Antenatal Care and Health Behavior of Pregnant Women—An Evaluation of the Survey of Neonates in Pomerania
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design of SNiP-I
2.2. Ethics and Data Protection
2.3. Population
2.4. Maternity Guidelines
2.5. Antenatal Care
2.6. Potentially Predictive Variables of Antenatal Care
2.6.1. Socio-Demographic Factors
2.6.2. Socio-Economic Factors
2.6.3. Health Behavior
2.6.4. Maternal Factors
2.7. Statistical Analysis Strategies and Test Methods
3. Results
3.1. Antenatal Care Behavior of the Studied Subpopulation
3.2. Maternal and Pregnancy Characteristics of the Studied Subpopulation
3.3. Maternal Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Studied Subpopulation
3.4. Maternal Health Behavior Characteristics of the Studied Subpopulation
3.4.1. Health-Damaging Behavior
3.4.2. Health-Promoting Behavior
3.4.3. Health Behavior and Antenatal Care
3.5. Association of Selected Variables with Antenatal Care Behavior Adjusted for Gestational Age at Birth
3.5.1. Socio-Demographic Factors Influencing Antenatal Care Behavior
3.5.2. Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Antenatal Care Behavior
3.5.3. Maternal Factors Influencing Antenatal Care Behavior
3.5.4. Health Behavior Factors Influencing Antenatal Care Behavior
3.6. Impact of Selected Maternal, Pregnancy and Health Behavior Factors on Antenatal Care Behavior
3.7. Discussion
3.7.1. Antenatal Care Behavior
3.7.2. Risk Factors for Antenatal Care Below Standard
3.7.3. Health Care Behavior
3.7.4. Strength and Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | Antenatal Care | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤9 Visits (n = 547) | 10–12 Visits (n = 1343) | >12 Visits (n = 2039) | |||
Age of mother; years | 3929 | 26.8 (5.8) | 27.8 (5.3) | 27.6 (5.3) | 0.0055 |
Mother born in Germany | 3924 | 96.0% | 97.7% | 97.4% | 0.113 |
Living with a partner | 3426 | 90.5% | 93.6% | 93.2% | 0.082 |
Parity 1st child 2nd child 3rd child 4th child or more | 3928 | 41.3% 32.5% 12.3% 13.9% | 43.6% 31.2% 15.5% 9.8% | 48.7% 29.3% 11.8% 10.2% | <0.001 |
Maternal chronic disease | 3775 | 30.7% | 33.9% | 37.2% | 0.011 |
Number of antenatal care visits | 3929 | 7.5 (2.0) | 11.1 (0.8) | 15.4 (2.6) | <0.001 |
Gestational week of birth <32 weeks 32–36 weeks 37–41 weeks >41 weeks | 3929 | 37.0 (3.3) 7.8% 20.1% 71.3% 0.7% | 38.7 (1.7) 0.7% 6.5% 92.3% 0.6% | 39.4 (1.6) 0.4% 3.7% 94.3% 1.6% | <0.001 |
Planned pregnancy Yes No contraception No | 3255 | 56.2% 27.7% 16.1% | 70.0% 21.5% 8.5% | 70.8% 20.2% 9.0% | <0.001 |
Variable | N | Antenatal Care | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤9 Visits (n = 547) | 10–12 Visits (n = 1343) | >12 Visits (n = 2039) | |||
Education of the mother <10 years 10 years 11–13 years University degree | 3409 | 26.1% 44.4% 15.9% 13.7% | 12.8% 53.8% 16.8% 16.6% | 14.4% 52.1% 16.9% 16.6% | <0.001 |
Equivalent income; 1000€ | 2428 | 1.00 (0.64) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
Variable | N | Antenatal Care | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤9 Visits (n = 547) | 10–12 Visits (n = 1343) | >12 Visits (n = 2039) | |||
BMI before pregnancy; kg/m2 | 3452 | 23.1 (4.9) | 23.5 (4.6) | 23.8 (4.9) | 0.140 |
Smoking during pregnancy | 3351 | 27.3% | 19.3% | 15.5% | <0.001 |
Alcohol during pregnancy | 3455 | 27.1% | 24.5% | 26.0% | 0.476 |
Folic acid intake in pregnancy | 3929 | 71.9% | 81.5% | 82.2% | <0.001 |
Iron intake in pregnancy | 3929 | 54.5% | 59.0% | 58.6% | <0.001 |
Magnesium intake in pregnancy | 3929 | 38.6% | 44.1% | 51.0% | <0.001 |
Iodine intake in pregnancy | 3929 | 56.1% | 66.5% | 67.7% | <0.001 |
Antenatal Care below Standard (≤9) vs. Standard Antenatal Care (10–12) | Antenatal Care above Standard (>12) vs. Standard Antenatal Care (10–12) | |
---|---|---|
RRR (95%-CI) | RRR (95%-CI) | |
Maternal age; years | 0.95 (0.94; 0.98) * | 1.00 (0.98; 1.01) |
Parity 2nd vs. 1st child 3rd vs. 1st child 4th or more vs. 1st child | 1.21 (0.95; 1.54) 0.90 (0.65; 1.25) 1.53 (1.09; 2.14) * | 0.83 (0.70; 0.98) 0.70 (0.56; 0.87) 0.97 (0.76; 1.24) |
Living with a partner | 0.66 (0.44; 0.99) * | 0.93 (0.69; 1.26) |
Mother born in Germany | 0.51 (0.29; 0.90) * | 0.92 (0.59; 1.46) |
Educational status 10 years vs. <10 years >10 years vs. <10 years University degree vs. <10 years | 0.39 (0.29; 0.53) * 0.41 (0.28; 0.60) * 0.37 (0.25; 0.55) * | 0.86 (0.68; 1.08) 0.92 (0.70; 1.21) 0.89 (0.68; 1.17) |
Income; 1000€ | 0.59 (0.48; 0.74) * | 0.96 (0.84; 1.09) |
Planned pregnancy No, but no use of contraception vs. yes No, but pregnancy despite contraception vs. yes | 1.74 (1.32; 2.29) * 2.85 (2.00; 4.06) * | 0.91 (0.75; 1.10) 1.00 (0.76; 1.32) |
Maternal chronic diseases | 0.76 (0.60; 0.96) * | 1.21 (1.04; 1.41) * |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.98 (0.96; 1.01) | 1.01 (0.99; 1.03) |
Smoking during pregnancy | 1.64 (1.25; 2.14) * | 0.78 (0.64; 0.95) * |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | 1.31 (1.01; 1.69) * | 1.00 (0.84; 1.19) |
Intake of jodine during pregnancy | 0.66 (0.53; 0.81) * | 1.04 (0.90; 1.21) |
Intake of folic acid during pregnancy | 0.56 (0.44; 0.72) * | 1.09 (0.91; 1.31) |
Intake of iron during pregnancy Intake of magnesium during pregnancy | 0.86 (0.70; 1.06) 0.59 (0.47; 0.74) * | 0.98 (0.85; 1.13) 1.54 (1.33; 1.77) * |
OR | 95% CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational week of birth | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.000 *** |
Parity Second child | 1.52 | 1.18 | 1.96 | 0.001 ** |
Pregnancy planning No, but no use of contraception No, but pregnancy despite contraception | 1.59 2.58 | 1.19 1.800 | 2.11 3.68 | 0.002 ** 0.000 *** |
Educational level middle educational level High educational level University degree | 0.44 0.42 0.44 | 0.32 0.28 0.29 | 0.60 0.63 0.66 | 0.000 *** 0.000 *** 0.000 *** |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.030 * |
Supplementation of magnesium | 0.52 | 0.41 | 0.67 | 0.000 *** |
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Lange, A.E.; Mahlo-Nguyen, J.; Pierdant, G.; Allenberg, H.; Heckmann, M.; Ittermann, T. Antenatal Care and Health Behavior of Pregnant Women—An Evaluation of the Survey of Neonates in Pomerania. Children 2023, 10, 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040678
Lange AE, Mahlo-Nguyen J, Pierdant G, Allenberg H, Heckmann M, Ittermann T. Antenatal Care and Health Behavior of Pregnant Women—An Evaluation of the Survey of Neonates in Pomerania. Children. 2023; 10(4):678. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040678
Chicago/Turabian StyleLange, Anja Erika, Janine Mahlo-Nguyen, Guillermo Pierdant, Heike Allenberg, Matthias Heckmann, and Till Ittermann. 2023. "Antenatal Care and Health Behavior of Pregnant Women—An Evaluation of the Survey of Neonates in Pomerania" Children 10, no. 4: 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040678