The Dark Side of Multimedia Devices: Negative Consequences for Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
Use of Multimedia Devices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parents (n = 340) | Children | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | M | SD | Range (Years) | M | SD | Range (Months) | |
Age | 36.36 | 4.58 | 22–50 | 25.33 | 10.44 | 18–57 | |
Gender | |||||||
Female | 86.5 | ||||||
Male | 13.5 | ||||||
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 82.6 | ||||||
Not married | 17.4 | ||||||
Educational level | |||||||
Lower school degree | 34.1 | ||||||
University degree | 65.9 | ||||||
Employment status | |||||||
Unemployed | 12.1 | ||||||
Employed | 87.9 | ||||||
Number of children per family | 1.59 | 0.65 | 1–2 | ||||
Working hours per week | 38.48 | 8.62 | 0–63 |
Children’s Use of Multimedia | % | M | SD | Range | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Television | Watch TV | Yes | 91.80 | |||
No | 8.20 | |||||
Time (daily use min/day) | 83.94 | 79.11 | 0–600 | |||
Smartphone | Use a device | Yes | 79.70 | |||
No | 20.30 | |||||
With adult supervision | Always or most of the time | 67.90 | ||||
Often | 12.20 | |||||
Sometimes | 12.90 | |||||
Touchscreen | Use a device | Yes | 77.60 | |||
No | 22.40 | |||||
Time (daily use min/day) | 42.48 | 52.52 | 0–360 | |||
Total screen exposure | 110.24 | 114.40 | 0–920 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Paediatric symptoms | 1 | |||||||
2. Watch TV | −0.01 | 1 | ||||||
3. TV time | 0.18 ** | 0.32 ** | 1 | |||||
4. Use touchscreen | 0.07 | 0.17 ** | 0.13 * | 1 | ||||
5. Touchscreen time | 0.12 * | 0.12 * | 0.34 ** | 0.44 ** | 1 | |||
6. Child’s age | 0.04 | 0.23 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.26 ** | 1 | ||
7. Parents’ academic level | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.11 * | −0.07 | −0.19 ** | −0.07 | 1 | |
8. Parents’ working hours | −0.16 ** | −0.07 | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.09 | 1 |
Domains | Boys (n = 184) | Girls (n = 156) | t (df) | p | d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||||
TV time | 87.99 | 85.40 | 79.18 | 70.97 | 1.02 (338) | 0.307 | 0.11 | |
Touchscreen time | 38.55 | 53.05 | 47.12 | 51.68 | −1.50 (338) | 0.134 | −0.16 | |
f | % | f | % | X2 | p | V | ||
Watch TV | No | 16 | 8.7 | 12 | 7.7 | 0.11 | 0.737 | 0.02 |
Yes | 168 | 91.3 | 144 | 92.3 | ||||
Use touchscreen | No | 51 | 27.7 | 25 | 16.0 | 6.65 | 0.010 | 0.14 |
Yes | 133 | 72.3 | 131 | 84.0 |
No University Degree (n = 116) | University Degree (n = 224) | t (df) | p | d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Total screen time | 141.16 | 144.80 | 94.22 | 91.26 | 3.18 (163.60) | 0.002 | 0.42 |
TV time | 96.30 | 91.60 | 77.55 | 71.19 | 1.92 (188.67) | 0.056 | 0.24 |
Touchscreen time | 56.11 | 65.80 | 35.42 | 42.60 | 3.07 (166.31) | 0.003 | 0.40 |
Paediatric Symptoms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | ∆R2 | Change in F | β | t | |
Step 1—Control variables | 0.03 * | - | 4.09 * | ||
Child’s gender | −0.01 | 0.02 | |||
Parents’ working hours | −0.16 ** | −2.86 ** | |||
Step 2—Main effects | 0.04 * | 0.01 | 3.17 | ||
Child’s gender | −0.00 | −0.07 | |||
Parents’ working hours | −0.16 | −2.81 ** | |||
Total screen time | 0.10 | 1.78 # |
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Rocha, B.; Ferreira, L.I.; Martins, C.; Santos, R.; Nunes, C. The Dark Side of Multimedia Devices: Negative Consequences for Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood. Children 2023, 10, 1807. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10111807
Rocha B, Ferreira LI, Martins C, Santos R, Nunes C. The Dark Side of Multimedia Devices: Negative Consequences for Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood. Children. 2023; 10(11):1807. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10111807
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocha, Bruno, Laura I. Ferreira, Cátia Martins, Rita Santos, and Cristina Nunes. 2023. "The Dark Side of Multimedia Devices: Negative Consequences for Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood" Children 10, no. 11: 1807. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10111807