Abstract
In the present article, we introduce the bivariate variant of Beta integral type operators based on Appell polynomials via q-calculus. We study the local and global type approximation properties for these new operators. Next, we introduce the GBS form for these new operators and then study the degree of approximation by means of modulus of smoothness, mixed modulus of smoothness and Lipschitz class of Bögel continuous functions.
Keywords:
Szász operators; q-integers; Appell polynomial; Jakimovski–Leviatan operators; simultaneous approximation; mixed-modulus of continuity; Bögel functions MSC:
41A25; 41A36; 33C45
1. Introduction and Preliminaries
In 1950, very famous mathematician, Szász, introduced the operators known as Szász positive linear operators [1]. Suppose and the class of all continuous functions on is , then, for all , the Szász operators are defined as:
Later, the development of Szász operators introduced by the identity of Appell polynomials [2] and an advance technique of Appell polynomials were been addressed by Jakimovski and Leviatan in 1969 [3] by:
where for and . Let denote the set of functions defined by such that , where are positive constants. For further development, we prefer to see the Jakimovski–Leviatan types and other related articles [4,5,6,7,8,9,10].
The family of q-Appell polynomials introduced by Al-Salam (see [11,12]) by using the generating functions , such that:
where the q-differential and notice that , with is a positive constant. In addition, the generating function satisfies the equality . Here, we note some basic formulae of q-calculus, thus, the q-integer is given by:
For the q-factorial is defined by:
In the standard approach, the exponential functions for q-calculus:
while the q-Jackson improper integral of the function f is given as:
where is the set of real numbers.
The q-beta function is defined as follows:
and for :
with the explicit form of:
while the Gamma function in the form is defined as follows:
satisfying , , and
and a relation of the Beta and Gamma functions given as:
In the present context, we consider the recent development of the published article [13] and then construct the operators in terms of two variables supposing . Finally, we study the approximation results in terms bivariate functions by modulus and mixed-modulus of continuity and Lipschitz maximal functions. Next, we also construct the GBS-type polynomial functions and obtain the approximation in terms of Bögel continuous functions. For more related concepts on these classes of functions, we prefer to see the recent published article by Nasiruzzaman et al. [14,15,16,17,18,19]. In addition, there are various operators in several functional spaces given by the authors: Mohiuddine et al. [20,21,22,23], Mursaleen et al. [24,25], Acar et al. [26], Kajla et al. [27], Özger et al. [28], and Rao et al. [29,30].
2. Operators and Their Associated Moments
Take , and is the class of all continuous functions on and satisfies the norm by . Suppose . Then, for all such that , and we define:
where
and
It is noticed that for all and we have:
with
Lemma 1.
Proof.
We easily see that:
On the other hand, we obtain . □
Lemma 2.
For all if we take and then for each we have:
Lemma 3.
Let and be the test functions such that . Then, for every operators have the following equalities:
Proof.
For we take:
For we obtain:
By applying:
For we have:
We use the equality (23) and :
Similarly, we obtain the other identities. This completes the proof. □
Lemma 4.
Take for all . Then, for any and suppose .
Then, for all with , we obtain:
Remark 1.
Let then, for any we take:
Lemma 5.
For any and sufficiently large the operators verify the following inequalities:
3. Approximation in Weighted Space and Degree of Convergence
For any weight function given, such that , which satisfies the properties where is defined for the class of all bounded functions on . In addition, take as the m-times continuously differentiable functions on . The norm on is equipped by . Moreover, some classified functions are defined as follows:
For all and the weighted modulus of continuity of function f, suppose be defined by:
for any , one has:
Theorem 1.
Let . Then, for sufficiently large the operators satisfy the inequality:
where and for .
Proof.
For all , we have:
On applying the positive linear operator and taking into account the well-known Cauchy–Schwarz inequality:
Take into account Lemma 5 and for all if we choose then:
This completes the proof. □
Lemma 6
([31,32]). For the positive sequence of operators which act as , then there exists some positive K such that:
Theorem 2
([31,32]). For the positive sequence of operators acting as defined earlier, the following conditions are satisfied:
Then, for all :
and there exists another function such that:
Theorem 3.
If then we have:
Proof.
Now, for all there exists a positive constant K such that:
Therefore, in order to prove Theorem 3, it is sufficient to take from the Lemma 3 and Theorem 2. Thus, we aimed to prove of Theorem 3. □
Here, we obtain the approximations of our new operators by the use of the second-order modulus of continuity. For this purpose, if any and , then the second-order modulus of continuity in terms of partial continuity is given by:
with with the partial modulus of continuity defined as:
While for any function and , one has taken the modulus of continuity of order one , and it is defined such that and:
Theorem 4.
If , then we obtain the inequality for the operators :
Proof.
For proof of Theorem 4, we use the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, therefore, we obtain here:
where and = which then led to results. □
Next, we obtain the convergence by use of class of the Lipschitz maximal in bivariate form for any function . For any positive constant K and the Lipschitz maximal function on any set is given by:
Theorem 5.
For all if then we obtain:
where and are defined by Theorem 4 and .
Proof.
Take into account and . For any and , we let . Thus, we can write here:
Applying , we obtain:
For all and we know the inequality . Then, it is easy to obtain:
Therefore:
by the use of the Hölder inequality, we obtain the equality:
Thus, it is easy to obtain:
This completes the proof. □
Theorem 6.
Suppose . Then, for all , the operators have the equality:
where and are given by Theorem 4.
Proof.
For any and fixed we take:
Apply operators on both sides, then:
The sup-norm on gives us:
Taking into account (39)–(41), it is easy to obtain:
□
Theorem 7.
For an arbitrary function we define the auxiliary operators as:
Then, for all , the operators verify the inequality:
where and are defined by Lemma 3.
Proof.
By the use of Lemma 3, it is easy to obtain and . In addition, for any from the Taylor series expansions, we obtain:
On applying we see that:
From this hypothesis, we easily obtain:
Thus:
which completes the desired proof of Theorem 7.
□
4. GBS-Type Approximation in Bögel Space
Suppose . Take any function for real compact intervals of . For all suppose denotes the bivariate mixed difference operators defined as follows:
If at any point , the function defined on then .
If set of all the space of all Bögel-continuous (B-continuous) denoted by on and be defined such that . Next, the Bögel-differentiable function on be and limit exists finite defined by:
Let the classes of all Bögel-differentiable function denoted by and be B—. Suppose the function f is B-bounded on D and be then for all there exists positive constant M such that . The classes of all B-continuous function is called a B-bounded on when is compact subset. Let denote the classes of all B-bounded function defined on , which equipped the norm on B as . As we know to approximate the degree for a set of all B-continuous function on positive linear operators, it is essential to use the properties of mixed-modulus of continuity. So, we let for all and and , the mixed-modulus of continuity of function f such that and be defined such as:
For any , we suppose the classes of all B-continuous function defined on denoted by . Moreover, let set of all ordinary continuous function defined on be . For further details on space of Bögel functions and GBS-type operators related to this paper, we propose the article [33,34,35,36,37,38].
Let and . Then, for all , we define the GBS-type new positive linear operators for the operators . Thus, we suppose:
More precisely, the generalized GBS operator for the bivariate function is defined as follows:
where and .
Theorem 8.
For all , the operators verify that:
where and are defined by Theorem 4.
Proof.
Let and For all and it follows that:
From (45) and the well-known Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, we easily conclude that:
In the view of Theorem 4, we easily obtain our results.
□
If we let then the Lipschitz function in terms of B-continuous functions is defined by:
where M is a positive constant, and the Euclidean norm = .
Theorem 9.
For all the operators satisfy:
where and are defined by Theorem 4.
Proof.
We easily see that:
Therefore:
□
Theorem 10.
For all and we obtain:
where C is any positive constant.
Proof.
Suppose and
For all , it follows that:
Here, is the mixed-modulus of continuity, and it follows that:
Therefore, it is obvious that:
which follows that:
From Lemma 5, we demonstrate:
where, in the view of Theorem 1, we have for , which completes the proof of Theorem 10. □
5. Conclusions
In our investigation, we introduced the bivariate form of the previous operators [13] and then obtained the GBS-type approximation in the Bögel continuous function. These types of constructions of operators give an extended form of Jakimovski–Leviatan-Beta type —integral operators given by [13]. We studied the bivariate properties of our new operators by the use of the modulus of continuity and the mixed-modulus of continuity and then obtained the degree of approximations for Lipschitz-class maximal functions. Moreover, we are mentioning here that the convergence at a certain point by GBS-type operators defined by (46) is more generalized than the bivariate operator (15) and the operator defined by [13]. Finally, in our future work, we will study the statistical approximation of these operators, as well as the approximation properties, by using power series methods, including some shape-preserving properties of these types operators.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not Applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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