop
	on Grendles gryre.
	‘My hall-company, my warrior-band, is diminished; Fate has swept them away under Grendel’s terror’.

(182)	Beo 2814b
	“Þu eart endelaf usses cynnes,
	Wægmundinga. Ealle wyrd forsweop
	mine magas to metodsceafte,
	eorlas on elne; ic him æfter sceal.”
	‘You are the last survivor of our race, the Wægmundings; Fate has swept away all my kinsmen, those bold earls to their destiny. I must go after them’.

1.120. Forswelan

Forswelan ‘to burn up’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(183)	Phoen 532a
	Þæt þa æþelan sind
	wyrta wynsume, mid þam se wilda fugel
	his sylfes nest biseted utan,
	þæt hit færinga fyre byrneð,
	forsweleð under sunnan, ond he sylfa mid,
	‘These are those noble and delightful herbs with which the wild bird encompasses his own nest so that it suddenly burns into fire and burns up under the sun and he himself with it;’

1.121. Forswelgan

Forswelgan ‘to swallow entirely’ is an emphatic form of swelgan.

(184)	Sea 95a
	Ne mæg him þonne se flæschoma, þonne him þæt feorg losað,
	ne swete forswelgan ne sar gefelan,
	ne hond onhreran ne mid hyge þencan.
	‘Then, when life fails him, his body will be unable to taste sweetness or feel pain or stir a hand or think with the mind’.

(185)	Rid 47 3a
	Moððe word fræt. Me þæt þuhte
	wrætlicu wyrd, þa ic þæt wundor gefrægn,
	þæt se wyrm forswealg wera gied sumes,
	þeof in þystro, þrymfæstne cwide
	ond þæs strangan staþol. Stælgiest ne wæs
	wihte þy gleawra, þe he þam wordum swealg.
	‘A moth ate words. That seemed to me a curious occurrence when I heard of that marvel, that this worm gulped down the utterance of a certain man, this thief in the dark his illustrious discourse and its tough foundation. The pilfering visitor was not a whit the wiser because he had gulped in those words’.

(186)	Ps 123.3 [forsitan uiuos deglutissent nos: Dum irasceretur animus eorum aduersum nos.]
	A: woeninga cwice forswelgað usic. ðonne ersade mod heara wið us
	D: wenunӡa lifiende hy forswulӡon us ða eorsade mod heora aӡean us
	E: ic ðies wen lifiende to beswelgenne æh næ us Midti bið irsiendæ sæwlæ hiræ wið us
	AV: Then they had swallowed vs vp quicke: when their wrath was kindled against vs.

1.122. Forsweltan

Forsweltan ‘to die, disappear’ is an emphatic form of sweltan.

(187)	Bo 31.70.21
	ac ðeah manige bearn bioð gestrined to heora <eldrena> forwirde, forðæmþe manig wif forswilt [B: swelt] for hire bearne ær heo hit brengan [B: forðbringan] mæge.
	‘but yet many sons are begotten towards their chief’s destruction, because many women die on behalf of their sons before they could bring forth’

(188)	ÆCHomI,30 437.251
	ד iulianus þa mid anþræcum hreame forsweolt;
	‘and Julianus died with formidable outcry’

1.123. Forsweorcan

Forsweorcan ‘to darken, obscure’ is an emphatic form of sweorcan. (See also Section 3.23. Forsittan).

(189)	Beo 1767a
	oððe eagena bearhtm
	forsiteð ond forsworceð; semninga bið
	þæt ðec, dryhtguma, deað oferswyðeð.
	‘or the sparkle of your eyes will grow dim and become extinct; suddenly it will come about that death overpowers you, the warrior’

(190)	JDay II 108a
	Þonne stedelease steorran hreosað
	and seo sunne forswyrcð sona on morgen;
	ne se mona næfð nanre mihte with
	þæt he þære nihte genipu mæge flecgan.
	‘Then the stars, displaced, will fall and the sun will become immediately dark in the morning; nor will the moon have any power at all to banish the darkness of the night’.

(191)	Mt 24.29 [Statim autem post tribulationem dierum illoeum sol obscurabitur et luna non dabit lumen suum]
	Li: sona soðlice æfter costunge dagana ðara sunna ofer-geðiostrad bið ד mona ne sellað leht his
	Ru1: ræþe þonne æfter ðrycnissum dagana þara sunne áþiostraþ ד mona ne seleþ his leoht
	WSCp: Sona æfter þæra daga ge-drefydnesse seo sunne byð for-sworcen ד se mona hys leoht ne sylð
	AV: Immediatly after the tribulation of those dayes, shall the Sunne be darkned, and the Moone shall not giue her light,

1.124. Forsweorfan

Forsweorfan ‘to polish off (by filing), demolish’ occurs only in gloss. (See also Section 1.48. Forgnidan).

(192)	HlGl D 157
	demolitur .i. exterminator deletur bið forsworfen ł forgniden dissipatur.

1.125. Forswigan

Forswigan ‘to conceal, pass over in silence’ (cf. Section 1.117. Fors(w)ui(g)ian).

(193)	GD4(C) 57.344.3
	ne wene ic eac, Petrus, þæt þæt sy to forswiӡenne, þe ic ӡeman þæt ӡedon wæs nu for þrym ӡærum in minum mynstre.
	‘I also do not think, Peter, that it should be concealed by silence, which I remember that was done for three years now in my monastery’

(194)	ApT 14.10
	Þeah he hit silf forswige, his gegirla hine geswutelað.
	‘Though he himself conceal it, his garment reveals him’.

1.126. Forswiþan

Forswiþan ‘to overcome’ is an emphatic form of swiþan. (See also Section 3.3. Forcuman).

(195)	Jn 16.33 [in mundum pressuram habebitis sed confidete ego uici mundum]
	Li: in middangeorde ofersuiðnise ł ofersuiðung ł ofercostung gie habbað ł ah getreuað ł gelefeð ł getryccað ꝥte ic forcuom ł ðone middangeord
	Ru2: on middengeord oferswiðnisse ge habbað ah gitriowað ic forðon (sic) on ðone middengeord
	WSCp: Ge habbað hefige byrðene on middan-earde. ac getruwiað ic for-swiðde [WSH: ofer-swiððen (sic)] middan-eard;
	AV: in the world ye shall haue tribulation: but be of good cheare, I haue ouercome the world.

(196)	DurRitGl 1 28.1 [carissimi omne quod natum est ex deo uincit mundum et hæc est uictoria quæ uincit mundum fides nostra]
	leafa ælc þæt acenn’ is from Gode f’suiðeð middang’ & ðios is þæt sig ðio f’suiðeð middan’ gileafa vsra
	‘each belief which is produced by God overcomes the world, and this is the victory that overcomes the world of our belief’

1.127. Forsyngian

Forsyngian ‘to sin, make (someone) sinful’ is especially used in the Homilies of Wulfstan (abbreviated as WHom).

(197)	WHom 15 42
	be ðære bysne we eac nydað ut þa forsyngodan of Godes cyrican
	‘following the example we also force the sinful out of the church of God’

(198)	WHom 18 81
	And gif he þonne þurh deofles lare hine sylfne wið God forsyngað ד leahtras lufað, þonne forlæt se Halga Gast þa onwununge, ד þær sona wyrð deofol inne.
	‘And then if he himself sins against God through devil’s teaching and loves vice, then the Holy Ghost loses the dwelling place and soon the devil comes therein’.

1.128. Fortendan

Fortendan ‘to burn away’ is used in the prefixed form.

(199)	Or 1 10.29.33, 35
	ד þæm mædencildum hie fortendun þæt swiðre breost foran þæt hit weaxan ne sceolde, þæt hie hæfden þy strengran scyte. For þon hi mon hæt on Crecisc Amazanas, þæt is on Englisc fortende.
	‘and they burned off the right breast of the girls in front so that it should not grow up, so that they would have stronger shoots. Therefore, they are called the Amazons, which is burnt in English’.

1.129. Fortogian

Fortogian ‘(of sinews) to contract’ occurs only once.

(200)	PeriD 52.33.17
	æfter þan ealle þa <ædran> slapad and þa sina fortogiað and eal se lichama byþ faþ and þa earde særgeaþ and se sculdraþ teoþ togadere
	‘after all the sinew slept (and) the eyes contract and all the body are joined and the condition suffers and the shoulder pulls together’

1.130. Fortrendan

Fortrendan ‘to block (by rolling a stone)’ occurs only once.

(201)	HomS 18 261
	and hi namon swiðe micelne stan and fortrendon þære byrgenne duru
	‘and they took a very big stone and blocked the door of the grave’

1.131. Fortrymman

Fortrymman ‘to declare in public’ occurs only once and only in gloss (DOE (Healey et al. 2008) cites Ru2).

(202)	Jn 13.21 [Cum haec dixisset iesus turbatus est spiritu et protestatus est et dixit]
	Li: miððy ðæs gecuæð se hælend gestyred ł wæs mið gaste ד foretrymmede ł getrymed wæs ד cuæð
	Ru2: miððy ðis cwæð se hælend gestyred wæs in gaste ד fortrymede ł gitrymed wæs ד cwæð
	WSCp: Đa se hælend þas þing sæde he wæs gedrefed on gaste ד cyðde ד cwæð.
	AV: When Iesus had thus sayd, hee was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said,

1.132. Fortyhtan

Fortyhtan ‘to lead astray’ occurs only twice, in poetry and in gloss. (See also Section 2.8. Forlæran).

(203)	El 208b
	swa se ealda feond
	forlærde ligesearwum, leode fortyhte,
	Iudea cyn, þæt hie god sylfne
	ahengon, herga fruman.
	‘as the ancient enemy with his deceitful wiles seduced the Jewish nation and led the people astray so that they hanged God himself, the Creator of the multitudes’

1.133. Fortyllan

Fortyllan ‘to seduce’ occurs only once and only in poetry. (See also Section 4.12. Forteon).

(204)	ChristA 270a
	Þonan us ær þurh synlust se swearta gæst
	forteah ond fortylde, þæt we, tires wone,
	a butan ende sculon ermþu dreogan,
	‘whence the evil spirit had seduced and misled us in our desire to sin, so that we, bereft of glory, will have to suffer misery forever without end’

1.134. Fortynan

Fortynan ‘to cut off entirely’ is an emphatic form of tynan ‘to enclose’.

(205)	CP 38.275.22
	Ne bæd he no ðæt he hine elle fortynde mid gehalé mage, ac he bæd dura to, ðæt he meahte hwilum ontynan, hwilum betynan.
	‘He did not pray him to enclose him entirely with a whole wall, but he prayed that a door might be added, that he might sometimes open, sometimes shut’.

(206)	Mt 13.15 [incrassatum est enim cór populi huius et auribus audient et oculos suos cluserunt]
	Li: ðicce ł hefig is forðon hearta folces ðisses ד mið earum píslice ł hefiglice geherdon ד ego hiora getyndon
	Ru1: gefætted is forþon heorte folks þisses ד earum heora hefiglice geherdun ד egu heora fortyndon
	WSCp: Soþlice þises folces heorte is ahyrd. ד hig hefelice mid earum gehyrdon. ד hyra eagan beclysdon.
	AV: For this peoples heart is waxed grosse, and their eares are dull of hearing, and their eyes they haue closed,

1.135. Forþeccan

Forþeccan ‘to cover in front’ occurs only in gloss (here in J).

(207)	Ps 19.2 [Exaudiat te dominus in die tribulantionis⸵ protegat te nomen dei iacob.]
	A: gehere ðe dryhŧ in dege geswinces gescilde ðe noma godes iacobes
	D: ӡehyre on dæӡe ӡeswinces ӡescylde noma Ʒodes iacobes
	J: gehir þe drihten on dæge geswinces forþecce þe naman godes iacobes
	AV: The Lord heare thee in the day of trouble, the Name of the God of Iacob defend thee.

1.136. Forþecgan

Forþecgan ‘to consume’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(208)	Seasons 214a
	sona hie on mergan mæssan syngað
	and forþegide, þurste gebæded,
	æfter tæppere teoþ geond stræta.
	‘immediately they sing mass in the morning and consume, oppressed by thirst, after the tapster go over the street’

1.137. Forþeofian

Forþeofian ‘to steal’ occurs only once and only in gloss (cf. Section 1.111. Forstelan).

(209)	Mk 10.19 [praccepta nosti né adulteris né ocidas né fureris]
	Li: ða bebodo wast ðu ꝥ ðu ne dernelice ꝥ ðu ne of-slaæ ꝥ ðu ne forstele ł ne forðiofe
	Ru2: ða bibodu wastu ðæte dernelice ðætte ðu ne ofslæ ðætæ ðu ne stele
	WSCp: Canst þu ða bebodu. ne unriht-hæm þu. ne slyh þu. ne stel þu.
	AV: Thou knowest the Commandments, Doe not commit adulterie, Doe not kill, Doe not steale,

1.138. Forþeostrian

Forþeostrian ‘to overshadow’ occurs only in gloss (here in I, the first gloss).

(210)	Ps 104.28 [Misit tenebras et obscurauit eos. quia exaceruauerunt sermones eius.]
	A: sende ðeostru ד aðeostrade hie for ðon onscunedun word his
	D: he sende þystro ד foreþystrede hy forðon hy tyrӡdon spræca his
	I: he asende þeostru ד forþeostrade ł swearc ד he ne tyrigde spræca his
	AV: Hee sent darknesse, and made it darke: and they rebelled not against his word.

1.139. Forþerscan

Forþerscan ‘to break down’ occurs only once. Cf. GD1(C) 9.57.3 in Section 1.100. Forslean.

(211)	GD1(H) 9.57.3
	he heafde ænne wingeard, se sume dæg wearð <forðorscen> [MS forðorcean] mid onreasendum hetolum haӡole & awæstod
	‘he had a vineyard, which one day was beat down with falling severe hail and laid waste’

1.140. Forþindan

Forþindan ‘to swell up’ occurs three times in Lch.

(212)	Lch II (3 Head) 69
	wiþ þam gif men sie maga asurod & forþunden & wiþ magan wærce & gif man biþ aþunden.
	‘concerning that if men are become sour in stomach and swollen up and against stomach pain, and if one is swollen’

1.141. Forþolian

Forþolian ‘to endure the absence of’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(213)	Wan 38b
	Forþon wat se þe sceal his winedryhtnes
	leofes larcwidum longe forþolian,
	ðonne sorg ond slæp somod ætgædre
	earmne anhogan oft gebindað.
	‘Therefore he is aware, who has to endure the absence of his beloved Lord’s teachings, when sorrow and sleep often fetter together the wretched solitary man’.

1.142. Forþringan

Forþringan ‘to displace, thrust aside’ is an emphatic form of þringan.

(214)	BenR 63.115.5
	on nanum stowum ne sy endebyrdnes be nanre ylde gefadod, ne seo ylde þa geogoðe ne forþringe,
	‘in any places no rule should be arranged for the elder, nor the elder should displace the youth’

(215)	Beo 1084b12
	Wig ealle fornam
	Finnes þegnas nemne feaum anum,
	þæt he ne mehte on þæm meðelstede
	wig Hengeste with gefeohtan,
	ne æa wealafe wige forþringan
	þeodnes ðegna [MS: ðegne];
	‘Warfare had taken off all Finn’s retainers save only a few, so that he might not in any way fight against Hengest, the prince’s general, at that meeting-place, nor dislodge the sad survivors by fighting:’
	(tr. Clark Hall ([1911] 1972))

1.143. Forþryccan

Forþryccan ‘to press, oppress’ is an emphatic form of þryccan.

(216)	GuthB 1198a
	Đa wearð modgeþanc miclum gebisgad,
	þream forþrycced, þurh þæs þeodnes word,
	onbehtþegne,
	‘Then the servant’s mind was greatly afflicted and crushingly oppressed at his master’s words’

(217)	Lk 11.53 [coeperunt pharisaei et legis periti grauiter insistere et ós eius opprimere de multis]
	Li: ongunnun ða ældu ד æs uuto pislice ł hefiglice wið-stonda ד muð his for-ðrycga of monigum
	Ru2: on-gunnun ða ældu ד æs witgu pislice wið-stonde ד muð his for-ðrycca of monigum
	WSCp: þa on-gunnun ða farisei ד þa ægleawan hifilice him agen standan ד his muð dyttan
	AV: the Scribes and the Pharisees began to vrge him vehemently, and to prouoke him to speake of many things:

1.144. Forþrysm(i)an

Forþrysm(i)an ‘to suffocate’ is used in the prefixed form (cf. þrosm ‘smoke’). In the following examples of the Gospels, WSCp alone chooses this verb in almost the same context. (See also Section 5.4. Fordon).

(218)	Mt 13.7 [alia autem ceciderunt in spinas et creuerunt spinae et suffocauerunt ea]
	Li: oðro uutedlice gefeollon in ðornum ł in hrygum ד woxon ða ðornas ł hrygas ד underdulfon ða
	Ru1: sume þonne gefetun in þornas ד wexon þa þornas ד smoradun hiæ
	WSCp: Soþlice sume feollon on þornas. ד þa þornas weoxon ד for-þrysmodon þa
	AV: And some fell among thorns: and the thornes sprung vp, & choked them.

(219)	Lk 8.7 [et aliud cecidit secus spinas et simul exortae spinas suffocauerunt illud]
	Li: ד oðer gefeall æt ðornum ד ongelic arison ðornas under-dulfon ł fordydon ꝥ
	[Ru2: lost]
	WSCp: ד sum feoll on þa þornas. ד þa þornas hyt forþrysmodon;
	AV: And some fell among thornes, and the thornes sprang vp with it, and choked it.

1.145. Forþyldian

Forþyldian ‘to bear patiently’ occurs mainly in glosses (for other examples, see DOE (Healey et al. 2008)).

(220)	BenRGl 4.20.11 [Malum pro molo non reddere. Injuriam non facere. sed et factam patienter sufferer;]
	yfel for yfele debemus agildan tregan debemus gedonne dæde geþyldelice ah forþyldian.
	‘Evil against evil we have to pay, to pay for trouble we have to pay, but for the deed done, to endure patiently’.

(221)	LibSc 2.3 [quae enim gloria est si peccantes colafizati suffertis]
	hwylc soðlice wyrþscype ys gif syngiende gefystlude ge forþyldiaþ
	‘truly anyone is worthy; if the sinner strike with fist you endure’

1.146. Forþyl(di)gian

Forþyl(di)gian ‘to bear patiently, endure’ is an emphatic form of þyldian or þyld(i)gian. H in Ps 68.8 is from Campbell (1974). (See also Section 3.1. Forberan).

(222)	ÆCHomI,36 494.241
	Nis to ondrædenne þwyrra manna ehtnys⸵ ac ma to forþyldgienne.
	‘It is not to be afraid of persecution of adverse men, but to wait more patiently’.

(223)	Ps 68.8 [[Quoniam propter te subportaui inproperium [Gallican: sustinui obprobrium] operuit reuerentia [Gallican: confusion] faciem meam.]
	A: for ðon fore ðe ic aber edwit oferwrah mid scome onsiene mine
	D: fore ic forbær hosp oferwreah forwandunӡ ansyne mine
	F: forðon þe for ðe ic forðyldegode hosp oferwreah sceamu ansyne mine
	H: for þe ic forþylgode hosp oferwhreah gescyndnys mine
	AV: Because for thy sake I haue borne reproach: shame hath couered my face.

1.147. Forþylm(i)an

Forþylm(i)an ‘to enwrap, cover’ occurs only eight times but in various texts. (See also Section 1.123. Forsweorcan).

(224)	Jud 117a
	Ne ðearf he hopian no,
	þystrum forðylmed, þæt he ðonan mote
	of ðam wyrmsele,
	‘Never would he have cause to hope, enwrapped in darkness, that he might get out of that snake-hall’

(225)	Phoen 284b
	He his sylfes þær
	ban gebringeð þa ær brondes wylm
	on beorhstede bæle forþylmde,
	ascan to eacan.
	‘There he brings his own bones which once the billowing of fire engulfed with flame upon the funeral mound, and the ashes too’.

(226)	Ps 138.12 [Quia tenebrę eius non obscurabuntur abs te. et nox sicut dies inluminabitur.]
	A: for ðon ðeostru ne bioð aðeostrade from ðe ד nęht swe swe deg bið inlihted
	D: forðon þystro na forþystrod bið butan ðe ד niht swa swa dæӡ onliht bið
	I: forðon þe þeostru ne beoð forþylmode ł forsweorcene to [a] þe ד niht swaswa dæg bið onlihted
	AV: Yea the darkenesse hideth not [Heb.: darkeneth not] from thee, but the night shineth as the day:

1.148. Forwandian

Forwandian ‘to be in awe of’ is an emphatic form of wandian.

(227)	Mk 12.6 [quia reuerebuntur filium meum]
	Li: forðon ł ꝥte hia gefræppegedon sunu minne
	Ru2: forðo hiæ ł ge-fræpegadun sunu minne
	WSCp: Witodlice minne sunu hig for-wandiað
	AV: They will reuerence my sonne.

(228)	Ps 69.3 [Confundantur et reuereantur inimici mei. qui querunt animan meam]
	A: sien gescende ד onscunien fiond mine ða ðe soecað sawle mine
	D: ӡescamiӡen ד forwandien fynd þa ðe secað sawle mine
	E: Sien gesciende ד forwandian ł scunian fiend mine, þa ðæ sęcæð sæule mine
	L: sien gescynde ד ascamien fynd mine þa þe secæað sawle mine
	AV: Let them be ashamed and confounded that seeke after my soule:

1.149. Forwaxan

Forwaxan ‘to wash away’ occurs only once. (See also Section 1.74. Formeltan).

(229)	HeptNotes 15
	þa ane se flod ne mihte forwæhshe þa odra feer ne formelta.
	‘the flood could not wash the one away nor the fire could melt the other away’

1.150. Forweallan

Forweallan ‘to boil away’ occurs only once.

(230)	Lch II(2) 41.3.1
	oferwylle eft oþ þæt eced sie forweallen
	‘boil down again until the vinegar should be boiled away’

1.151. Forweaxan

Forweaxan ‘to grow to excess’ is an emphatic form of weaxan. (See also Section 1.95. Forsearian).

(231)	CP 40.293.6
	Sume he cearf ðonne him ðuhte ðæt hie to suiðe weoxsen, ðylæs hie to ðæm forweoxen ðæt hie forseareden, & ðy unwæstumbærran wæren.
	‘Some he pruned, when they seemed to grow too luxuriantly, to prevent them growing so much as to wither away and become unfruitful’.

(232)	Lch I (Herb) 2.4
	eft wið þon þe man on wambe forweaxen sy, seoð þonne þa wegbrædan swyþe & ete þonne swyþe.
	‘again on condition that one should be grown too much in stomach, then boil plantain very much and eat very much’

1.152. Forweddian

Forweddian ‘to pledge (something); of property or money: forweddod feoh pledge, surety’ occurs only once and only in gloss: AntGl 2 388 fiducia forweddad feoh.

1.153. Forwegan

Forwegan ‘to kill’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(233)	Mald 228a
	Þa he forð eode, fæhðe gemunde,
	þæt he mid orde anne geræhte
	flotan on þam folce, þæt se on foldan læg
	forwegen mid his wæpne.
	‘Then he moved forward and turned his attention to revenge, so that with his spear he struck a seaman among the army so that he lay dead to the ground, destroyed by his weapon’.

1.154. Forweornian

Forweornian ‘to wither away’ is an emphatic form of weornian. (See also Section 1.155. Forweorpan and Section 5.5. Forfaran).

(234)	BenRW 7.31.16
	swa swa þæt suceling, þe his moder hafod forworpan, forfærð & forweornad, ellswylc edlean on mine sawle becume
	‘as an infant, who cut its mother’s head, perishes and decays, anything else of reward would come into my soul’

(235)	MSol 316a
	Solomon cwæð: Lytle hwile leaf beoð grene
	ðonne hie eft fealewiað, feallað on eorðan
	and forweorniað, weorðað to duste.
	‘Solomon said: A little while leaves are green; then they wither again, fall on earth and dry up, come to dust’.

(236)	ÆCHomI,11 268.55
	gif se lichama næfð mete. oððe ne mæg mete þicgean. þonne forweornað he & adeadað
	‘if the body does not have food, or cannot take food, it withers away and decays’

1.155. Forweorpan

Forweorpan ‘to throw forth’ is an emphatic form of weorpan. (See also Section 2.7. Forlædan and Section 2.8. Forlæran).

(237)	GenB 691b
	leode hogode
	on þæt micle morð men forweorpan,
	forlæran and forlædan,
	‘he strive to throw men forth into the great deadly sin, misguide and mislead (them)’

(238)	CP 44.325.4
	Heald ðine ælmessan, ðylæs ðu hie forweorpe.
	‘Keep your alms, lest you should throw them away’.

1.156. Forwisnian

Forwisnian ‘to wither, waste away’ is an emphatic form of wisnian. (See also Section 1.59. Forheardian, Section 1.154. Forweornian, Section 1.164. Fprwyrdan, and Section 4.9. Forlætan).

(239)	Soul I 18b
	Hwæt, durh ðu dreorega, to hwan drehtest ðu me,
	eorðan fulnes eal forwisnad, [Soul II: forweornest]
	lames gelicnes!
	‘Listen, dreary dust! Why have you, a foul thing on earth, afflicted me, you, a semblance of clay, will rot wholly away’.

(240)	HomU 7 (VercHom 22) 178
	For þan þeah þe we hie forlæten, we ne sculon ure heortan eft to him hweorfan, for þam þe ða welan forwyrðað ד ðæt wuldor forwyrð ד sio fægernes forwisnað.
	‘Though we release them, we must not turn our heart again to him, because the rich die and the glory die and the beauty decay’.

(241)	PPs 89.6 4a
	Morgen gewiteð swa gemolsnad wyrt;
	oðre morgene eft gebloweð
	and geefneð swa, oþþæt æfen cymeð,
	þonne forwisnað, weorðeð to duste.
	‘Morning passes as the wort decayed; another morning it flourishes again and grows towards the evening, until evening comes, then it dries up, turns to dust’.

1.157. Forwlencan

Forwlencan ‘to make (someone) excessively proud’ is an emphatic form of wlencan.

(242)	CP 26.183.17
	Ac sua micle liðelecor he sceal olecan ðæm welegan eaðmodan sua he ongiet ðæt he eaðmodra bið, ðonne hine ne magon ða welan forwlencean, ðe ælcne ofermodne oðhebbað.
	‘But the more gently he must soothe the rich and humble man the more humble he sees that he is, when the riches which puff up all proud men are not able to make him proud’.
	(tr. Sweet (1871–1872))

(243)	LS 25 (MichaelMor) 40
	Þa gesamnode he mycel weorod his manna & hwearf æfter wegum ge buton geond þone wudu, & sohton þæt forwlencte hryþær.
	‘Then he gathered together a great host of his men, and turned his course through the woods and sought for the proud bull;’

1.158. Forwracnian

Forwracnian ‘to be an exile’ occurs only once.

(244)	BenRWells 53.80.20
	ic wæs Cuma and ge me underfendon; beo eallum cumin þæslic and gedafenlic wurðmynt gegearwod, swa ðeah swiðost þam rihtgelyfedum urum gehadum and þam forwracnedum elþeodigum
	‘I was a stranger and you welcomed me; be ready suitable and becoming honour for all strangers, yet especially for our orthodox races and the exiled wanderers’.

1.159. Forwrecan

Forwrecan ‘to drive away’ is an emphatic form of wrecan. (See also Section 1.60. Forheawan and Section 3.2. Forbigan).

(245)	Beo 109b
	ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, ac he hine feor forwræc,
	metod for þy mane, mancynne fram.
	‘he had no joy of that feud, but the Creator drove him far from mankind for that misdeed’
	(tr. Clark Hall ([1911] 1972))

(246)	Wid 47a
	Hroþwulf ond Hroðgar heoldon longest
	sibbe ætsomne suhtorfædran,
	siþþan hy forwræcon wicinga cynn
	ond Ingeldes ord forbigdan,
	forheowan æt Heorote Heaðobeardna þrym.
	‘Hrothwulf and Hrothgar, nephew and uncle, kept peace together for a very long time, after they had driven off the tribe of the Wicingas and humiliated the vanguard of Ingeld and cut down the host of the Heathobardan at Heorot’.

(247)	Lk 24.18 [tú solus peregrinus és in hierusalem]
	Li: ðu ána fremðe ł ellðiodig arð in hierusalem
	Ru2: ðu ana færende ł elðiodig arð in ….
	WSCp: Eart þu ána forwrecen on hierusalem.
	AV: Art thou onely a stranger in Hierusalem,

1.160. Forwregan

Forwregan ‘to accuse’ is an emphatic form of wregan.

(248)	Bede 5 17.458.28-29
	ד þæs þe his intinga wæs geondsohte beforan Agathone þam papan ד manegum byscopum, ד ealra heora dome he unscyldig ד butan leahtrum wæs clæne gemeted þara þinga, þe hine mon forewregde ד onstælde;
	‘And when his cause was enquired into before pope Agatho and a number of bishops, in the judgement of all he was found to be innocent and pure, without offence in those matters which were brought forward and alleged against him;’

(249)	Nic(C) 3
	And he wæs god were and rihtwis, and næs næfre his willes, þær me þone Hælend forwreigde [A: wregde] on nanen gemange.
	‘And he was a good and righteous man, and was never be desirous, where he did not accuse the Lord in the midst of anyone’.

(250)	ChronE 1048.48
	Đa wæron þa wælisce men ætforan mid þam cynge. ד forwregdon ða eorlas. þet hi ne moston cumin on his eagon gesihðe.
	‘Then the foreigners beforehand with the king and accused the earls that they were not allowed to come into his eyesight’.

1.161. Forwreon

Forwreon ‘to cover in darkness’ occurs only once and only in gloss (here in Ru2).

(251)	Lk 23.45 [et obscuratus est sol Et uelum temple scissum est medium]
	Li: ד fore-awrigen ł wæs sunna ד waghræl tempeles to slitten wæs on middum
	Ru2: ד for-wrigen wæs sunne ד wag-hrægl temples tosliten wæs on middum
	WSCp: ד sunne wæs aþystrod ד þæs temples wahryft wearð toslyten on middan;
	AV: And the Sunne was darkened, and the vaile of temple was rent in the mids.

1.162. Forwriþan

Forwriþan ‘to bind up’ occurs three times, all in Lch.

(252)	Lch II(2) 22.2.8
	ac þonne þu hit tostinge oþþe sniþe þonne hafa þe linenne wætlan gearone þæt þu þæt dolh sona mid forwriðe
	‘but when you thrust or cut it off, then have linen bandage ready so thar you may bind up the wound quickly with it’

1.163. Forwundian

Forwundian ‘to wound grievously’ is an emphatic form of wundian. (See also Section 1.100. Forslean).

(253)	ÆLS (Sebastian) 431
	þa com sum wudewe. þe wæs anes martyres láf. on þære ylcan nihte. þær he læg forwundod. wolde his lic bebyrigan. and gemette hine libbendne.
	‘Then came a widow, who was a martyr’s relict, in the same night, when he lay sorely wounded, desiring to bury his body, and found him living’

(254)	ChronA 882.3 (=ChronD)
	ד þa ilcan geare for Ęlfred cyning mid scipum ut on sę ד gefeaht wiꝥ feower sciphlæstas deniscra monna ד þara scipa tu genam, ד þa men ofslægene wæron þe ðęron wæron, ד tuegen scipheras him on hond eodon, ד þa wæron miclum forslægene ד forwundode ær hie on hond eodon.
	‘And the same year king Alfred went out to sea with ships and fought against four ships’ companies of Danes, and captured two of the ships, and the men aboard were slain; and two ships’ companies surrendered to him, and they were badly cut about and severely wounded before they surrendered’.

1.164. Forwyrdan

Forwyrdan ‘to corrupt’ is an emphatic form of wierdan.

(255)	HomS 25 426
	Uton þancian þam ælmihtigum drihtne ure alysnysse, and tilian þæt we næfre mid synnum forwyrde þa gife ure alysnysse.
	‘Let us thank the Almighty Lord for our remission, and try that we never destroy the gift of our remission with sins’.

(256)	GD3(O) 14.201.15-16
	& swa se haliga mann forhtade, þæt he forlure ða gymeleaste his ðearfednesse, swa ða weligan & ða gitseras gewuniað healdan hyra forwyrdendan [C: weorðendan] welan, þæt hy ða ne forleosen
	‘and as the holy man was dead that he lost the carelessness of his poverty, so the rich and the miser dwell to hold their corrupting prosperity, so that they may not lose them’

1.165. Forwyrnan

Forwyrnan ‘to refuse, deny’ is an emphatic form of wiernan.

(257)	GuthA 164a
	þa him gæst onwrah
	lifes snyttru, þæt he his lichoman
	wynna forwyrnde ond woruldblissa,
	seftra setla ond symbeldaga,
	swylce eac idelra eagena wynna,
	gierelan gielplices.
	‘when the spirit has revealed to him a prudent understanding of the mortal existence, so that he denied his body pleasures and worldly delights, comfortable residences and days of feasting, likewise too the eyes’ vain pleasures and ostentatious dress’

(258)	CP 49.379.2
	Đæt is ðonne ðæt mann forwierne his sweorde blodes, ðæt hwa forwirne his lare ðæt he mid ðære ne ofslea ðæs flæsces lustas.
	‘Keeping one’s sword from blood is withholding one’s instruction, and not slaying with it the lusts of the flesh’.
	(tr. Sweet (1871–1872))

(259)	ÆHomM2 259
	ac him wæs þæs wætan forwyrnd, swa swa he forwyrnde ær þa crumen þam earmæn Lazare.
	‘but drink was refused to him, as he had refused the crumb to the poor Lazare’

1.166. Foryldan

Foryldan ‘to put off’ is an emphatic form of ieldan.

(260)	CP 39.283.25
	Oft se slawa, ðonne he agælð & forielt ðæt weorc ðe him niedðearf wære to wyrceanne, ðonne ðynceað him sumu weorc swiðe hefug,
	‘Often the slow man, when he hinders and delays the work he ought to do, thinks some works very arduous’

(261)	Bede 5 14.440.19
	Ond þa hreowe ða he to medmicelre tide mid forgifnisse wæstme forælde doan, þa he witum underðeoded butan wæstme in ecnesse doð.
	‘And the repentance, which he had delayed to practice for a short time with fruits of forgiveness, he now carries out in eternity without fruit and subject to punishment’.

1.167. Foryrman

Foryrman ‘to make miserable’ is an emphatic form of ierman. (See also Section 4.10. Forniman and Section 4.13. Fortredan).

(262)	Bede 1 9.44.23
	Đa þæt ða ongeaton ða ærran gewinnan þæt se Romanisca here wæs onweg gewiten, ða coman hi sona mid sciphere on heora landgemðre, ד slogan eall ד cwealdon þæt hi gemetton; ד swa swa ripe yrð fortreddon ד fornamon, ד hi mid ealle foryrmdon.
	‘But when their former adversaries saw that the Roman army had gone away, they proceeded at once with a fleet to the British borders, slew and murdered all they met, and, as if it were a ripe field of corn, trod them under foot, and made havoc, and utterly ruined all’.
	(tr. Miller ([1891] 1959))

(263)	WHom 20.2.39
	ד godcunde hadas wæron nu lange swiðe forsawene; ד wydewan fornydde on unriht to ceorle, ד to manige foryrmde, ד earme men beswicene ד hreowlice besyrwde,
	‘and divine races were now neglected for long, and widows compelled wrongly to men, and brought low to many, and betrayed poor men and deceived pitifully’

2. Antonymous

There are at least 14 for-verbs which can be said to be antonymous to their non-prefixed counterparts; in addition, 16 for-verbs have antonymous and expanded meanings and, as has been said, 1 verb has antonymous and emphatic meanings; in total, 12.8% of for-verbs can be used with antonymous meanings. It is very difficult to define “antonymous”, though. Lædan ‘to lead’ and forlædan ‘to mislead’ can be defined as antonymous, as can læran ‘to teach’ and forlæran ‘to lead away’; but are cweðan ‘to say’ and forcweðan ‘to reproach’, or deman ‘to judge’ and fordeman ‘to condemn’, antonymous? As well as antonymous nuance, some semantic expansion can be found in these verbs. Sometimes a prefixed and non-prefixed pair can be distinguished contextually, when a negative clause follows the verb and makes its meaning antonymous, e.g., cyðan ‘to make known’ and forcyðan ‘to reprove’. Some verbs with both antonymous and expanded senses, therefore, are classified into Section 5. Antonymous and Expanded.

2.1. For(e)beodan

For(e)beodan ‘to forbid, prohibit’ is antonymous to beodan ‘to announce’. The meanings of the two verbs can be made the same, as seen in the examples of the Gospels, when beodan is negated or takes a þæt clause with negation (also cf. bebeodan ‘to announce’).

(264)	CP(C) 11.72.17
	Swa hwelc ðonne swæðissa uncysta hwelcre underðieded bið, him bið forboden ðæt he offrige Gode half,
	‘Whoever, then, is subject to one of these vices is forbidden to offer bread to God’

(265)	Mk 7.36 [et praecipit illis né cui dicerent Quanto autem eis praecipiebat tanto magis plus praedicabant.]
	Li: ד bebead ðæm ilcom ꝥte ne ænigum men hia g[e]cuoede ł ne gesæde sua suiðe uutedlice him fore-bead swa swa suiðor mara forðor hi bodadon
	Ru2: ד bibead ðæm ilca ðæt he ænigum men gi-sægde swa swið wutudlice him forbead swa swiðor mara forðor hiæ bodadun
	WSCp: And he bead him ꝥ hi hit nanum men ne sædon; Soþlice swa he him swiþor bebead. swa hi swiðor bodedon.
	AV: And he charged them that they should tell no man: but the more hee charged them, so much the more a great deale they published it’

(266)	Mk 8.30 [et comminatus est eis né cui dicerent de illo]
	Li: ד forbead ł stiorde ł stiorend wæs him ne ænigum gecuedon hia of him
	Ru2: ד for-beod ł stiorde him ne ængum gicwede of him
	WSCp: ד ða bead he him. ꝥ hi nænegum be him ne sædon;
	AV: And he charged them that they should tell no man of him.

2.2. Forferian

Forferian ‘to cause to die’ occurs only once (cf. ferian, feran, faran).

(267)	LawAF 1 17
	gif hwa oðrum his unmagan oðfæste, & he hine on ðære fæstinge forferie, getriowe hine facnes se ðe hine fede, gif hine hwa hwelces teo
	‘if anyone commit his dependent to others, and he cause him to die in the guardianship, believe him in crime who feed him, if anyone accuse him of anything’

2.3. Forgyman

Forgyman ‘to neglect’ is antonymous to gieman ‘to take heed to’. (See also Section 4.9. Forlætan, Section 5.8. Forgytan and Section 5.10. Forhogian).

(268)	Beo 1751a
	ond he þa forðgesceaft
	forgyteð ond forgymeð, þæs þe him ær god sealed,
	wuldres waldend, weorðmynda dæl.
	‘and he forgets and neglects the world, as God, the ruler of glory, had given him, the share of honours’

(269)	Exod 9.21
	ד se ðe Drihtnes word forgymde, he forlet his men ד his nytenu ute.
	‘(AV) And he that regarded not the word of the Lord, left his seruants and his cattell in the field’.

(270)	Mt 15.3 [quare et uos transgredimini mandatum dei propter traditionem uestram]
	Li: forhuon ד gie ofergaað ł forhogas bebod godes fore selenise ł setnise hire
	Ru1: forhwon ד ge ek ofer-gæþ bebod godes for gesettnisse eowre
	WSCp: ד hwi forgyme gé godes bebod for eowre lage.
	AV: Why doe you also transgresse the Commandement of God by your tradition?

2.4. Forhabban

Forhabban ‘to abstain, hold back’ is antonymous to habban ‘to have’. In Ps 33.14, the difference in Latin between Roman and Gallican texts reflects the choice of the renderings in each version, especially in I. (See also Section 2.1. For(e)beodan).

(271)	Ex 488a
	Wlance ðeode
	ne mihton forhabban helpendra pað,
	merestreames mod,
	‘Those arrogant people could not hinder the saving path, the power of the sea’

(272)	Ps 82.2 [Deus quis similis erit yibi. ne taceas neque conpescaris deus.]
	A: god hwelc gelic bið ðe ne swiga ðu ne biwere god
	D: hwylc ӡelic bið þe ne swiӡa ðu ד ne þu ne forhafa
	H: god hwilc gelic bið þe ne swiga þu ד na þu forhafa
	I: hwa gelic biþ þe ne swiga þu ne þu ne beo gestild
	AV: Keepe not thou silence, O God: hold not thy peace, and be not still, O God.

(273)	Ps 33.14 [Cohibe [Gallican: prohibe] linguam tuam a malo. et libia tua ne loquantur dolum.]
	A: bewere tungan ðine from yfle ד weolure ðy læs sprecen facen
	I: forbeod ł forhafa ł bewere tungan þine fram yfle weleras þine þæt hig ne sprecon faken
	J: geheald tungan þine fram yfele ד weleras þine þilæs þe hi sprecan yfel ł facn
	P: Forbeode his tungan ælc yfel and his weolorum, þæt hi ne sprecon nan facn.
	AV: Keep thy tongue from euill, and thy lippes from speaking guile.

2.5. Forhatan

Forhatan ‘to renounce, forswear’ is antonymous to hatan ‘to bid, promise’ (though hatan itself is a verb of multiple senses).

(274)	GenB 609b13
	Þa se forhatena spræc
	þurh feondscipe (nalles he hie freme lærde):
	‘Then the apostate spoke out of his malevolence (he did not teach her anything of profit at all)’

(275)	CP 51.401.35
	forðæm hit is awriten ðæt hit sie betere ðæt mon gehiewige ðonne he birne, forðæm butan sinne he mæg gehiwian, gif he hit ær ne forhét.
	‘for it is written that it is better to marry than to burn, because they can marry without sin, unless they had previously renounce it’
	(tr. Sweet (1871–1872))

2.6. Forhælan

Forhælan ‘to make infirm(?)’ occurs only once and only in gloss: ClGl 1 4649 offensa forhælde.

2.7. Forlædan

Forlædan ‘to mislead’ is antonymous to lædan ‘to lead’ and often found in poetry, especially in scenes of the devil misleading men. (See also Section 2.8. Forlæran).

(276)	GenB 452a
	wolde dearnunga drihtnes geongran,
	mid mandædum men beswican,
	forlædan and forlæran, þæt hie wurdon lað gode.
	‘he wished secretly to deceive, mislead and misguide with wicked deeds Lord’s followers, men, so that they would be loathsome to God’

(277)	GenB 728b
	Men synt forlædde,
	Adam and Eue.
	‘Men, Adam and Eve, are deceived’.

(278)	Beo 2039a
	oððæt hie forlæddan to ðam lindplegan
	swæse gesiðas ond hyra sylfra feorh.
	‘until they had led to destruction in the fatal play of shields their dear companions and their own lives’

2.8. Forlæran

Forlæran ‘to lead astray’ is antonymous to læran ‘to teach’ and often used in pair with forlædan. (See Section 3.10. Forlacan, Section 2.7. Forlædan and Section 2.1. For(e)beodan).

(279)	And 614a
	Hie seo wyrd beswac,
	forleolc ond forlærde.
	‘The fate deceived them, misled and misguided’.

(280)	WHom 6 46
	Þa beswac deofol ד forlærde his wif ærest ד heo hine syððan þæt hy abræcan Godes bebod ד ætan of ðam forbodenan wæstme.
	‘Then the devil deceived and misguided his wife first, and then she him, so that they broke God’s command and eat of the forbidden fruit’.

(281)	Mt 24.11 [et multi pseudo-prophetae surgent et seducent multos]
	Li: ד monigo lease witgo arisað ד swicað monigo
	Ru1: ד monige lyge ł lease witga arisaþ ד forlæreþ monige
	WSCp: ד manega lease witegan cumað ד beswicað manega.
	AV: And many false Prophets shall rise, and shall deceiue many.

2.9. Forrædan

Forrædan ‘to plot against’ is antonymous to rædan ‘to advise’.

(282)	ÆGram(T) 277.6
	seduce ic bepæce ł forræde
	‘I seduce or plot against’

(283)	WHom 6 181
	Iudeisc folc þurh deofles lare hine forrædde, ד an his agena cnihta hine belæwde to deaþe.
	‘Jewish people plotted against him through Devil’s teaching, and one of his servants betrayed him to death’.

2.10. Forridan

Forridan ‘to cut off, intercept by riding before (f. CHM (Clark Hall 1960))’ occurs seven times in Chron.

(284)	ChronA 893.96
	hie … besæton þeah þæt geweorc utan sume twegen dagas, ד genamon ceapes eall þæt þær buton wæs, ד þa men ofslogon þe hie foran forridan [D: ofridan] mehton butan geweorce,
	‘but they besieged the fort from outside some two days, and seized all the cattle outside, and slew all the men whom they could intercept outside the fort’

2.11. Forscrifan

Forscrifan ‘to proscribe’ is antonymous to scrifan ‘to prescribe, ordain’. In Lk 13.9, forscrifan appears in the thirteenth century MS Hatton 38 (WSH).

(285)	Beo 106b
	fifelcynnes eard
	wonsæli wer weardode hwile,
	siþðan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde
	in Caines cynne.
	‘for a long time the unhappy creature had inhabited the territory of a species of water-monsters, since the Creator had proscribed him along with the race of Cain’

(286)	Lk 13.9 [et si-quidem fecerit fructum sin autem in futurum succides eam]
	Li: ד gif soðlice gedoeð wæstm gif ne doeð uutedlice in ðæm toweard ger ge-scearfa ðu hia
	Ru2: gif soðlice ge-doað wæstem gif ne doeð wutudlice in ðæm to-worda giceorf ða ł hia
	WSCp: ד witodlice he wæstmas bringð; Gif hit elles hwæt byð ceorf hine syððan;
	WSH: ד witodlice he wæstmes bringeð. Gif hit elles hwæt beoð. for-scrif hine syððan.
	AV: And if it beare fruit, Well: and if not, then after that, thou shalt cut it downe.

2.12. Forsprecan

Forsprecan ‘to speak against’ is antonymous to sprecan ‘to speak’. (See also Section 1.125. Forswigan).

(287)	ÆCHomII,38 285.210
	Forsprecað hí foran to ðisum folce, þæt swa hraðe swa hí becumað to ðyssere byrig.
	‘They speak opposite to these people as soon as they arrive at this city’.

(288)	LawVI As 8.9
	& ne sy forsprecen ne forswigod, gif ure hlaford oððe ure gerefana enig us ænigne eacan geþæncean mæge to urum firðgildum, þæt we þærto lustlice fon
	‘and should not be spoken against or passed over in silence, if our lord or any of our reeves could think of us any advantage to our peace-gilds which we also gladly take’

2.13. Forswerian

Forswerian ‘to commit perjury’ is antonymous to swerian ‘to swear’. (See also Section 1.70. Forleogan).

(289)	Beo 804b
	ac he sigewæpnum forsworen hæfde,
	ecga gehwylcre.
	‘but he had made victorious weapons, every edge of them, useless by enchantment’

(290)	WHom 20.1 82
	manige synd forsworene & swiðe forlogene, & wedd synd tobrocene oft & gelome
	‘many are committed perjury and lied very much, and pledges are often broken up’

2.14. Fortimbr(i)an

Fortimbr(i)an ‘to block up’, antonymous to timbr(i)an ‘to build’, occurs only in gloss.

(291)	Ps 62.12 [laudabuntur omnes qui iurant in eo. quia obstructum est ós loquentium iniqua]
	A: bioð hereð alle ða ðe swergað in hine for ðon fortimbred is muð spreocendra ða unrehtan
	D: heriӡað ealle þa ðe sweriӡað on him fordytt muð sprecendra unrihtu
	I: beoþ geherode ealle þa þe sweriað on hine forþi þe is fordyt muð sprecendra unrihte þing
	AV: euery one that sweareth by him shall glorie: but the mouth of them that speake lies, shall be stopped.

3. Expanded

Many verbs have various meanings. In total, 28 for-verbs can be said to have expanded meanings in contrast to their non-prefixed counterparts, and, as mentioned earlier, 16 for-verbs have emphatic and expanded meanings, and in addition, 16 for-verbs have antonymous and expanded meanings; that is, 24.8% of for-verbs can be used with expanded meanings.14

3.1. Forberan

Forberan is used in various senses like ‘to bear, endure; restrain; spare’. The multiple glosses in Ps 24.21, D and G, show the possible choice of renderings among the synonyms.

(292)	ChronE 1137.45, 47
	for ouersithon ne forbaren hi nouther circe ne cyrceiærd. … Ne hi ne forbaren biscopes land ne abbots ne preostes, ac ræueden munekes ד clerekes, ד æuric man other þe ouermyhte.
	‘Contrary to custom, they spared neither church nor churchyard … They spared not the lands of bishops, nor of abbots, nor of priests, but plundered the monks and the clergy, and every man who could robbed his neighbour’.
	(tr. Garmonsway ([1953] 1972))

(293)	CP 51.397.5, 6
	Đa gesinhiwan mon sceal manian, & eac gehwelcne mon, ðæt hie nó læs ne ne geðencen hwæt oðre men him forberað & geðafiað, ðonne hie geðenceað hwæt hi oðrum monnum forberað;
	‘The married, and also everyone else, are to be admonished not to think less of what other men bear with and tolerate in them, than of what they bear with in others;’
	(tr. Sweet (1871–1872))

(294)	Ps 24.21 [Innocentes et recti adheserunt mihi, quoniam sustinui te domine.]
	A: unsceððende ד rehtwise ætfelun me for ðon ic arefnde ðe dryhŧ
	D: unscyldiӡe ד ryhtwise toӡeþeoddon ic forbær ł ӡeþyldӡode ł ӡeanbidude
	G: unscyldig (ł unsceaðful) ד rihtwise togeþeoddan me forþam þe ic forbær ł geanbidude ł geþyldigode ł ic aræfnde
	I: þa unscæðþigan ד ða rihtan geðeodlæhtun ł tocleofedon ł geþeoddon me forðan þe ic geanbidode þe
	AV: Let integritie and vprightnesse preserue me: for I wait on thee.

3.2. Forbigan

Forbigan ‘to bend; humble’ appears especially in poetry. (See also Section 1.3. Forberstan and Section 1.7. Forbrecan).

(295)	GenA 70b
	wæs him gylp forod,
	beot forborsten, and forbiged þrym,
	wlite gewemmed.
	‘their bragging was broken, their boasting shattered, their splendour humbled and their beauty blotted’

(296)	Hell 35a
	Fysde hine þa to fore frea moncynnes;
	wolde heofona helm helle weallas
	forbrecan ond forbygan, þære burge þrym
	onginnan reafian, reþust ealra cyninga.
	‘Then the Lord of mankind hastened to his journey; the heavens’ protector would demolish and lay low the walls of hell and, most righteous of all kings, carry off the stronghold’s populace’.

3.3. Forcuman

Forcuman is used in various senses like ‘to seize; conquer; destroy’. (See also Section 1.29. Fordrifan, and oferswiþan ‘to overcome’).

(297)	ChristB 561a
	Nu sind forcumene ond in cwicsusle
	gehynde ond gehæfte, in helle grund
	duguþum bidæled, deofla cempan.
	‘Now the devil’s champions are overcome and humiliated and fettered in living torment, deprived of strength in the abyss of hell’.

(298)	Mk 16.14 [nouissime recumbentibus illis undecim appsruit et exprobauit incredulitatem eorum et duritiam cordis illorum]
	Li: æt nesta ł lætmest hlinigendum ł ræstendum ðæm yuoelfum æt-eaude ד for-cuom ł for-draf ungeleaffulnise hiora ד stiðnise heartes hiora
	Ru2: æt nesta ł lætemest hlionigendum ðæm twelfum æt-eowde ד forcom ł fordraf ungileoffulnisse hiora ד stiðnisse heorta
	WSCp: Đa æt nehstan he ætywde him twelfum þar hi æt-gædere sæton. ד tælde hyra ungeleaffulnesse. ד hyra heortan heardnesse.
	AV: Afterward he appeared vnto the eleuen, as they sate at meat, and vp-braided them with their vnbeliefe, and hardnesse of heart,

(299)	Jn 3.14 [et sicut moses exaltauit serpentem in deserto ita exaltari oportet filium hominis]
	Li: ד suæ moises gefeade ł forcuom ða nédræ on woestern suæ gefeage ł ofersuiða gedeafnad is sunu monnes
	Ru2: ד swa …. gifeade ł forcom ða nedre on ðæm westenne swa gifeage ł ofer-suiðe gidæfnað sunu monnes
	WSCp: ד swa swa moyses þa næddran up-ahóf on þam westene. swa gebyrað ꝥ mannes sunu beo úp-a-háfen.
	AV: And as Moses lifted vp the serpent in the wildernesse: euen so must the Sonne of man be lifted vp:

3.4. Forcyrran

Forcyrran means ‘to avoid; turn away; pervert’. (See also Section 1.90. Forscrencan and cf. foreleoran ‘to go before, go past’).

(300)	Ps 45.3 [Propterea non timebimus dum conturbabitur [Gallican: turbabitur] terra. et transferentur montes in cor maris.]
	A: for ðon we ne ondredað ðonne bið gedroed eorðe ד bioð forcerred muntas in heortan sæs
	E: Forðæn we ne ondredæð þonne beoð gedrefed eorðe ד bioð ofer-farende ł borene dunæ on heortæn sæs
	I: forðan we us ne ondrædaþ þænne byð astyrod seo eorðe ד þonne beoð geferede muntes ł duna on heortan sæs
	J: forþam we ne ondrædaþ þonne biþ eorþe ד beoþ forcired ł ד forlorene ł ד for lætene beoþ15 muntas on heortan sæs
	AV: Therefore will not we feare, though the earth be remoued: and though the mountaines be caried into the midst of the sea

(301)	Ps 69.4 [Auertantur retrorsum. et erubescent qui cogitant mihi mala. Auertantur statim et erubescentes. qui dicunt mihi euge euge.]
	A: sien forcerde on bec ד scomien ða ðe me yfel sien forcerred sona ד scomiende ða ðe cweoðað me weolga weolga
	B: sien forcirde on bæc ד scamiӡen đa đe đencađ me yfel sien forcerde sona scamiende đa đe cwæđ to me welӡa welӡa
	I: gecyrran on bæcling ד scamian þa þe willaþ me yfelu syn afyrsade þærrihte scamiende þa þe secgaþ me eala eala
	AV: let them be turned backward, and put to confusion, that desire my hurt. Let them be turned backe for a reward of their shame, that say, Aha, aha.

3.5. Fordician

Fordician ‘to block off’ is antonymous to dician ‘to make a dike’ and occurs twice in CP.

(302)	CP 49.383.23
	Ongean ðæt sint to manianne ða ðe nabbað nawðer ne ildo ne wisdom to ðon ðæt hie mægen oððe cunnen læran, & hi æeah forhradiað ðæt hie hit ongiennað, ðylæs hie himselfum fordikigen ðone weg ðære bote, ðe him on fierste becuman meahte,
	‘On the other hand, those who have neither age nor wisdom enough to be able or know how to teach, and yet hasten to undertake it, are to be warned not to block up for themselves the way of reformation, which might in time come to them’

3.6. Forgyldan

Forgyldan ‘to pay for, repay; recompense’ is used widely in poetry, in early and later prose as well as in Law.

(303)	Beo 1054a
	ond þone ænne heht
	golde forgyldan, þone ðe Grendel ær
	mane acwealde,
	‘and he commanded to recompense with gold for the one whom Grendel had killed in his wickedness’

(304)	ÆHomM7 2.28, 31
	bihet þæt he wolde al his feoh him forӡeldæn. … oððet he him forӡylde unðances his feoh.
	‘he promised that he would repay him all his money … until he repay him his money unwillingly’

3.7. For(e)hradian

For(e)hradian ‘to make haste; anticipate’ is used in an expanded sense of hradian ‘to hasten’. (See also Section 3.3. Forcuman).

(305)	Ps 118.147 [Preueni in maturitste et clamaui. et in uerbum tuum speraui [Gallican: supersperaui].]
	A: ic forecom in ripunge ד cleopede ד in worde ðinum ic gehyhte
	D: ic forecom on ripunӡa ד ic clypode ד on word þin ic hyhte
	I: ic forecom ł ic forhradode on ripunga ł on ripnysse ד ic cleopede on wordum þinum ic swyðe truwade
	AV: I preuented the dawning of the morning, and cried: I hoped in thy word.

(306)	ÆCHomI,40 530.179
	Bugað fram yfele ד doð god⸵ ד ge beoð swa micclum orsorgran on tocyme þæs ecan deman⸵ swa micclum swa ge nu his strecnysse. mid ege forhradiað;
	‘Depart from evil and do good, and you are so much unconcerned with arriving the eternal judge, so much so that you now anticipate his rigour with fear’.

3.8. Forhwyrfan

Forhwyrfan or forhwierfan ‘to turn; change; prevent’ is used in an expanded sense of hwierfan ‘to turn, move’ (cf. Section 1.65. Forhweorfan).

(307)	ChristA 34b
	Forþon secgan mæg, se ðe soð spriceð,
	þæt he ahredde, þa forhwyrfed wæs,
	frumcyn fira.
	‘He who speaks the truth can therefore say that he saved many a race, when it had been led astray’.

(308)	Deut 27.17
	Sy se man awyrged ðe forhwyrfe his freondes landgemæru. ד eall folc cwyð, Amen.
	‘(AV) Cursed be he that remooueth his neighbours land-marke: and all the people shall say, Amen’.

(309)	Ps 17.27 [et cum electo electus eris⸵ et cum peruerso subuerteris [Gallican: peruerteris]]
	A: ד mid ðy upahefenan upahefen ðu bist ד mid ðy ðweoran ðu bist forcerred
	D: ӡecoren ðu bist mid ferhwyrfedum ðu forhwyrfed bist
	I: ד mid gecorenum gecoren þu byst mid wyþerwerdum ł mid þweorum ד þu byst behwyrfed ł miswend
	P: and gecoren wið þa gecorenan, and hwyrf þe wið þa forhwyrfdan
	AV: With the pure thou wilt shew thy selfe pure, and with the froward thou wilt shew thy selfe froward.

3.9. Forhylman

Forhylman ‘to neglect’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(310)	And 735a
	Ne dorste þa forhylman hælendes bebod
	wundor fore weorodum,
	‘Then the marvellous thing did not dare to disregard the Saviour’s command in front of the crowds’

3.10. Forlacan

Forlacan ‘to lead astray’ occurs only in poetry. (See also Section 2.8. Forlæran and Section 3.21. Forsendan).

(311)	And 1364a
	Hwæt, ðu leoda feala
	forleolce ond forlærdest! Nu leng ne miht
	gewealdan þy weorce.
	‘What a multitude of people you have deceived and misled! Now you will not be able to carry on this work any longer’.

(312)	Beo 904a
	He mid Eotenum wearð
	on feonda geweald forð forlacen,
	snude forsended.
	‘Along with the giants he was seduced into the power of devils and was swiftly sent to perdition’.

3.11. Forleon

Forleon ‘to avoid’ has only two occurrences (cf. Section 1.40. Forfleon).

(313)	ChronE 1086.124
	Đas þing we habbað be him gewritene, ægðer ge god ge yfele, þet þa godan men niman æfter þeora godnesse ד forleon mid ealle yfelnesse ד gan on ðone weg þe us lett to heofonan rice.
	‘We have set down these things about him, both the good and the evil, so that men may cherish the good and utterly eschew the evil, and follow the path that leads us to the kingdom of heaven’.

3.12. Forlicgan

Forlicgan ‘to fornicate’ occurs as a variant of forligrian (see Section 3.13. in B of Ps 72.27). (See also Section 3.1. Forberan).

(314)	ÆLS (Eugenia) 186
	cwæð þæt heo eode to hyre licgendre. on læces híwe. and hí wolde for-lycgan. gif heo þæt bysmor forberan wolde.
	‘saying, that she (Eugenia) came to her as she lay in bed in a physician’s garb, and desired to lie with her, if she would put up with that shameful deed’

3.13. Forligrian

Forligrian ‘to commit fornication’ occurs only in gloss (here in D of Ps 72.27 and cf. Section 3.12. Forlicgan; see also Section 3.25. Forspillan, Section 5.4. Fordon and Section 5.15. Forweorþan).

(315)	Ps 72.27 [Quia ecce qui elongant se a te peribunt. perdes omnes qui fornicantur abs te.]
	A: for ðon sehðe ða afirrað hie from ðe forweorðað ðu forspildes alle ða dernliggað from ðe
	B: forđon sehđe þa afirrađ hie fram đe forweorđađ þu forspildest ealle þa đe forlicӡađ fram đe
	D: forðon efnenu þa ðe afeorriað hy fram þe hy forweorþað þu forspilst ealle þa ðe forliӡriað fram ðe
	I: forþi þe eofne þa þe fyrsiaþ hig fram þe losiaþ þu fordydest ælcne man se þe hæmþ butan ł fram þe
	AV: For loe, they that are farre from thee, shall perish: thou hast destroyed all them that goe a whoring from thee.

3.14. Forliþan

Forliþan ‘to suffer shipwreck’ is used especially in ApT in adjectival use of the past participle. (See also Section 1.40. Forfleon).

(316)	ApT 22.7
	ic lufige þone forlidenan man ðe wæs þurh ungelymp beswicen.
	‘I love the shipwrecked man who was betrayed by misfortune’.

(317)	ApT 49.9-10
	þu eart se forlidena man ðe ic lufode na for galnesse ac for wisdom.
	‘You are the shipwrecked man whom I loved not for wantonness but for wisdom’.

3.15. Forlosian

Forlosian, ‘to lose; destroy’, often expands, as easily expected, the sense of just losing things. (See also Section 3.25. Forspillan and Section 5.4. Fordon).

(318)	ÆLS (Vincent) 320
	ðe þe his sawle lufæð, he forlosæð heo witodlice; and þe ðe his sawlæ hatæð on þissere weorulde, he healt hire soðlice on þam ecan life
	‘he who loves his soul loses it truly; and he who hates his soul in this world holds it truly in the eternal life’

(319)	Mt 2.13 [futurum est enim ut herodes quaerat puerum ad perdendum eum]
	Li: geworden wæs ł woen is forðon ꝥ heroðes soecas ðone cnæht to fordoanne ł to forlosanne
	Ru1: forþon ðe toward is soþlice ꝥte herodes soecaþ þone cneht to ofslæanne hine
	WSCp: Toweard ys. ꝥ herodes secð ꝥ cild to forspillenne;
	AV: for Herode will seeke the young childe, to destroy him

3.16. Forsacan

Forsacan ‘to refuse; disregard’ has an expanded sense of sacan ‘to dispute, accuse’.

(320)	WaldA 28a
	Forsoc he ðam swurde and ðam syncfatum,
	beaga mænigo,
	‘He refused the sword and precious cups and many rings’

(321)	ChronD 1037.1 (=ChronC)
	Her man geceas Harold ofer eall to kyninge, ד forsoc Harðacnut, for þam he wæs to lange on Denmarcon.
	‘In this year they chose Harold everywhere as king, and forsook Harthacnut, because he remained too long in Denmark’.

(322)	BenR 43.69.20, 22
	Gif hwam fram his ealdore geboden sy to ðigene, and he hit mid gebelge forsake, ne sy him to gewilnedum mæle nanre oðere þigene getiðod, buton þæs ilcan, þe he ær forsoc, oðþæt he mid þæslicre dædbote gebete. [BenRGl 43.78.3: wiðsæcð … wiðsoc]
	‘If anything be offered to a servant from his elder and he rejected it with arrogance, it should not be given to any other servant at his desirable time, except the same one, which he formerly rejected, until he amends with suitable atonement’.

3.17. Forscyppan

Forscyppan ‘to change; transform’ is often used in the description of the transformation of angels into devils.

(323)	GenB 308b
	Feollon þa ufon of heofnum
	þurhlonge swa þreo niht and dagas,
	þa englas of heofnum on helle, and heo ealle forsceop
	drihten to deoflum.
	‘Then they fell from above out of heavens as long as three nights and days, those angels from heavens into hell, and the Lord transformed them all into devils’.

(324)	HomU 26 10
	and uton eallon mægne us scyldan wið ofermodignesse, forðam þe hy awurpon iu englas of heofonum, and hi wurdon þærrihtes to deoflum forsceapene.
	‘and let us defend all our strength against pride, because they had thrown angels out of heavens, and they were immediately transformed into devils’

3.18. Forscyrian

Forscyrian ‘to separate (the body and soul)’ occurs only once.

(325)	HomS 3 (VercHom 8) 35
	Arisaþ nu ealle þa forsciridan ד gehyrað dryhtnes stemne.
	‘Now arise all the dead and listen to the voice of the Lord’.

3.19. Forsecan

Forsecan ‘to seek with hostile intent’ occurs only twice, only in poetry.

(326)	GuthA 377a
	Þeah þe ge hine sarum forsæcen, ne motan ge mine sawle gretan,
	ac ge on betran gebringað.
	‘Though you may seek it (body) with afflictions, you are not allowed to attack my soul but you will lead it (soul) to a better state’.

(327)	El 932a
	ond þec þonne sendeð in þa sweartestan
	ond þa wyrrestan witebrogan,
	þæt ðu, sarum forsoht, wiðsæcest fæste
	þone ahangnan cyning, þam ðu hyrdest ær.
	‘and then he will deliver you up to the blackest and vilest horrors of torture so that, probed with pains, you will quickly renounce the crucified king whom once you obeyed’

3.20. Forsencan

Forsencan ‘to cause to sink; reject’ occurs only once. (See also Section 3.16. Forsacan).

(328)	CP(H) 47.345.13
	Se ðe ðonne ne giemð hwæðer he ða sibbe healed, ðonne forsencð [C: forsæcð] he ðone wæstm his gæstes.
	‘He, then, who does not care to keep peace, rejects the fruit of his spirit’.

3.21. Forsendan

Forsendan ‘to send forth; send into exile’ is used in an expanded sense of sendan ‘to send’. (See also Section 1.100. Forslean and Section 3.22. Forsettan).

(329)	Or 3 7.63.25
	Ac he ealle þa ricestan forslean het ד þa oðre sume on wræcsið forsende, sume on oðra mearca gesette.
	‘But he commanded all the most powerful to be inflicted heavy casualties and some others to be banished into exile, some to be set in other territories’.

(330)	ChronD 1057.3
	Þisne æþeling Cnut cyng hæfde forsend on Ungerland to beswicane,
	‘This prince king Cnut had banished into Hungary to be put out of the way’

3.22. Forsettan

Forsettan ‘to stop up; oppress’ has an expanded sense of settan ‘to set’. (See also Section 1.134. Fortynan).

(331)	Bede 3 14.212.16
	Đa fliton him on þa węrgan gastas ד þa mid gelomlicum oncunnissum teoledon, þæt heo him þone heofonlican weg forsette ד fortynde;
	‘The accursed spirits fought against him, and by frequent accusations strove to shut up and cut off from him the road to heaven;’

(332)	GD4(C) 16.285.3
	forþon þe heora eaӡan seo myccle fyrhto forsette, ד eac seo beorhtnes swa mycles leohtes hi ӡeswæncte.
	‘because the great fear oppressed their eyes, and also the brightness afflicted them with such great light’

3.23. Forsittan

Forsittan ‘to obstruct; neglect’ is used in various contexts. (See also Section 1.97. Forsetnian).

(333)	GenA 2860a
	Ne forsæt he þy siðe, ac sona ongann
	fysan to fore.
	‘He did not delay by making a journey but immediately began to ready for going’.

(334)	Ps 21.3 [Circumdederunt me uituli multi⸵ tauri pingnes obsederunt me.]
	A: ymbsaldon me calfur monig fearras faette oferseton me
	D: ymbsealdon cealfru meniӡe fearras fætte forsætnodon
	F: hy ymbtrymdon me calfru manige fearras fætte forsæton me
	G: utan ymbsealdon me cealfra mænige fearras fætte forsætnodon (ł ofsæton) me
	I: ymhwurfon ł ymbsetton ł ymbtrymdon me cealfas mænega fearras fætte ofsettun ł ymbsæton me
	AV: Many bulles haue compassed me: strong bulles of Bashan haue beset me round.

(335)	Lch II(2) 18.1.1
	wiþ þære lifre swile oððe aþundenesse, gif se utgang forsitte, him is on fruman blod to forlætenne on ædre on þa winestran healfe.
	‘against the liver swelling or tumour, if the exit obstructs, at first release the blood in vein on the left side’

3.24. Forsiþian

Forsiþian ‘to perish’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(336)	Beo 1550a
	Hæfde ða forsiðod sunu Ecgþeowes
	under gynne grund, Geata cempa
	nemne him heaðobyrne helpe gefremede,
	geweold wigsigor;
	‘Then the son of Ecgtheow, the hero of the Geats, would have perished under the deep abyss, had not his corslet, his strong coat of mail, supported him with help’

3.25. Forspillan

Forspillan ‘to waste, destroy, kill’ is also used in the sense ‘to disperse’. (See also Section 1.1. Forbærnan and Section 5.4. Fordon).

(337)	WHom 19 68
	Land hy awestað ד burga forbærnað ד æhta forspillað, ד eard hy amyrrað.
	‘They lay lands waste and burn cities and ruin possessions, and they destroy the country’.

(338)	Ps 105.27 [et ut deiceret semen eorum in nationibus, et dispergeret eos in regionibus.]
	A: ד ðæt he awurpe sed heara in cneorissum ד tostrugde hie in londum
	B: ד đæt he awurpe sæd hira on cneorissum ד tostruӡde hie on londum
	D: ד þæt he awurpe sæd heora on cynnum ד forspilde on ricum
	E: ד þette towurpe sęd hiræ on gekiðnessum ד þette hi tostencte on hiræ londum
	AV: To ouerthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter them in the lands.

3.26. Forþencan

Forþencan ‘to despair’ expands the negative sense of thinking.

(339)	Bo 8.19.29, 30, 31
	ꝥ is nu giet þinre unrihtwisnesse ꝥ ðu eart fulneah forþoht. Ac ic nolde ꝥ þu þe forþohte, ac ic wolde ꝥ ðe sceamode swelces gedwolan; forðæm se se ðe hine forþencð se bið ormod, ac se se ðe hine sceamað se bið on hroewsunga.
	‘It is still your wickedness that you are almost in despair. But I did not wish you to despair yourself, but I wished you to be ashamed of such heresy; because he who despairs himself is despondent, but he who is ashamed of himself is in repentance’.

(340)	LS23 (Mary of Egypt) 477
	hwæt mæg ic earm for-ðoht mare geðencan oððe areccan.
	‘What more can I, a despairing wretch, think or tell of?’

3.27. Forwritan

Forwritan ‘to cut through’ occurs only once and only in poetry.

(341)	Beo 2705a
	forwrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan.
	‘the protector of the Geats cut through the serpent in the middle’

3.28. Forwyrcan²

Forwyrcan² ‘to obstruct; bar; stop up’ is used in the prefixed form. (Cf. Section 5.16. Forwyrcan¹).

(342)	CP 42.307.1
	Forðy [ús] is to wietanne ðæt we magon hie sua iðesð mid ðreaunga gebetan, gif we ðone biteran wille æt ðæm æsprynge forwyrceað & adrygað,
	‘Therefore it is to be known that we can most easily reform them with reproof, if we stop the bitter spring at the source, and dry it up’

(343)	LS 34 (SevenSleepers) 758
	þa Decius se casere hét þæt scræf forwyrcan swá we ǽr beforan rehton.
	‘when Decius the emperor bade the cave to be built up, as we related earlier before this’

4. Emphatic and Expanded

4.1. Forblawan

Forblawan means ‘to blow violently; become turbulent’.

(344)	Jn 6.18 [mare autem uento magno flante exsurgebat]
	Li: ðe sæ uutudlice winde miclum forblauene ofstod ł aras
	Ru2: ðe sæ wutudlice winde miclum for-bleow ofstod ł aras
	WSCp: mycel wind bleow ד hit wæs hreoh sǽ;
	AV: And the sea arose, by reason of a great winde that blew.

4.2. Forbregdan

Forbregdan means ‘to drag around; ruin; cover completely; transform’.

(345)	Ps 54.10 [Precipita domine et diuide linguas eorum quoniam iniquitatem et contradictionem in ciuitate]
	A: forbregd dryhŧ ד todael tungan heara for ðon ic gesæh unrehtwisnisse ד wiðcwedenisse in cestre
	C: forbred frihtyn ד todæl tungan hyra forþon ic ӡeseah unrihtwisnysse ד wiðcwedynysse on cestre
	D: afyl ł ahyld ד todæl tunӡas heora ic ӡeseah unryhtwisnesse ד wiþercwedulnisse on ceastre
	I: ascuf ד todæl heora tungan forþan þe ic geseah unrihtwisnysse ד wiðercwydelnysse on ceastre
	AV: Destroy, O Lord, and diuide their tongues: for I haue seene violence and strife in the citie.

(346)	Jul 470b
	Oft ic syne ofteah,
	ablende bealoþoncum beorna unrim
	monna cynnes, misthelme forbrægd
	þurh attres ord eagna leoman
	sweartum scurum,
	‘Often I have taken away the sight and blinded with wicked thoughts a countless men of human race, and obscured the light of their eyes with a covering of mist by means of venomous spears in dark showers’

4.3. Forbugan

Forbugan means ‘to avoid physical contact with; evade’.

(347)	Mald 325b
	Næs þæt na se Godric þe ða guðe forbeah
	‘He was not that Godric who fled from the battle’.

(348)	ÆCHomII,15 156.201-202
	Ne mǽnde crist ðone deað þe nán man forbugan ne mæg.
	‘Christ did not mention the death which no one can escape’.

(349)	Lk 10.31-32 [accidit autem ut sacerdos quidam descenderet eadem uia et uiso illo præteriuit similiter et leuita cum esset secus locum et uideret eum transit]
	Li: gelamp ðonne ꝥte sacerd sum foerde ðalica woege ד gesene hine bi-wærlde ongelíc ד se diacon miððy wæs neh ꝥ stou ד gesege hine ofer-foerde
	[Ru2: lost]
	WSCp: Þa gebyrode hit ꝥ sum sacerd férde on þam ylcan wege ד þa he ꝥ geseah he hine for-beh. ד eall-swa se diácon. þa he wæs wið þa stówe ד ꝥ geseah he hyne eac for-beah;
	AV: And by chaunce there came downe a certaine Priest that way, and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. And likewise a Leuite, when hee was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side.

4.4. Forcunnian

Forcunnian ‘to tempt’ occurs only in gloss.

(350)	Mt 22.18 [cognita autem iesus nequitia eorum ait quid me temtatis hypochritae]
	Li: ongeten wæs ł ongæt soðlice ðe hælend woes ł wohfulnise hiora cueð huæt meh ge forcunnas la legeras
	Ru1: ongetende þa se hælend hete heora cwæþ forwon ge min costigað licetteras
	WSCp: þa se hælend hyra facn gehyrde þa cwæð he la licceteras hwi fandige ge min
	AV: But Iesus perceiued their wickednesse, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites?

4.5. Forgan

Forgan ‘to forgo; forfeit; pass over’ seems to have a wider sense of the word than MnE forgo.

(351)	CP 23.179.5
	& no oðre wisan ða ðe ða lytlan scylda oftrædlice wyrceað, on oðre wisan ða ðe ða lytlan forgáð, & ðeah hwilum ða maran wyrceað;
	‘in one way those who often commit small sins, in another those who forgo the small sins and yet sometimes commit the greater’

(352)	Mt 5.18 [donec transeat caelum et terra iota unum aut unus apex non praeteribit a lege donec omnia fiant]
	Li: wið ða hwile liores heofon ד eorðo foruord ł pricle an ł enne ł enne pricle ł stæfes heafod ne foreade ł ne forgæs from ae wið ða huile alle sie
	Ru1: oþþæt geleoreþ heofun ד eorþe an í eþþa an holstæfes ne gelioreþ from ae ærþon all þus geweorþe
	WSCp: ærþam gewíte heofon ד eorðe án .i. oððe án prica. ne gewít fram þære .ǽ. ærþam ealle þing gewurðan;
	AV: Till heauen and earth passe, one iote or one title, shall in no wise passe from the law, till all be fulfilled.

4.6. Forgangan

Forgangan ‘to forgo; refrain from’ is used in much the same meaning with forgan. (See Section 4.5. Forgan and Section 4.9. Forlætan).

(353)	GD2(C) 36.174.29
	ac sume his wisan fyrwetgeornlice ic forӡanӡe ד forlæte, for ic þæncende efste to þam dædum ד wundrum oþra æþelra wera.
	‘but I let go and pass over some of his way, because I hasten thinking to the deeds and miracles of other noble men’

(354)	ÆCHomI,1 181.78
	Nast þu ꝥ ic eom þin hlaford ד ꝥ ðu eart min þeowa buton ðu do ꝥ ic ðe hate. ד forgang ꝥ ic ðe forbeode.
	‘You do not understand that I am your lord and that you are my servant, unless you do what I command you and neglect what I forbid you’.

4.7. Forglendrian

Forglendrian ‘to devour; consume’ seems to have a wider sense than glendran ‘to devour’ and geglendrian ‘to precipitate’. (See also Section 1.1. Forbæran and Section 1.121. Forswelgan).

(355)	Ps 43.25 [Quoniam humiliata est in puluere anima nostra adhesit [Gallican: conglutinatus est] in terra uenter noster.]
	A: for ðon geeaðmodad is in dusðe sawul ur ætfalh in eorðan womb ur
	D: ӡeeaðmed is on duste sawl ure ӡeclyfode on eorðan innoð ure
	E: Forðæn geeæðmæd is on duste sæule ure etfylhð ł clyuode on eorðæn wamb ł innoð ure
	I: geeaðmeded is to duste ł to eorðan ure sawl gebiged ł forglendrad ł gelimod is to eorðan wambe ure
	J: forðon geeadmodod is on dust ł on myl sawle ure forswolgon is on eorþan wambe ure
	AV: For our soule is bowed downe to the dust; our belly cleaueth vnto the earth.

(356)	HomU 19 34
	þonne gelimpeð þæt eft æfter fwawum dagum oþþe feawum gearum, þæt se ilca lichoma byð on byrgenne from wyrmum freten & forglendred.
	‘but it shall happen, after a few days or a few years, that the same body shall be in the tomb, eaten and devoured by worms’

(357)	HomU 32(B) 27
	and, swa hwæt manncynnes swa eorđe ǽr forswealh ođđe fyr forbærnde [B: forglendrede] and sǽ besencte and wilde deor frǽton and fugelas tobǽron, eall þy dæge ariseđ.
	‘and as whosoever mankind on earth formerly swallowed or devoured by fire and sunk to the sea and eaten by wild animals and carried off by birds, all arises on the day’

4.8. Forhynan

Forhynan ‘to humiliate’ has various meanings as well as the non-prefixed hienan. (See also Section 1.100. Forslean and Section 5.4. Fordon).

(358)	Or 3 7.65.12, 17
	Æt þæm cirre wurdon Ahteniense swa wælhreowlice forslagen ד forhiened þæt hie na siþþan nanes anwaldes hi ne bemætan ne nanes freodomes. Æfter þæm Philippus gelæddefird on Læcedemonie ד on Thebane ד hi miclum tintrade ד bismrade, oþ hie mid ealle wæron fordon ד forhiened.
	‘At that time the Athenians became beaten up and humbled so cruelly that they never considered any power or freedom afterwards. After that Philip brought army in to the Lacedaemonians and in to the Thebans and tormented them greatly and put them to shame, until they were destroyed and humbled completely’.

(359)	Ps 81.3 [Iudicate pupillo et egeno humilem. et pauperem. iustificate.]
	A: doemað feadurleasne ד weðlan heanne ד ðearfan gerehtwisiað
	D: demað steopcilde ד wædlan eaðmodne ד þearfan ӡerihtwisiað
	I: demaþ þam wædlan ד steopcilde þone forhyndan ד þearfan gerihtlæcaþ
	AV: Defend the poore and fatherlesse: doe iustice to the afflicted and needie.

4.9. Forlætan

Forlætan ‘to let, allow; leave; forsake’ has various shades of meaning and is used in various texts. The contrast of “double prefix (or adverb + prefix) + verb” and “for-verb + adverb” in CP is worthy of notice. (See also Section 5.7. Forgyfan and also Ogura (1991)).

(360)	GuthA 3a
	Ofgiefeþ hio þas eorþan wynne,
	forlæteð þas lænan dreamas, ond hio wiþ þam lice gedæleð.
	‘It (soul) resigns these earthly pleasures, forsakes these transient joys, and parts from the body’.

(361)	Met 5 28b
	Þu scealt eac yfelne ege an forlætan,
	woruldearfoða,
	‘You must also leave evil fear, one of the worldly troubles’

(362)	Mk 15.9 [uultis dimittan uobis regem iudaeorum]
	Li: wallað gie ł gif gie wælle ic forgefe ł forlete iuh cynig iudeana
	Ru2: wallas ge ic forgefe ł forlete iow cynig iudea
	WSCp: Wylle ge ꝥ ic eow forgyfe iudea cyning.
	AV: Will ye that I release vnto you the King of the Iewes?

(363)	CP 38.279. (12), 13, (17)
	Be ðæm wæs suiðe wel gecweden ðurh ðone wisan Salomon, ðætte se se ðæt wæter utforlete wære fruma ðære towesnesse. Se forlæt ut ðæt wæter, se ðe his tungan stemne on unnyttum wordum lætt toflowan. Ac se wise Salomon sæde ðætte suiðe deop pól wære gewered on ðæs wisan monnes móde, & suiðe lytel unnyttes utfleowe. Ac se se ðe ðone wér bricð, & ðæt wæter utforlæt, se bið fruma ðæs geflites.
	‘Of which was very well said through the wise Solomon, that he who lets out the water is the cause of discord. He lets out the water, who allows the voice of his tongue to be dissipated in useless words. The wise Solomon said that a very deep pool is weired in the wise man’s mind, and very little of what is useless flows out. He who breaks the weir and lets out the water is the cause of strife’.
	(tr. Sweet (1871–1872))

4.10. Forniman

Forniman ‘to take away; seize; destroy’ has senses of emphasis and expansion of niman; see also Section 1.63. Forher(e)gian and Section 5.4. Fordon.

(364)	Bede1 18.92.5
	Se me allum Ongolcynnum ד aldormonnum Bretta þeode fornom ד forhergade,
	‘He destroyed and wasted the Britons more than all the English and their chiefs’

(365)	Jn 8.4 [magister haec mulier modo deprehensa est in adultwrio]
	Li: laar ðios uif nú benumen is in derne-legerscip (sic)
	Ru2: larow ðis wif nu for-numen is in derne-giligro
	WSCp: Láreow. þis wif wæs afundyn on unriht-on hæmede;
	AV: Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act.

(366)	Lk 9.42 [et cum accederet elisit illum daemonium et dissipauit et increpauit]
	Li: ד miððy geneolecde agroette hine se diowl ד losade ł ד geðreade
	Ru2: ד miððy gineolicadeagroette hine ðe diowul ד giðreade ד ðreade
	WSCp: And þa he hyne lædde him to. se deofol hine for-nam ד fordyde [WSH: nam ד for-dyde].
	AV: And as he was yet a comming, the deuill threw him downe, and tare him:

4.11. Forsceotan

Forsceotan ‘to rush before; forestall’ emphasises and expands the sense of sceotan ‘to shoot’.

(367)	Bo 39.124.11
	Walawa ꝥ ða ungesæligan men ne magon gebidon hwonne he him to cume, ac forsceotað hine foran, swa swa wilde deor willnað oðer to acwellenne. (cf. Met 27.19a foran to sciotan)
	‘Alas that these unhappy men cannot wait when he would come to them, but prevent him beforehand, as wild animals want to kill others’.

(368)	ÆCHomI,34 470.159
	ða mid þam þe petrus wolde befrignan þam hælende. þa forsceat se hælend hine þe ealle þing wat þus cweðende;
	‘when Peter intended to ask the Lord, then the Lord who knows all things anticipated him, saying thus’

4.12. Forteon

Forteon ‘to pull; cover; mislead’ is used in various senses, though it occurs only seven times.

(369)	Met 22 34a
	mid gedwolmiste dreorigne sefangecerdo
	fortihð mod foran manna gehwelces,
	‘with the mist of error (the sin) leads the sorrowful mind of everyone astray beforehand’

(370)	Lch II(2) 36.1.1
	be miltewærce … þa men beoð mægre & unrote, blace on onsyne þeah þe hie ær fætte wæron … & fnæstiað swiþe, beoþ fortogene.
	‘about the pain in the spleen … these men are lean and sad, pale in face though they had been fat, … and breathe very hard, and subject to sudden pain’

4.13. Fortredan

Fortredan ‘to tread under foot; crush’ emphasises and expands the sense of tredan ‘to tread’.

(371)	Mt 7.6 [ne forte conclucent eas pedibus suis et conuersi disrumpant uos]
	Li: ðy læs hia getrede ða ilco mið fotum hiora ד gewoendo ł gecerdo toslitas iuh
	Ru1: þyles hiæ tredan ða heora fotum ד gehwerfæþ to slite eowic
	WSCp: þe lǽs hig mid hyra fotum hig fortredon. ד hig þonne ongean gewende eow toslyton;
	AV: lest they trample them vnder their feete, and turne againe and rent you.

(372)	Ps 90.13 [Super aspidem et basiliscum ambulabis, et conculcabis leonem draconem]
	A: ofer nedran ד fagwyrm gongs ד trides leon ד dracan
	D: ofer nædran ד nædran þu ӡæst ד þu fortritst leon ד dracan
	J: ofer næddran ד næddran mid þu gæst ד þu fortretst leon ד dracan
	AV: Thou shalt tread vpon the Lion, and adder: the yong Lion and the dragon shalt thou trample vnder feete.

4.14. Fortreddan

Fortreddan ‘to trample; despise’ has a more expanded sense than fortredan. (See also Section 1.167. Foryrman and Section 4.10. Forniman).

(373)	Bede 1 9.44.23
	Đa þæt ða ongeaton ða ærran gewinnan þæt se Romanisca here wæs onweg gewiten, ða coman hi sona mid sciphere on heora landgemæro, slogan eall ד cwealdon þæt hi gemetton; ד swa swa ripe yrð fortreddon ד fornamon, ד hi mid ealle foryrmdon.
	‘But when their former adversaries saw that the Roman army had gone away, they proceeded at once with a fleet to the British borders, slew and murdered all they met, and, as if it were a ripe field of corn, trod them under foot, and made havoc, and utterly ruined all’.
	(tr. Miller ([1891] 1959))

(374)	Ps 138.11 [Et dici forsitan tenebre conculcabunt me. et nox inluminatio mea in deliciis meis]
	A: ד ic cweð woeninga on ðeostru bitreodað mec ד naeht inlihtnis min in wistum minum
	J: ד ic cwæþ wenunga þistro fortredaþ me ד niht min onlihtnes on bleofæstnessum minum
	K: ד ic cweþe wenunga þrystro fortreddað me ד nihta anlyhtnes on bleofæstnes minum
	AV: If I say, Surely the darkenes shall couer me: euen the night shall bee light about me.

4.15. Fortruwian

Fortruwian ‘to presume; be over-confident’ emphasizes and expands the meaning of truwian ‘to trust’. (See also Section 5.1. Forcweþan and Section 5.13. Forseon).

(375)	CP 44.327.14-15
	Ne fortruwige he hiene æt ðære cipinge, ne wene he no ðæt Godes ryhtwisnes sie to ceape,
	‘Let them not be too confident of their bargain, nor think that God’s righteousness is for sale’

(376)	CP 32.209.5
	Đa fortruwodan, ðonne hie him selfum to suiðe truwiað, hie forsioð oðre men, & eac forcueðað.
	‘The presumptuous, when too confident in themselves, despise and revile others’.

(377)	HomU8 (Verc 2) 5
	ac we nu þam geliccost fortruwode þe he us no to ne cyme
	‘but we now most likely trusted that he will not come to us’

4.16. Forþræstan

Forþræstan ‘to crush; stifle’ has emphatic and expanded senses of þræstan ‘to twist’. (See also Section 1.48. Forgnidan, Section 1.102. Forsmorian, Section 5.10. Forhogian, Section 5.11. Forhycgan and Section 5.13. Forseon).

(378)	ÆCHomII,6(C) 55.94
	Woruldcara and welan. and flæsclice lustas forsmoriað ðæs modes ðrotan. and ne geðafiað gódne willan infaran to his heortan. swilce hí ðone líflican blǽd forðræstne acwellon;
	‘worldly care and riches and carnal lusts choke the troat of mind and do not allow God’s will to enter his heart, in such a way that they kill the living spirit affected’

(379)	Ps 50.19 [Sacriticium deo spiritus contribulatus cor contritum et humiliatum. deus non spernit [Gallican: despicies].]
	A: onsegdnis gode gas geswenced heorte forðrested ד geeaðmodad god ne forhogad
	C: onsæӡdniss ӡode ӡast ӡeswincys heorte forþræst ד ӡeadmedd ӡod ne forhoӡað
	D: onsæӡdnis ӡast ӡeswenced ł ӡeunrotsod heortan forӡnidene ӡeeaðmedde na forhyӡeð
	I: onsægdness gode gast geunrotsad ł gedrefed heortan þa tobryttan god ne forhyge þu ł þu ne forsihst
	AV: The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise.

5. Antonymous and Expanded

5.1. Forcweþan

Forcweþan ‘to reproach; refuse’ is antonymous and somewhat expanded in the sense of cweþan ‘to say’.

(380)	CP 5.43.6
	Gif ðonne seo feding ðara sceapa bið ðære lufan taken, hwi forcwið ðonne se ðe him God suelce cræftas giefð ðæt he ne fede his heorde, buton he cueðan wielle ðæt he ne lufige ðone Hlaford & ðone hean Hierde eallra gesceafta?
	‘If, then, the feeding of the sheep is the sign of love, why does he, to whom God has given such qualities, refuse to feed his flock, unless he would wish to say that he does not love the Lord and high Shepherd of all creatures?’

(381)	Mk 7.2 [et cum uidissent quosdam ex discipulis eius communibus id est non lotis manducare panes uitu-perauerunt]
	Li: ד miððy gesegon sume oðero from ðegnum his gemænelicum mið hondum ꝥ is un-ðuegenum eata hlafo forcuoedon
	Ru2: ד mið-ðy gisegun sume oðre of ðegnum his gimetelicum mið honðum ðæt is un-ðwægnum eotas hlafas for-cwedun hiæ
	WSCp: ד þa hi ge-sawon sume of his learning-cnihton besmitenum handum ꝥ is ún-þwogenum handum etan. hi tældon hi ד cwædon;
	AV: And when they saw some of his disciples eate bread with defiled (that is to say, with vnwashen) hands, they found fault.

5.2. Forcyþan

Forcyþan ‘to rebuke; blame’ shows a similar development of the meaning of cyþan ‘to make known’ as forcweþan to cweþan. (See also Section 3.3. Forcuman).

(382)	MSol 176a
	Hæfde ða se snotra sunu Dauides
	forcumen and forcyðed Caldea eorl.
	‘The clever son of David had overcome and rebuked earl of Chaldea’.

(383)	MtHeadGl (Li) 80 [Item arguit pharisaeos aedificantes sepulchra prophetarum]
	ec forcyðas ł geðreatas ꝥ hia getimbredon byrgenna ꝥara witgena
	‘they also rebuke (pharisees) that they built sepulcher of the prophets’

5.3. Fordeman

Fordeman ‘to condemn; sentence’ is used in the sense of condemnation in most instances. (See also Section 5.4. Fordon).

(384)	CP 49.377.16
	Forðæm he for ðære anre scylde ðære swigan bið awierged & fordemed from ðæm folce, forðæm he manigne gelæran meahte, gif he wolde.
	‘He is accursed and condemned by the people for the one sin of silence, because he could have taught many, if he would’.

(385)	ChronD 1076.37
	se kyngc wæs þa þone midwinter on Westmynstre, þær mon fordemde [E 1075.29: fordyde] ealle þa Bryttas þe wæron æt þam brydlope æt Norðwic,
	‘the king spent Christmas at Westminster and there all the Britons who attended that bridal at Norwich were sentenced to punishment’

(386)	ÆLS (AshWed) 241
	Heo nolde seccgan unsoð and hi sylfe fordeman. forðan þe se leasa muð ofslihð þæs mannes sawle.
	‘She would not speak untruth of herself and condemn because a lying mouth destroys a man’s soul’.

5.4. Fordon

Fordon ‘to destroy; to put to death; corrupt’ is used in the sense of putting someone to death or something to ruin in most instances.

(387)	ChronE 870.3
	þa Deniscan sige naman & þone cining oflogon & þet land eall geeodon & fordiden ealle þa mynstre þa hi to comen.
	‘the Danes won the victory and they slew the king and overran the entire kingdom and destroyed all the monasteries which they came to’

(388)	ÆLS (George) 64
	For ðe geori ic begeat þisne dry. oferswyð his drycræft oððe he þe oferswyðe. oððe he fordó þe oððe þu fordo hine.
	‘For thee, George, I have procured this magician; overcome his magic, or let him overcome thee, either let him undo thee, or do thou undo him’.
	(tr. Skeat (1881–1900))

(389)	Mt 10.21 [et insurgent filii in parentes et morte eos afficient]
	Li: ד wið arríssas suna in áldrum ד mið deaðe hia ofslaes
	Ru1: ד áriseþ suna wið freondum ד deaþe hiae cwelmaþ
	WSCp: ד bearn arisaþ ongen magas ד to deaþe hí fordoþ.
	AV: and the children shall rise vp against their parents, and cause them to be put to death.

5.5. Forfaran

Forfaran ‘to perish; destroy’ can be compared with the non-prefixed counterpart faran ‘to go’ in its meaning.16 (See also Section 3.15. Forlosian, Section 3.25. Forspillan and Section 5.4. Fordon).

(390)	ChronE 1096.21
	ac þes folces þe be Hungrie for, fela þusenda þær & be wæge earmlice forforan,
	‘but many thousands of those who went by Hungary perished miserably there and on the way’

(391)	Mt 10.39 [Qui inuenit animam suam perdet illam et qui perdiderit animam suam propter me inueniet eam]
	Li: seðe begettes ł ðe infindes sauel his loseð ł fordoeð hia ł ða ד seðe welle losige ł loses ł fordoes ł forfæras sawel his fore meh onfindes hia ł ða ilco
	Ru1: seþe gemoete saule ł ferh his forleose þæt ד seþe forleoseð ferh his for mec he gemoeteþ þæt
	WSCp: Se þe ge-met hys sawle se for-spilþ hig. ד se þe for-spilþ hys sawle for mé hé ge-mét hi;
	AV: He that findeth his life, shall lose it: and he that loseth his life for my sake, shall find it.

5.6. Forferan

Forferan ‘to perish; go astray’ has much the same sense as forfaran and can be compared with the non-prefixed counterpart feran ‘to go’. (See also Section 5.15. Forweorþan).

(392)	ChronF 1016.5
	se cing Ægelred ær forðferde ær þa scipan coman; he forferde [E: geendode his dagas] on sancta Georgies mæssedæg æfter miclum geswince & earfoðnissum his liues
	‘King Æthelred passed away before the ships arrived; he perished on St. George’s day, after a life of much hardship and many difficulties’.

(393)	ÆCHomI,24 374.106
	nigon engla werod þær wæron to lafe, & þær teoþe forferde [H: forwearð].
	‘nine hosts of angels there were to remain, and the tenth went astray’

5.7. Forgyfan

Forgyfan ‘to give in response; give up; forgive’ has various senses like ‘to give, give up, forgive’ and has an additional semantic expansion according to the context.

(394)	ÆGram 139.6
	seo feorðe PRAETERITVM gæð þus: … do ic gyfe, dedi ic geaf, datum forgyfen.
	ÆGram 167.6
	tribuo ic sylle oððe forgyfe

(395)	And 1586b
	Geofon swaðrode
	þurh aliges hæs, hlyst yst forgeaf,
	brimrad gebad.
	‘The sea became calm by the saint’s command, the storm gave up hearing (by men), the course of flood remained still’.

(396)	GenB 662a
	Gif þu him heodæg wuht hearmes gespræce,
	he forgifð hit þeah, gif wit him geongordom
	læstan willað.
	‘Even if you speak today anything of result for him, he will forgive it, if we two intend to perform service for him’.

(397)	ChronD 925.1
	her Æþelstan cyning & Sihtric Norðhymbra cyng heo gesamnodon æt Tameweorðþige III kalendas Februarius, & Æþelstan his sweostor him forgeaf [C: geaf].
	‘In this year King Athelstan and Sihtric, king of Northumbria, met at Tamworth on 30 January, and Athelstan gave him his sister in marriage’.

(398)	ÆLS (Lucy) 9.13617
	Swa swa seo catanenscisce burh binnan hire weallum hæfð minre swyster agathen. miccle fore-þingunga. swa ic eom forgifen. fram þam ælmihtigan gode nu þyssere byrig. siracusanan. eow to geþingienne. gif ge foð to geleafan.
	‘Even as the city of Catana within its walls has the powerful intercessions of my sister Agatha, so am I allotted by Almighty God now to this city of Syracuse, to intercede for you, if ye receive the faith’.
	(tr. Skeat (1881–1900))

5.8. Forgytan

Forgytan ‘to forget; neglect’ shows antonymous and expanded senses of gytan ‘to get’, which has only four occurrences in glosses (f. DOE (Healey et al. 2008); also cf. ofergietan ‘to forget’).

(399)	CP 3.35.6
	On ðære gesundfulnesse mon forgiett his selfes; on ðæm gesuincum he sceal hine selfne geðencean, ðeah he nylle.
	‘In prosperity men forget themselves; in adversity they must remember themselves, even if they are unwilling’.

(400)	Bo 42.148.14
	Ne ofman he næfre nane wuht, forðæm he næfre nauht ne forgeat.
	‘He never remembers anything, because he never forgot anything’.

(401)	Ps 43.21 [Si obliti sumus nomen dei nostril et si expandimus manus nostras ad deum alienum]
	A: gif ofergeotulæ we sind noma godes ures ד gif we aðennað honda ure to gode ðæm fremðan
	B: ӡif oferӡitelende we beoð noman ӡodes ures ד ӡif we ađennađ hand aura to ӡode đæm fremdan
	F: gyf we ofergeaton naman godes ure ד gyf we aðeniað hand aura to gode ælfremedum
	I: gif we forgytaþ naman godes ures ד gif we astreccaþ handa ure to gode ælfremedum
	AV: If wee haue forgotten the name of our God, or stretched out our hands to a strange God:

5.9. Forhealdan

Forhealdan ‘to withhold; neglect’ has antonymous and expanded meanings of healdan ‘to hold’. (See also Section 1.61. Forhelan).

(402)	Beo 2381a
	hæfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga,
	þone selestan sæcyninga
	‘they had rebelled against the protector of the Scylfings, the best of the sea-kings’

(403)	WHom 20.2 55
	ac æghwilc ælmesriht þe man on Godes est scolde mid rihte georne gelæstan ælc man gelitlað oððe forhealdeð,
	‘but each right of receiving alms, which one must follow everyone in God’s grace eagerly and properly, decreases or withholds’

(404)	ChronE 1114.2018
	ða he to him com, þa neodde he him to þam biscoprice of Hrofeceastre, & þa arcebiscopes & biscopes & þet dugeð þet wæs on Englalande forð mid se cyng; & he lange wiðstod, ac hit ne forheol naht.
	‘When he (Abbot Ernulf) came to him (the king), he urged him to accept the bishopric of Rochester, and the archbishops, bishops, and the nobility of England supported the king; and he resisted for a long time, but it was of no avail’.

5.10. Forhogian

Forhogian ‘to scorn; neglect’ has antonymous and expanded meanings of hogian ‘to think, care for’. (See also Section 2.3. Forgyman and Section 5.11. Forhycgan).

(405)	And 1381a
	Þær ðu syððan a, susle gebunden,
	in wræc wunne, wuldres blunne,
	syððan ðu forhogedes heofoncyninges word.
	‘There thou, ever after, bound in torments, suffered in exile, lost glory, when thou despised the word of heavenly king’.

(406)	Mald 254b
	He ful yrre wod,
	feaht fæstlice, fleam he forhogode.
	‘He advanced in full anger, and fought resolutely; he scorned flight’.

(407)	Ps 101.18 [Et respexit in orationem pauperum [Gallican: humilium]. et non spreuit preces eorum]
	A: ד gelocað in gebeodu ðearfena ד ne forhogað bene heara
	D: ד he ӡelocade on ӡebed þearfana ד na he forhyӡde bena heora
	E: ד forelocæþ on gebede þeærfænæ ד ne hyrweþ bebod hioræ
	I: he beseah to gebede eadmodra ד he ne forseah ł forhygde bene heora
	L: ד gelocode on gebedo ðearfena ד ne forhogode bena hira
	AV: He will regard the prayer of the destitute, and not despise their prayer.

5.11. Forhycgan

Forhycgan ‘to scorn; despise’ has much the same meaning as forhogian; owing to their morphological resemblance, both verbs can be used alternatively in glosses.

(408)	Jn 5.45 [nolite putare quia ego accusaturus sim uos apud patrem est qui accusat uos moses in quo uos speratis]
	Li: nalle gie woenæ ꝥte ic forhycgende ł sie mið ðone fæder is seðe forhycgað iuih moises in ðæm gie hyhtas
	Ru2: nallað giwoena ꝥte ic for-hyccende sie iowih mið ðone fæder is seðe forhogað iowih … in ðone ge gi-hyhtas
	WSCp: ne wene ge ꝥ ic eow wrege to fæder. Se is þe eow wregð. moyses on þone ge ge-hyhtað;
	AV: Do not thinke that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, euen Modrd, in whom you trust?

(409)	Ps 21.24-25 [uniuersum semen iacob magnificate [Gallican: glorificate] eum. Timeat eum omne semen israhel⸵ quoniam non spreuit neque dispexit precem [Gallican: deprecationem] pauperum]
	B: eall sæd iacobes mioliađ hine ondræde hine eall sæd israhela forđon ne forhoӡde ne forseh bene þearfena
	D: all sæd ӡetreowfulra ӡemicliað hine andræde hine eal sæd ealre ӡetreowfulnisse forhyӡede ד ne forseah bene ðearfna
	G: eall sæd (ł cynn) getreowfulra ł iacobes gewuldriað ge hine ondræd(að) hine ealle sæd (ł cynn) israhela forþam þe he ne ahyrweð ł forhogede ד ne forsyhð (he) bene þearfæna
	I: eall ofspryng ł sæd ł cyn iacobes wuldriað hine ondræde hine eall sæd israheles forðan þe ne awearp for forseah halsunge ł gecleopunga ł bene þearfan
	AV: all yee the seede of Iacob glorifie him, and feare him all yee the seede of Israel. For he hath not despised, nor abhorred the affliction of the afflicted;

5.12. Forsecgan

Forsecgan ‘to defame; accuse falsely’ is used in the sense of saying wrong or false things to put someone in a very difficult situation. (See also Section 1.70. Forleogan, Section 5.2. Forcyþan, and Section 5.5. Forfaran).

(410)	ÆCHomI,3 201.9
	Moyses .æ. tæhte þæt swa hwa swa oðerne to deaðe forsæde: sceolde wurpan þone forman stan: to ðam þe he ær mid his tungan acwealde
	‘Moses’ law taught that whoever caused other’s death must throw the first stone to whom he had killed with his tongue’.

(411)	ÆLS (BookofKings) 191
	Habbað eow gemot. and to middes settað naboð eowerne nehgebúr. biddað lease gewitan þæt hi hine forsecgan on eowere gesamnunge ðus.
	‘Hold ye a meeting and set Naboth in the midst, even your neighbour, and bid false witnesses so that they accuse him in your assembly thus’

(412)	ÆLS (AshWed) 198
	þu wast þæt ic ne wið-sace þæt ic sylf ne forfare. ac ic nelle secgan unsoð on me sylfe þæt ic wið þe ne syngie. gif ic me sylfe forleoge. Heo cwæð þa to ðam cnihte. eala þu forcuðost amnna. hwi woldest þu forsecgan unc unscildige swa?
	‘“Thou knowest that I will not refuse for myself to die, but I will not speak untruth of myself, that I may not sin against thee, if I belie myself.” She said then to the youth, “Oh thou wickedest of men! Why wouldest thou thus falsely accuse us guiltless ones?”’
	(tr. Skeat (1881–1900))

5.13. Forseon

Forseon ‘to despise; spurn; reject’ has antonymous and expanded meanings of seon ‘to see, look; observe; understand’. Since the non-prefixed seon has many meanings, senses of the prefixed counterpart are wider than expected (cf. oferseon ‘to overlook; despise’).

(413)	ChronA 910.1
	her bræc se here on Norðhymbrum þone frið, & forsawon ælc frið þe Eadweard cyng & his witan him budon & hergodon ofer Mercna lond
	‘in this year the host in Northumbria broke the truce, and rejected with scorn every peace that king Edward and his councillors offered them, and harried across Mercia’

(414)	Ps 53.9 [Quoniam ex omni tribulatione eripuisti me. et super inimicos meos. respexit oculus tuus]
	A: for ðon of alre geswencednisse ðu generedes mec ד ofer feond mine gelocade ege ðin
	E: Forðæn of ællum eærfoþnesse ł geswince ðu generedest me ד ofer fiend mine foreseah eagæ ðin
	F: forðam þe of eallum geswince þu generodest me ד ofer fynd mine beheold eagen min
	I: forðan of ælcere gedrefednysse þu generodest ד ofer mine fynd forseah min eage
	P: Forþon þu me alysdest, lifes ealdor, of earfoðum eallum symble, ealle mine fynd eagum ofersawe.
	AV: For hee hath deliuered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath seene his desire vpon mine enemies.

(415)	Mk 8.38 [Qui enim me confusus fuerit et mea uerba in generatione ista odultera et peccatrice et filius hominis confidetur eum]
	Li: seðe forðon mec ondetenta bið ד mino word in cneoreso ðas ðerne-leger ד arg ד sunu monnes ondeteð hine
	Ru2: se ðe forðon mec ondettende bið ד mine word in cneoreswum ðassum derne-giligru ד arog-nisse ד sunu monnes ondeteð hine
	WSCp: Soðlice se þe me for-syhð ד mine word on þisre unriht-hæmedan ד synfulran cneorisse. ðone mannes sunu for-syhþ;
	AV: Whosoeuer therefore shall be ashamed of me, and of my word in this adulterous and sinfull generation, of him also shall the Sonne of man bee ashamed,

5.14. Forstandan

Forstandan, ‘to stand in the way of; withstand; defend; avail; understand’ has various senses (cf. G verstehen), see also Ogura (1993).

(416)	Beo 1549b
	Him on eaxle læg
	breostnet broden; þæt gebearh feore,
	wið ord ond wið ecge ingang forstod.
	‘The woven hauberk lay upon his shoulder. That preserved his life, barred entry against point and edge’.
	(tr. Clark Hall ([1911] 1972))

(417)	Beo 2955b
	hæfde Higelaces hilde gefrunen,
	wlonces wigcræft, wiðres ne truwode,
	þæt he sæmannum onsacan mihte,
	heaðoliðendum hord forstandan,
	bearn ond bryde;
	‘He had had knowledge of Hygelac’s fighting powers, of the proud one’s skill in war, and trusted not in resistance that he might withstand the sea-folk, and defend his treasures, children and wife from the ocean-farers;’
	(tr. Clark Hall ([1911] 1972))

(418)	GenA 2524a
	Gif git þæt fæsten fyre willað
	steape forstandan, on þære stowe we
	gesunde magon sæles bidan,
	feorh generigan.
	‘If ye will shield that lofty stronghold from the flame, we may abide there for a time secure, and save our lifes’.

(419)	GenB 769b
	selfe forstodon
	his word onwended.
	‘they (Adam and Eve) realised themselves that His word had been transgressed’

(420)	CP 15.91.25
	Gif ðonne se sacerd bið ungerad ðæs lareowdomes, hwæt forstent ðonne his gehlyd?
	‘But if the teacher is unskilled in instruction, what avails his cry?’

(421)	Bo 5.12.29
	Uneaþe ic mæg forstandan þine acsunga, ד cwyst þeah ꝥ ic þe andwyrdan scyle.
	‘I can scarcely understand your question and yet you say that I have to answer you’.

5.15. Forweorþan

Forweorþan ‘to perish; deteriorate’ is antonymous to weorþan ‘to be, become’ and expands its meaning according to the context. (See also Section 1.71. Forleosan).

(422)	ApT 2.14
	soðlice on me earmre is mines fæder nama reowlice forworden and me nu forðam deað þearle gelicað
	‘indeed my father’s name is grievously destroyed in accordance with my wretchedness, and therefore now, death is very much pleased for me’

(423)	CP 59.541.33
	Đonne forwyrð ðin broður for ðinum ðingum, for ðone ær Crist geðrowade.
	‘Then thy brother will perish on thy account, for whom Christ formerly suffered’.

(424)	Mt 15.24 [non sum missus nisi ad oues quae perierunt domus israhel]
	Li: nam ic gesended buta to scipum ða ðe deade weron hus israheles
	Ru1: ne ic wæs asended nymþe to scipum þæm þe forloren wyrdon husęs israheles.
	WSCp: ne eom ic asend. buton to þam sceapum. þe forwurdon of israhela huse;
	AV: I am not sent, but vnto the lost sheepe of the house of Israel.

5.16. Forwyrcan¹

Forwyrcan¹ ‘to do wrong; destroy; make guilty’ has antonymous and expanded meanings in contrast with the non-prefixed wyrcan ‘to do, make, deserve’.

(425)	GenB 837a
	Nis me on worulde niod
	æniges þegnscipes, nu ic mines þeodnes hafa
	hyldo forworhte, þæt ic hie habban ne mæg.
	‘Not for me will there be the joy of rendering any service in the world now that I have forfeited the favour of my prince, so that I may not enjoy it’.

(426)	ÆCHomI,20 343.243
	ac se deofol forwyrhte hine sylfne þa ða he tthte þæt iudeisce folc to þæs hælendes selge.
	‘but the devil destroyed himself when he accused the Jewish people as the Lord’s slayer’

(427)	WHom 15 37
	and gif hwylc man þonne Godes lage swa swyðe abrece þæt he hine sylfne openlice wið God forwyrce mid healicre misdæde,
	‘and if anyone break God’s law so severely that he commit a crime against God openly with great misdeed’

6. Emphatic and Antonymous

Forsellan

Forsellan ‘to give up; lose’ is antonymous to the non-prefixed counterpart sellan ‘to give’ and used emphatically in the passive or reflexive construction.

(428)	ÆLet 3 141
	wa ðam, ðe for sceattum forsyhþ [B: sylæð] hyne silfne and awent soð to leasum and leas to soðum
	‘woe to the one, who gives up himself for money and changes truth to lie and lie to truth’

(429)	Ps 30.13 [excidi [Gallican: obliuioni datus sum] tamquam mortuus a corde. et factus sum. sicut uas perditum]
	A: ic gesnerc swe swe dead from heortan ד geworden ic eam swe swe fet forloren
	G: forgytelnesse forgifen ł forsealde ic eom swaswa dead fram heortan worden ic eom swaswa fæt forloren
	I: forgytelnesse geseald ic eom swaswa se deada fram heortan geworden ic eom swaswa fæt forspilled ł forloren
	AV: I am forgotten as a dead man out of mind: I am like a broken vessell.

(430)	Ps 72.27 [Quia ecce qui elongant se a te peribunt. perdes [Gallican: perdidisti] omnes qui fornicantur abs te]
	A: for ðon sehðe ða afirrað hie from ðe forweorðað ðu forspildes alle ða dernliggað from ðe
	D: forðon efnenu þa ðe afeorriað hy fram þe hy forweorþað þu forspilst ealle þa ðe forliӡliað fram ðe
	G: forþan efne nu þa þe afeorriað hy fram þe forweorðað þu forsealdest ealle þa þe forligriað fram þe
	I: forþi þe eofne þa þe fyrsiaþ hig fram þe losiaþ þu fordydest ælcne man se þe hæmþ butan ł fram þe
	AV: For loe, they that are farre from thee, shall perish: thou hast destroyed all them that goe a whoring from thee.

7. Only One Occurrence

There are 66 for-verbs which occur only once in the whole Old English corpus. Some occur only two or three times, but it is difficult to use the term “rare” for them, when the possibility of future findings can be considered.

7.1. In Gloss

When a verb occurs only once in a gloss, it is quite likely that the verb is a Latin rendering. In total, 31 for-verbs occur only in gloss, and 14 of them occur only once.

7.2. In Only One Text

Sometimes only one text contains a particular for-verb. Leechdom or Law, for instance, may have technical terms for its own field. There is also a case that shows only one occurrence of a for-verb in ordinary prose, although the context may reveal a strong influence of the Latin original.

8. Only in Poetry

It seems important to stress the examples that occur only in poetry, especially when there is the only one instance; 14 for-verbs occur only in poetry, and 10 of them are attested only once, i.e.,: forhylman, forpyndan, forscufan, forsiþian, forswelan, fortyllan, forþecgan, forþolian, forwegan and forwritan.19

9. Mainly in the Past Participle (Including the Present Participle, in Adjectival Use)

Since the participles, both present and past, can be used as adjectives, participles of for-verbs occur with that function. In some for-verbs, however, this seems to be the main function in the extant Old English texts (e.g., forgriwen and forsmiten).

10. Summary

10.1. For-verbs are used emphatically in most instances, but some verbs have expanded and antonymous meanings. It is often difficult to define two meanings clearly. For-verbs that can be used mostly in an antonymous sense to their non-prefixed counterparts are for(e)beodan, forgyfan, forgyman, forgytan, forlædan, forlæran, forsellan and forswerian.

10.2. For-verbs are often found in gloss, Law and Leechdom, as well as in ordinary prose and in poetry. This means that some of them are used for technical terms which are rarely found outside of legal and medical fields, but others are not made for special uses only. In gloss, for-verbs are often chosen as an alternative to their non-prefixed counterpart in the same context.

10.3. In poetry, the prefix for- is a non-alliterating syllable, but two for-verbs are often in pair in a half-line. Such pairs are often seen in prose as well.

10.4. For-verbs are used as variants of both non-prefixed verbs and other prefixed verbs. This use makes the semantic definition of some for-verbs disputed.

10.5. When a for-verb occurs only once, it can be a translation of a particular Latin word and/or a choice of a particular scribe. If there is no Latin, the meaning should be conjectured from the context.

10.6. The past participle form of for-verbs appears in adjectival use in many texts and contexts; some for-verbs are especially found performing this function.