Adipokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis
1.2. Role of Adipose Tissue in RA Pathophysiology
1.3. Significance of Adipokines in RA
1.4. Adipose Tissue–Skeletal Muscle Cross-Talk in RA
2. Adipokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis
2.1. Leptin
2.2. Adiponectin
2.3. Visfatin
2.4. Resistin
2.5. Other Adipokines
2.5.1. Vaspin
2.5.2. Chemerin
2.5.3. Omentin
2.5.4. Progranulin
2.5.5. Lipocalin 2
2.5.6. Nesfatin-1
2.5.7. Apelin
2.6. Adipomyokines
2.6.1. Myostatin
2.6.2. Irisin
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|
Anders et al. (1999) [209] | 58 RA patients 16 controls without RA | No differences were observed in serum leptin levels between RA patients and healthy controls. No correlations existed between serum leptin levels and DAS. |
Bokarewa et al. (2003) [198] | 76 RA patients 34 controls without RA | Plasma levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. Leptin levels in RA patients were significantly greater in plasma than in SF samples, |
Popa et al. (2005) [210] | 31 RA patients 19 controls without RA | No differences between RA patients and healthy controls in plasma leptin levels were observed. In RA patients, plasma leptin levels were inversely correlated with CRP and IL6 levels. |
Hizmetli et al. (2005) [211] | 41 RA patients 25 controls without RA | No significant difference between RA patients and the control group was observed in plasma leptin levels. No correlation was observed between serum leptin level and disease duration, ESR, or CRP in RA patients. |
Otero et al. (2006) [200] | 31 RA patients 18 controls without RA | Leptin serum levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. A positive correlation was observed between serum leptin and CRP levels. |
Gunaydin et al. (2006) [212] | 50 RA patients 34 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients than in controls. No correlations existed between serum leptin levels and disease duration, swollen and tender joint counts, DAS28, CRP, ESR, and serum TNFα levels. |
Lee et al. (2007) [213] | 50 RA patients | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients with DAS28 > 3.2. There was a positive correlation between serum leptin levels and DAS28 and CRP. |
Wislowska et al. (2007) [214] | 30 RA patients, 30 OA patients | There were no significant differences in serum leptin levels between RA and OA patients. No correlation existed between serum leptin level and disease duration, duration of morning stiffness, and DAS28 in RA patients. |
Seven et al. (2009) [215] | 20 RA patients 25 controls without RA | Serum and SF leptin levels were significantly greater in RA patients than in the control group. RA patients with moderate disease activity (DAS > 2.7) had significantly greater leptin levels than those with low disease activity (DAS < 2.7) |
Canoruç et al. (2009) [216] | 52 RA patients 52 controls without RA | Plasma leptin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. Plasma leptin level significantly correlated with ESR and swollen and tender joint count. |
Targonska-Stepniak et al. (2010) [217] | 80 RA patients | A positive correlation existed between leptin levels and the DAS28. |
Ismail et al. (2011) [218] | 40 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients than in controls. A positive correlation was observed between serum leptin levels and the DAS28. |
Yoshino et al. (2011) [219] | 141 RA patients 146 controls without RA | A positive correlation was observed between serum leptin and CRP levels. |
Olama et al. (2012) [203] | 40 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Leptin serum levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. Serum leptin level and synovial/serum leptin ratio significantly correlated with the RA duration, DAS28, ESR, CRP, TNFα, and IL-6. The serum leptin and the synovial/serum leptin ratio were significantly greater in women than in men and in erosive RA than non-erosive RA. The synovial/serum leptin ratio was positively associated with erosion in patients with RA. |
Allam et al. (2012) [220] | 37 RA patients 34 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients than in controls. There was no correlation between serum leptin level and disease duration, duration of morning stiffness, VAS, number of swollen and tender joints, DAS28, ESR or CRP in patients with RA. |
Mirfeizi et al. (2014) [221] | 54 RA patients (29 with erosion, 25 without erosion) | The two groups had no significant differences in mean serum leptin levels. |
Abdalla et al. (2014) [222] | 60 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients than in controls. No correlation between leptin levels and the DAS28. |
Bustos Rivera-Bahena et al. (2015) [223] | 121 RA patients | A positive correlation existed between leptin serum levels and disease activity. |
Oner et al. (2015) [224] | 106 RA patients 52 healthy controls 37 OA patients | There were no differences in serum leptin levels between groups. No correlation was observed between serum leptin levels and DAS28. |
Dervisevic et al. (2018) [205] | 55 RA patients, 25 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients than in controls. A positive correlation existed between leptin serum levels and DAS28. |
Wang et al. (2018) [204] | 54 RA patients, 46 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients than in controls. |
Chihara et al. (2020) [167] | 136 RA patients 78 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were greater in RA patients than in controls. |
Rodriguez et al. (2021) [225] | 51 eRA patients 51 controls without RA | Serum leptin levels were significantly greater in patients with eRA than in healthy controls. |
Reference | Subjects | Results/Outcomes |
---|---|---|
Senolt et al. (2006) [258] | 20 RA patients, 21 OA patients 23 healthy controls | Serum adiponectin levels were significantly greater in RA patients than in healthy controls and comparable with OA patients. SF adiponectin was significantly greater in RA than in OA patients and healthy controls. |
Otero et al. (2006) [200] | 31 RA patients 18 controls without RA | Serum adiponectin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. A positive correlation was observed between serum adiponectin and CRP levels. |
Laurberg et al. (2009) [263] | 114 RA patients, 35 OA patients 45 healthy controls | RA patients had greater plasma adiponectin concentration than healthy controls but lower plasma adiponectin than OA patients. |
Ebina et al. (2009) [265] | 90 RA patients 42 controls without RA | RA severity was assessed by examining joint destruction on radiographs. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly greater in severe RA patients when compared to mild and control groups, suggesting increased joint destruction is linked to hyperadiponectinaemia in RA patients. |
Popa et al. (2009) [264] | 58 RA patients 58 controls without RA | Serum adiponectin levels were significantly greater in all RA patients than in controls. |
Rho et al. (2010) [202] | 167 RA patients 91 controls without RA | Serum adiponectin levels were significantly greater in all RA patients than in controls. |
Ozgen et al. (2010) [262] | 56RA patients 29 controls without RA | Serum adiponectin levels in RA patients were significantly grater than in controls. A positive correlation was observed between serum adiponectin and DAS28. |
Alkady et al. (2011) [260] | 70 RA patients 30 controls without RA | The serum levels of adiponectin were significantly greater in RA patients compared to controls, and RA patients with active disease had significantly greater adiponectin levels than those in remission. Serum and SF adiponectin levels positively correlated with the duration of disease, ESR, CRP, and DAS28 in RA patients with active disease. |
Klein-Wieringa et al. (2011) [271] | 253 RA patients | A positive correlation existed between serum levels of adiponectin and radiographic progression of RA over 4 years. |
Giles et al. (2011) [272] | 152 RA patients | A positive correlation existed between serum adiponectin levels and erosive joint destruction. |
Ozgen et al. (2010) [262] | 56 RA patients 29 controls without RA | Serum adiponectin was significantly greater in RA patients than in healthy controls. |
Yoshino et al. (2011) [219] | 141 RA patients 146 controls without RA | Female, but not male, RA patients had significantly greater serum adiponectin concentrations than controls. Serum adiponectin levels were negatively associated with CRP levels. |
Kang et al. (2013) [273] | 192 RA patients | There was a significant correlation between serum adiponectin levels and ESR. |
Meyer et al. (2013) [274] | 632 RA patients | A positive association was observed between serum adiponectin levels and early radiographic RA progression. |
Toussirot et al. (2013) [275] | 70 RA patients 51 controls without RA | Serum adiponectin levels were significantly greater in RA patients than in controls. In RA patients, HMW/total adiponectin correlated with the DAS28. |
Bustos Rivera-Bahena et al. (2015) [223] | 121 RA patients | No correlation existed between serum adiponectin and DAS28. A negative correlation existed between serum adiponectin and TNFα. A positive correlation existed between serum adiponectin and IL-11β. |
Chennareddy et al. (2016) [268] | 43 RA patients 25 controls without RA | Serum levels of adiponectin were significantly greater in RA patients when compared to the control group. There was no correlation with an erosive and non-erosive disease, disease duration, BMI, waist–hip ratio, and DAS28. |
Khajoei et al. (2019) [261] | 90 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Serum adiponectin levels were greater in all RA patients than in controls. There was a positive correlation between serum adiponectin levels and DAS28 and ESR. |
Zhang et al. (2020) [269] | 3693 obese subjects followed for up to 29 years. | High serum adiponectin levels at baseline were a significant risk factor for RA in the cohort of subjects with obesity. |
Vasileiadis et al. (2021) [232] | 70 RA patients | Both total and HMW adiponectin were positively associated with DAS28 and CRP in RA patients. |
Baker et al. (2022) [276] | 2583 RA patients | Serum adiponectin levels were strongly associated with radiographic damage, seropositivity, longer disease duration, and circulating inflammatory cytokines. |
Reference | Subjects | Results/Outcomes |
---|---|---|
Otero et al. (2006) [200] | 31 RA patients 18 controls without RA | Serum visfatin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. There was a positive correlation between serum visfatin and CRP levels. |
Matsui et al. (2008) [286] | 22 RA patients 17 controls without RA | Serum visfatin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. |
Rho et al. (2010) [202] | 167 RA patients 91 controls without RA | A positive correlation existed between visfatin serum levels and TNFα, IL-6, CRP, neutrophil count, MHAQ score, and Larsen score. |
Alkady et al. (2011) [260] | 70 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Serum levels of visfatin were significantly greater in RA patients than in controls, and RA patients with active disease had significantly greater visfatin levels than those in remission. Serum and SF visfatin levels positively correlated with the duration of the disease, ESR, CRP, and DAS28 in RA patients with active disease. |
Klein-Wieringa et al. (2011) [271] | 253 RA patients | A positive correlation existed between visfatin serum levels and the radiographic progression of RA for 4 years. |
Ozgen et al. (2011) [288] | 26 RA patients 29 controls without RA | Serum visfatin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. |
Meyer et al. (2013) [274] | 632 RA patients | No association between serum visfatin level and radiographic disease progression was observed. |
Khalifa et al. (2013) [301] | 60 RA patients 20 controls without RA | There was a significant positive correlation between serum visfatin and ESR, CRP, IL-6, TNFα, DAS-28, and VAS pain score in RA patients. No correlation existed between serum visfatin and age of RA patients, disease duration, or BMI. |
El-Hini et al. (2013) [287] | 40 RA patients 40 controls without RA | Serum visfatin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. A positive correlation was observed between serum visfatin and DAS28. |
Sglunda et al. (2014) [166] | 40 eRA patients, 30 controls without RA | eRA patients had elevated serum visfatin levels compared to healthy controls, which decreased after three months of treatment. Circulating visfatin and visfatin level changes correlated with disease activity and improved over time, with a decrease in visfatin predicting improvement in DAS28. |
Mirfeizi et al. (2014) [221] | 54 RA patients (29 with and 25 without erosion) | Serum visfatin levels were greater in patients with radiographic joint damage and dependent on the duration of the disease. |
Mohammed Ali et al. (2020) [302] | 60 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Serum visfatin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. There was no correlation between serum visfatin levels and the DAS28. |
Reference | Subjects | Results/Outcomes |
---|---|---|
Otero et al. (2006) [200] | 31 RA patients 18 controls without RA | Serum resistin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. There was no correlation between serum resistin and CRP level. |
Migita et al. (2006) [316] | 42 RA patients 38 controls without RA | Serum resistin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. Serum resistin levels were correlated with RA disease activity markers, CRP, ESR, and TNFα levels. |
Forsblad d’Elia et al. (2008) [321] | 90 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Serum resistin levels were not significantly different between patients and healthy controls. Serum resistin levels were correlated with IL-1Ra, CRP, TNFα, ICTP, glucocorticosteroids, Larsen score, and inversely with BMD, hip, and TLM. |
Rho et al. (2009) [202] | 167 RA patients 91 controls without RA | Serum resistin levels were significantly greater in all RA patients than in the control group. |
Canoruç et al. (2009) [216] | 52 RA patients 52 controls without RA | Plasma resistin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. |
Kassem et al. (2010) [315] | 30 RA patients 15 controls without RA | Serum and SF resistin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls and in active RA greater than in non-active patients. A significant correlation existed between serum resistin levels and CRP, ESR, RF, and disease activity. A significant correlation existed between SF resistin levels and CRP, ESR, RF, and synovial leukocytic count. |
Yoshino et al. (2011) [219] | 141 RA patients 146 controls without RA | Serum resistin levels were not significantly different between patients and healthy controls. A positive correlation was observed between serum resistin and CRP levels. |
Alkady et al. (2011) [260] | 70 RA patients 30 controls without RA | No significant difference in serum resistin levels was observed between RA patients and controls. |
Yoshino et al. (2011) [219] | 141 RA patients 146 controls without RA | A positive correlation was observed between serum resistin and CRP levels. |
Fadda et al. (2013) [317] | 25 RA patients 25 OA patients | Resistin levels were greater in serum and SF of RA patients when compared to OA patients. There was a correlation between serum resistin levels, Larsen score, and total leukocyte count. A correlation existed between SF resistin levels and RF, ACPA, and Larsen score. |
Kang et al. (2013) [273] | 192 RA patients | A significant correlation existed between serum resistin levels, ESR, CRP, and disease duration. |
Hammad et al. (2014) [319] | 30 RA patients 30 controls without RA | Serum resistin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. |
Bustos Rivera-Bahena et al. (2015) [223] | 121 RA patients | A positive correlation was observed between resistin serum levels and the DAS28. |
Vuolteenaho et al. (2022) [322] | 99 RA patients | High resistin levels were associated with active inflammatory disease and predicted rapid radiological progression during 5-year follow-up. |
Arias-de la Rosa et al. (2022) [206] | 150 RA patients 50 controls without RA | Serum resistin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. A positive correlation was observed between resistin serum levels and the DAS28. |
Reference | Subjects | Results/Outcomes |
---|---|---|
Ozgen et al. (2010) [262] | 56 RA patients 29 controls without RA | Serum vaspin levels were significantly greater in RA patients than in healthy controls. |
Wahba et al. (2021) [335] | 150 RA patients 150 controls without RA | Serum levels of chemerin and vaspin were greater, while those of apelin and omentin were lower, in RA patients than in healthy controls. A significant positive correlation existed between vaspin serum levels and BMI, DAS28, ESR, CRP, RF, and anti-CCP antibodies. |
Senolt et al. (2010) [334] | 33 RA patients, 33 OA patients | SF vaspin levels were significantly greater in RA patients than in OA patients. A positive correlation existed between vaspin SF levels and DAS28. SF omentin levels were significantly lower in RA patients than in OA patients. |
Ha et al. (2013) [336] | 71 RA patients 42 controls without RA | Plasma chemerin levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. There was a positive correlation between plasma chemerin levels and DAS28. |
Yamamoto et al. (2014) [337] | 56 RA patients, 31 OA patients 417 controls without RA | Serum PGRN levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. SF PGRN levels were significantly greater in RA patients than in OA patients. |
Cerezo et al. (2015) [338] | 47 RA patients, 42 OA patients 41 controls without RA | Serum PGRN levels correlated with DAS28 and HAQ scores in RA patients. The SF PGRN levels were significantly greater in RA than in healthy controls and OA patients. |
Chen et al. (2016) [339] | 80 RA patients, 60 controls without RA | Serum PGRN levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. A significant positive correlation existed between serum PGRN and DAS28, ESR, and CRP in RA patients. |
Fouad et al. (2019) [340] | 52 RA patients, 19 controls without RA | Serum PGRN levels in RA patients were significantly greater than in controls. A significant positive correlation existed between serum PGRN, DAS28, and ESR in RA patients. |
Kvlividze et al. 2019) [341] | 110 RA patients, 60 controls without RA | RA patients with severe disease had greater serum nesfatin-1 levels, positively correlated with greater CRP and ESR concentrations. |
Gamal et al. (2020) [342] | 58 RA patients, 30 controls without RA | Serum irisin levels were significantly lower in RA patients than in controls. Serum irisin levels in RA-poor sleepers were significantly lower than in RA-good sleepers. Serum irisin levels in RA patients were associated with total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores. Irisin serum levels of RA patients were negatively associated with disease duration, morning stiffness duration, and DAS28. |
Gonzalez-Ponce et al. (2021) [343] | 210 RA patients | A positive correlation was found between chemerin and DAS 28, CRP, and swollen joints counts. |
Vazquez-Villegas et al. (2021) [344] | 82 RA patients | Elevated chemerin levels were associated with functional disability in RA. |
Zhang et al. (2021) [345] | 40 RA patients, 15 controls without RA | Nesfatin-1 levels in the synovium were significantly greater in RA patients than in controls. Nesfatin-1 levels positively correlated with IL-1β and TNFα levels in the synovium of patients with RA. |
Murillo-Saich et al. (2021) [346] | 84 RA patients, 127 controls without RA | MSTN serum levels were significantly greater in the RA group than in the controls. Greater MSTN levels correlated with low skeletal muscle mass index. A positive correlation existed between MSTN serum levels and DAS28, CRP and ESR. |
Lin et al. (2022) [347] | 344 RA patients, 118 controls without RA | In a prospective cohort of consecutive RA patients with a one-year follow-up, it was found that RA patients had greater serum MSTN levels at baseline when compared to healthy controls. Elevated serum MSTN and myopenia are risk factors for radiographic progression in RA. RA patients with elevated MSTN overlapping myopenia had the highest levels of DAS28, SDAI, CDAI, and HAQ-DI at 3, 6, and 12 months, with the lowest proportion of CDAI remission at 3 months, 9 months, and 12 months. They also had the highest proportion of physical dysfunction at 3, 9, and 12 months. |
Gonzalez-Ponce et al. (2022) [348] | 161 RA patients, 72 controls without RA | MSTN serum levels were significantly greater in the RA group than in the controls. Elevated MSTN levels in RA patients increased the risk of cachexia. |
Soliman et al. (2022) [349] | 60 RA patients, 30 controls without RA | Serum irisin levels were significantly lower in RA patients than in controls. Serum irisin levels in RA patients negatively correlated with DAS28, CRP, ESR, and HAQ-DI. |
Gamez-Nava et al. (2022) [350] | 148 RA patients, 97 controls without RA | Serum irisin levels were significantly lower in RA patients than in controls. Low serum irisin levels were associated with the presence of vertebral fractures in female patients with RA. |
Arias-de la Rosa et al. (2022) [206] | 150 RA patients 50 controls without RA | Serum omentin and vaspin levels in RA patients were significantly higher than in controls. A positive correlation was observed between omentin serum levels and the DAS28. |
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Bilski, J.; Schramm-Luc, A.; Szczepanik, M.; Mazur-Biały, A.I.; Bonior, J.; Luc, K.; Zawojska, K.; Szklarczyk, J. Adipokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11112998
Bilski J, Schramm-Luc A, Szczepanik M, Mazur-Biały AI, Bonior J, Luc K, Zawojska K, Szklarczyk J. Adipokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(11):2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11112998
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilski, Jan, Agata Schramm-Luc, Marian Szczepanik, Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Biały, Joanna Bonior, Kevin Luc, Klaudia Zawojska, and Joanna Szklarczyk. 2023. "Adipokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets" Biomedicines 11, no. 11: 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11112998