Older Adults’ Avoidance of Public Transportation after the Outbreak of COVID-19: Korean Subway Evidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Change in the Pattern of Subway Use Demand Amid the Pandemic in Seoul
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. Seoul Bigdata Campus
2.1.2. Seoul Open Data Plaza
2.2. Empirical Model
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Subway Use (Number of Rides) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Group | Year | Mean | Min | Max | SD |
Total | 2018 | 114,920,221 | 100,453,195 | 123,690,832 | 6,874,797 |
2019 | 117,422,892 | 100,588,781 | 126,864,286 | 7,447,456 | |
2020 | 87,755,394 | 75,018,658 | 111,563,274 | 11,061,701 | |
20 to 64 years | 2018 | 93,219,289 | 81,810,105 | 100,149,309 | 5,413,155 |
2019 | 95,042,169 | 81,525,891 | 102,024,162 | 5,930,896 | |
2020 | 72,398,975 | 62,409,113 | 90,678,007 | 8,662,742 | |
Over 65 years | 2018 | 13,789,837 | 11,678,379 | 14,856,445 | 944,777 |
2019 | 14,766,562 | 12,435,456 | 15,931,192 | 960,168 | |
2020 | 10,815,514 | 8,410,424 | 14,265,611 | 1,587,980 | |
Bus Use (Number of Rides) | |||||
Total | 2018 | 138,688,913 | 120,557,605 | 149,004,732 | 8,411,540 |
2019 | 144,219,373 | 120,915,659 | 154,087,859 | 9,389,018 | |
2020 | 113,406,948 | 98,244,352 | 134,661,069 | 11,473,515 |
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Independent Variable | Dependent Variable | |
---|---|---|
Log(Number of Subway Use Cases) | ||
Aged 20 to 64 Years Old | Over 65 Years Old | |
Social distancing level 1 period | −0.1301 *** | −0.1973 *** |
(0.0143) | (0.0109) | |
Social distancing level 2 period | −0.3092 *** | −0.4212 *** |
(0.0208) | (0.0158) | |
Average car speed | −0.0309 *** | −0.0437 *** |
(0.0061) | (0.0045) | |
Population | 0.0016 | −0.0009 |
(0.0011) | (0.0013) | |
Percentage of cars that were privately owned | −0.0314 ** | −0.0006 |
(0.0146) | (0.0079) | |
Average apartment price per square meter | −0.0001 * | 0.0002 *** |
(0.0000) | (0.0000) | |
Cons | 18.0675 *** | 14.3751 *** |
(1.3860) | (0.7550) | |
R-squared | 0.7674 | 0.7782 |
Observations | 675 | 675 |
Location Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes |
Independent Variable | Dependent Variable | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Log (the Number of Subway Use Cases) | ||||
Aged 20 to 64 Years Old | Over 65 Years Old | |||
Log(number of cases in Seoul) | −0.0600 *** | - | −0.0810 *** | - |
(0.0051) | (0.0048) | |||
Log(number of cases in Korea) | - | −0.0357 *** | - | −0.0627 *** |
(0.0022) | (0.0022) | |||
Average car speed | −0.0252 *** | −0.0315 *** | −0.0501 *** | −0.0410 *** |
(0.0044) | (0.0046) | (0.0034) | (0.0029) | |
Population | −0.0002 | 0.0016 | −0.0057 * | −0.0028 |
(0.0029) | (0.0020) | (0.0033) | (0.0020) | |
Percentage of cars that were privately owned | 0.0284 | −0.0323 | 0.1656 *** | 0.0871 ** |
(0.0344) | (0.0430) | (0.0395) | (0.0410) | |
Average apartment price per squre meter | 0.0001 | −0.0008 *** | 0.0008 *** | −0.0000 |
(0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0002) | (0.0001) | |
Cons | 12.8778 *** | 18.9296 *** | 0.4762 | 7.2712 * |
(3.1716) | (3.7799) | (3.4244) | (3.5412) | |
R-squared | 0.5893 | 0.6058 | 0.5671 | 0.7323 |
Observations | 225 | 225 | 225 | 225 |
Location Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Independent Variable | Dependent Variable | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Log (Number of Subway Use Cases) | ||||
Less than 16 Stations | At Least 16 Stations | |||
Aged 20–64 | Over 65 | Aged 20–64 | Over 65 | |
Social distancing level 1 | −0.1211 *** | −0.1751 *** | −0.1462 *** | −0.2193 *** |
(0.0185) | (0.0109) | (0.0155) | (0.0146) | |
Social distancing level 2 | −0.2928 *** | −0.3877 *** | −0.3349 *** | −0.4538 *** |
(0.0301) | (0.0164) | (0.0227) | (0.0197) | |
Average car speed | −0.0287 *** | −0.0500 *** | −0.0304 *** | −0.0386 *** |
(0.0069) | (0.0081) | (0.0085) | (0.0059) | |
Population | 0.0009 | −0.0017 ** | 0.0016 | −0.0006 |
(0.0015) | (0.0007) | (0.0020) | (0.0032) | |
Percentage of cars that were privately owned | 0.0335 | −0.0072 | −0.0462 *** | −0.0021 |
(0.0358) | (0.0223) | (0.0131) | (0.0112) | |
Average apartment price per squre meter | −0.0002 ** | 0.0001 ** | −0.0000 | 0.0002 *** |
(0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | (0.0000) | |
Cons | 11.9597 *** | 15.2013 *** | 19.7357 *** | 14.4994 *** |
(3.0686) | (2.0075) | (1.3862) | (1.1523) | |
R-squared | 0.7617 | 0.7740 | 0.7833 | 0.7861 |
Observations | 351 | 351 | 324 | 324 |
Location Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
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Park, B.; Cho, J. Older Adults’ Avoidance of Public Transportation after the Outbreak of COVID-19: Korean Subway Evidence. Healthcare 2021, 9, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040448
Park B, Cho J. Older Adults’ Avoidance of Public Transportation after the Outbreak of COVID-19: Korean Subway Evidence. Healthcare. 2021; 9(4):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040448
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Byungjin, and Joonmo Cho. 2021. "Older Adults’ Avoidance of Public Transportation after the Outbreak of COVID-19: Korean Subway Evidence" Healthcare 9, no. 4: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040448