Exploring the Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety among Lithuanian Adolescents during Times of Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Process and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | 2021 (Study 1) % (n) or m (SD) | 2022 (Study 2) % (n) or m (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Boys | 51.6 (237) | 51.1 (3353) | |
Girls | 48.4 (222) | 48.9 (3213) | |
Grade | |||
5th | 26.3 (120) | 25.4 (1687) | |
7th | 23.9 (109) | 23.9 (1584) | |
9th | 28.1 (128) | 29.3 (1947) | |
11th | 21.7 (99) | 21.4 (1419) | |
FAS III (0–13) | 7.06 (2.24) | 7.51 (2.32) |
2021 | 2022 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate–Severe Anxiety | No–Mild Anxiety | Moderate–Severe Anxiety | No–Mild Anxiety | |||||
% (n) | % (n) | p ^ | % (n) | % (n) | p ^ | p * | ||
General population | 23.0 (100) | 77.0 (335) | 24.4 (1528) | 75.6 (4741) | 0.515 | |||
Gender | ||||||||
Boys | 13.6 (30) | 86.4 (191) | <0.001 | 15.1 (480) | 84.9 (2696) | <0.001 | ||
Girls | 32.9 (70) | 67.1 (143) | 33.7 (1022) | 66.3 (2009) | ||||
Grade | ||||||||
5th | 18.9 (21) | 81.1 (90) | 0.163 | 20.0 (313) | 80.0 (1254) | <0.001 | ||
7th | 19.6 (19) | 80.4 (78) | 26.1 (390) | 73.9 (1103) | ||||
9th | 29.4 (37) | 70.6 (89) | 25.7 (476) | 74.3 (1375) | ||||
11th | 23.7 (23) | 76.3 (74) | 25.7 (349) | 74.3 (1009) | ||||
FAS III | 6.67 ± 2.24 | 7.15 ± 2.22 | 0.066 | 7.47 ± 2.38 | 7.54 ± 2.29 | 0.293 |
2021 | 2022 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | |||
PSMU | ||||
Problematic use | 11.5 (48) | 10.3 (624) | 0.423 | |
Non-problematic use | 88.5 (370) | 89.7 (5463) | ||
Stress | ||||
High level | 30.7 (138) | 28.4 (1821) | 0.292 | |
Low level | 69.3 (311) | 71.6 (4588) | ||
Loneliness | ||||
High | 20.0 (92) | 21.7 (1422) | 0.394 | |
Low | 80.0 (367) | 78.3 (5119) | ||
Peer support | ||||
Low | 44.5 (196) | 42.9 (2746) | 0.495 | |
High | 55.5 (244) | 57.1 (3658) | ||
Self-efficacy: problem solving | ||||
Low | 50.8 (232) | 48.7 (3186) | 0.398 | |
High | 49.2 (225) | 51.3 (3353) | ||
Self-efficacy: decision implementation | ||||
Low | 52.5 (238) | 52.0 (3394) | 0.824 | |
High | 47.5 (215) | 48.0 (3133) |
2021 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate Regression Models | Multivariable Regression Models | ||||||
Nagelkerke R2 * | 0.326 | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||
Stress | |||||||
Low level | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
High level | 6.46 | 3.96–10.51 | <0.001 | 5.89 | 3.11–11.17 | <0.001 | |
Loneliness | |||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
High | 3.82 | 2.31–6.33 | <0.001 | 1.71 | 0.88–3.32 | 0.112 | |
Social media use | |||||||
Non-problematic | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Problematic | 3.75 | 1.97–7.13 | <0.001 | 4.58 | 1.89–10.58 | <0.001 | |
Self-efficacy: problem solving | |||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.56 | 0.99–2.45 | 0.055 | 0.62 | 0.33–1.18 | 0.146 | |
Self-efficacy: decision implementation | |||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.97 | 1.24–3.15 | 0.004 | 0.95 | 0.50–1.80 | 0.949 | |
Peer support | |||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.71 | 1.08–2.69 | 0.021 | 1.55 | 0.86–2.80 | 0.148 | |
Gender | |||||||
Boys | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Girls | 3.12 | 1.9–5.03 | <0.001 | 2.87 | 1.58–5.22 | 0.001 | |
Grade | |||||||
5th | 1.00 | ||||||
7th | 1.04 | 0.52–2.08 | 0.903 | 1.18 | 0.49–2.88 | 0.710 | |
9th | 1.78 | 0.97–3.28 | 0.064 | 2.16 | 0.98–4.77 | 0.057 | |
11th | 1.33 | 0.68–2.60 | 0.399 | 1.38 | 0.58–3.30 | 0.466 | |
FAS III | 0.91 | 0.82–1.00 | 0.065 | 0.99 | 0.87–1.14 | 0.949 |
2022 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate Regression Models | Multivariable Regression Models | ||||||
Nagelkerke R2 * | 0.326 | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||
Stress | |||||||
Low level | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
High level | 7.06 | 6.21–8.03 | <0.001 | 3.68 | 3.14–4.30 | <0.001 | |
Loneliness | |||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
High | 6.05 | 5.31–6.90 | <0.001 | 2.85 | 2.43–3.35 | <0.001 | |
Social media use | |||||||
Non-problematic | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Problematic | 2.96 | 2.48–3.53 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 1.51–2.33 | <0.001 | |
Self-efficacy: problem solving | |||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 2.24 | 1.98–2.52 | <0.001 | 1.40 | 1.20–1.64 | <0.001 | |
Self-efficacy: decision implementation | |||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 2.24 | 1.98–2.53 | <0.001 | 1.13 | 0.96–1.32 | 0.137 | |
Peer support | |||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Low | 1.37 | 1.22–1.54 | <0.001 | 1.09 | 0.94–1.26 | 0.246 | |
Gender | |||||||
Boys | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Girls | 2.86 | 2.52–3.23 | <0.001 | 2.26 | 1.94–2.62 | <0.001 | |
Grade | |||||||
5th | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
7th | 1.42 | 1.20–1.68 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 1.02–1.57 | 0.033 | |
9th | 1.39 | 1.18–1.63 | <0.001 | 1.33 | 1.08–1.63 | 0.007 | |
11th | 1.39 | 1.16–1.65 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 1.15–1.79 | 0.002 | |
FAS III | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | <0.001 | 1.07 | 1.04–1.11 | <0.001 |
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Šalčiūnaitė-Nikonovė, L.; Žemaitaitytė, M.; Šmigelskas, K. Exploring the Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety among Lithuanian Adolescents during Times of Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children 2024, 11, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010032
Šalčiūnaitė-Nikonovė L, Žemaitaitytė M, Šmigelskas K. Exploring the Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety among Lithuanian Adolescents during Times of Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children. 2024; 11(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010032
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠalčiūnaitė-Nikonovė, Laura, Monika Žemaitaitytė, and Kastytis Šmigelskas. 2024. "Exploring the Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety among Lithuanian Adolescents during Times of Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study" Children 11, no. 1: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010032