Potential Predictors of Long COVID in Italian Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Associations of Demographic Data, Comorbidities, and COVID-19 Symptoms with LCS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Participants | Non LCS Participants | LCS Participants | OR (CI 95%) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 396 | n = 297 | n = 99 | |||
Gender (%) | 0.909 | ||||
Male | 194 (49.0) | 146 (49.2) | 48 (48.5) | Ref. | |
Female | 202 (51.0) | 151 (50.8) | 51 (51.5) | 1.03 (0.65, 1.62) | |
Age (%) | 0.294 | ||||
6–12 years | 348 (87.9) | 264 (88.9) | 84 (84.8) | Ref. | |
>12 years | 48 (12.1) | 33 (11.1) | 15 (15.2) | 1.43 (0.72, 2.74) | |
Ethnicity (%) | 0.383 | ||||
Non-Caucasian | 35 (11.8) | 28 (12.8) | 7 (9.0) | Ref. | |
Caucasian | 262 (88.2) | 191 (87.2) | 71 (91.0) | 1.46 (0.64, 3.82) | |
COVID-19 vaccine | 0.130 | ||||
No | 109 (44.1) | 72 (48.0) | 37 (38.1) | Ref. | |
Yes | 138 (55.9) | 78 (52.0) | 60 (61.9) | 1.49 (0.89, 2.53) | |
Doses of COVID-19 vaccine | 1.98 (0.5) | 1.97 (0.5) | 1.98 (0.4) | 1.04 (0.50, 2.18) | 0.914 |
1 | |||||
2 | |||||
Concurrent comorbidities | |||||
Neurological diseases | 0.312 | ||||
No | 391 (99.0) | 294 (99.3) | 97 (98.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 4 (1.0) | 2 (0.7) | 2 (2.0) | 3.02 (0.31, 29.4) | |
Gastrointestinal diseases | <0.001 | ||||
No | 381 (96.5) | 292 (98.6) | 89 (89.9) | Ref. | |
Yes | 14 (3.5) | 4 (1.4) | 10 (10.1) | 7.97 (2.55, 30.6] | |
Heart diseases | 0.172 | ||||
No | 392 (99.2) | 295 (99.7) | 97 (98.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (2.0) | 5.69 (0.46, 180.0) | |
Respiratory diseases | 0.014 | ||||
No | 388 (98.2) | 294 (99.3) | 94 (94.9) | Ref. | |
Yes | 7 (1.8) | 2 (0.7) | 5 (5.1) | 7.45 (1.51, 58.70) | |
Asthma | 0.212 | ||||
No | 386 (97.7) | 291 (98.3) | 95 (96.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 9 (2.3) | 5 (1.7) | 4 (4.0) | 2.46 (0.57, 9.84) | |
Allergic Rhinitis | |||||
No | 353 (89.4) | 279 (94.3) | 74 (74.7) | Ref. | <0.001 |
Yes | 42 (10.6) | 17 (5.7) | 25 (25.3) | 5.50 (2.83, 10.90) | |
Atopic Dermatitis | 0.001 | ||||
No | 372 (94.2) | 286 (96.6) | 86 (86.9) | Ref. | |
Yes | 23 (5.8) | 10 (3.4) | 13 (13.1) | 4.29 (1.81, 10.50) | |
Food Allergy | 0.008 | ||||
No | 379 (95.9) | 289 (97.6) | 90 (90.9) | Ref. | |
Yes | 16 (4.05) | 7 (2.4) | 9 (9.1) | 4.09 (1.40, 12.00) | |
Rheumatologic diseases | 0.043 | ||||
No | 392 (99.2) | 296 (100) | 96 (97.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.0) | 21.51 (1.10, 420.12) | |
Hematological diseases | 0.995 | ||||
No | 394 (99.7) | 295 (99.7) | 99 (100) | Ref. | |
Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.99 (0.04, 24.49) | |
Immunological diseases | 0.080 | ||||
No | 393 (99.5) | 296 (100) | 97 (98.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.0) | 15.21 (0.73, 319.50) | |
Diabetes | 0.178 | ||||
No | 394 (99.7) | 296 (100) | 98 (99.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 9.03 (0.37, 223.49) | |
Endocrinological diseases | 0.178 | ||||
No | 394 (99.7) | 296 (100) | 98 (99.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 9.03 (0.37, 223.49) | |
Obesity | 0.313 | ||||
No | 388 (98.2) | 292 (98.6) | 96 (97.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 7 (1.8) | 4 (1.4) | 3 (3.0) | 2.30 (0.42, 11.20) | |
Anxiety | 0.054 | ||||
No | 391 (99.0) | 295 (99.7) | 96 (97.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 4 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (3.0) | 8.41 (0.96, 243.00) |
All Participants | Non LCS Participants | LCS Participants | OR (CI 95%) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 396 | n = 297 | n = 99 | |||
Fever (%) | 0.050 | ||||
No | 198 (50.0) | 157 (52.9) | 41 (41.4) | Ref. | |
Yes | 198 (50.0) | 140 (47.1) | 58 (58.6) | 1.58 (1.00, 2.52) | |
Headache (%) | 0.223 | ||||
No | 221 (55.8) | 171 (57.6) | 50 (50.5) | Ref. | |
Yes | 175 (44.2) | 126 (42.4) | 49 (49.5) | 1.33 (0.84, 2.10) | |
Fatigue (%) | <0.001 | ||||
No | 328 (82.8) | 258 (86.9) | 70 (70.7) | Ref. | |
Yes | 68 (17.2) | 39 (13.1) | 29 (29.3) | 2.73 (1.57, 4.74) | |
Muscle pain (%) | 0.009 | ||||
No | 307 (77.5) | 240 (80.8) | 67 (67.7) | Ref. | |
Yes | 89 (22.5) | 57 (19.2) | 32 (32.3) | 2.01 (1.20, 3.34) | |
Runny nose | |||||
No | 273 (68.9) | 212 (71.4) | 61 (61.6) | Ref. | 0.074 |
Yes | 123 (31.1) | 85 (28.6) | 38 (38.4) | 1.55 (0.96, 2.50) | |
Sore throat | 0.110 | ||||
No | 270 (68.2) | 209 (70.4%) | 61 (61.6%) | Ref. | |
Yes | 126 (31.8) | 88 (29.6) | 38 (38.4) | 1.48 (0.91, 2.38) | |
Cough | 0.108 | ||||
No | 289 (73.0) | 223 (75.1) | 66 (66.7) | Ref. | |
Yes | 107 (27.0) | 74 (24.9) | 33 (33.3) | 1.51 (0.91, 2.46) | |
Dyspnea | 0.868 | ||||
No | 391 (98.7) | 293 (98.7) | 98 (99.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 5 (1.3) | 4 (1.4) | 1 (1.0) | 0.82 (0.03, 6.03) | |
Pain during the respiration | 0.997 | ||||
No | 395 (99.7) | 296 (99.7) | 99 (100) | Ref. | |
Yes | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.99 (0.04, 25.58) | |
Chest pain | 0.799 | ||||
No | 389 (98.2) | 292 (98.3) | 97 (98.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 7 (1.77) | 5 (1.68) | 2 (2.02) | 1.26 (0.16, 6.21) | |
Abdominal pain | 0.045 | ||||
No | 382 (96.5) | 290 (97.6) | 92 (92.9) | Ref. | |
Yes | 14 (3.6) | 7 (2.4) | 7 (7.1) | 3.14 (1.03, 9.59) | |
Vomiting | 0.235 | ||||
No | 367 (92.7) | 278 (93.6) | 89 (89.9) | Ref. | |
Yes | 29 (7.3) | 19 (6.4) | 10 (10.1) | 1.65 (0.71, 3.64) | |
Diarrhea | 0.235 | ||||
No | 367 (92.7) | 278 (93.6) | 89 (89.9) | Ref. | |
Yes | 29 (7.3) | 19 (6.4) | 10 (10.1) | 1.65 (0.71, 3.64) | |
Loss of taste | 0.818 | ||||
No | 378 (95.5) | 283 (95.3) | 95 (96.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 18 (4.6) | 14 (4.7) | 4 (4.0) | 0.87 (0.24, 2.54) | |
Hearing loss | 0.250 | ||||
No | 395 (99.7) | 297 (100) | 98 (99.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 9.06 (0.37, 224.24) | |
Confusion | 0.311 | ||||
No | 389 (98.2) | 293 (98.7) | 96 (97.0) | Ref. | |
Yes | 7 (1.8) | 4 (1.4) | 3 (3.03) | 2.31 (0.42, 11.2) |
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Schiavo, M.; Di Filippo, P.; Porreca, A.; Prezioso, G.; Orlandi, G.; Rossi, N.; Chiarelli, F.; Attanasi, M. Potential Predictors of Long COVID in Italian Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Children 2024, 11, 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020221
Schiavo M, Di Filippo P, Porreca A, Prezioso G, Orlandi G, Rossi N, Chiarelli F, Attanasi M. Potential Predictors of Long COVID in Italian Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Children. 2024; 11(2):221. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020221
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchiavo, Marco, Paola Di Filippo, Annamaria Porreca, Giovanni Prezioso, Greta Orlandi, Nadia Rossi, Francesco Chiarelli, and Marina Attanasi. 2024. "Potential Predictors of Long COVID in Italian Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey" Children 11, no. 2: 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020221