The Associations between Lifestyle Habits and Anxiety: A Prospective Study on Adolescents One Year after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Assessment
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Lifestyle Habits and Anxiety across Time
3.2. Associations between Anxiety and Current Lifestyle Habits
3.3. Factors Associated with the Change in Anxiety Levels over Time
3.4. Cross-Lagged and Concurrent Associations among Sleep, Screen Use, and Anxiety
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T0 N = 153 | T1 N = 153 | Test (DF) | p-Value 1 | Effect Size $ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free-time activities | |||||
Time spent with friends (1–4) | 2.93 ± 0.96 | 2.42 ± 1.01 | t = 9.64 (150) | p < 0.001 | 0.40 |
Time spent watching TV (1–4) | 2.03 ± 0.90 | 1.94 ± 0.97 | t = 1.25 (151) | p = 0.214 | 0.10 |
Time spent reading (1–4) | 1.88 ± 0.87 | 1.69 ± 0.88 | t = 3.1 (151) | p = 0.002 | 0.25 |
Time spent inactive (1–4) | 2.31 ± 1.01 | 2.21 ± 1.05 | t = 1.21 (150) | p = 0.227 | 0.10 |
Time spent playing sports (0–4) | 2.16 ± 1.63 | 1.96 ± 1.55 | t = 1.41 (152) | p = 0.161 | 0.11 |
Maladaptive behaviors | |||||
Binge drinking (0–4) | 0.18 ± 0.47 | 0.16 ± 0.49 | t = 0.52 (152) | p = 0.607 | 0.04 |
Binge eating (0–4) | 0.12 ± 0.43 | 0.37 ± 0.97 | t = −3 (152) | p = 0.003 | 0.24 |
Cannabis use (0–4) | 0.11 ± 0.47 | 0.22 ± 0.67 | t = −1.76 (152) | p = 0.081 | 0.14 |
Sleep quality | |||||
Enough sleep (0–7) | 2.03 ± 1.9 | 1.77 ± 1.6 | t = 1.61 (148) | p = 0.110 | 0.13 |
Early awakening (0–7) | 1.14 ± 1.9 | 1.03 ± 1.6 | t = 0.64 (152) | p = 0.524 | 0.05 |
Difficulties in falling asleep (0–7) | 1.86 ± 2.2 | 2.30 ± 2.4 | t = −2.11 (158) | p = 0.036 | 0.17 |
Daytime sleepiness (0–4) | 1.05 ± 0.93 | 1.27 ± 1.02 | t = −2.58 (152) | p = 0.011 | 0.21 |
Screen use | |||||
Time spent online (1–4) | 2.63 ± 0.71 | 3.05 ± 0.75 | t = −6.34 (152) | p < 0.001 | 0.51 |
Staying up too late to spend more time online (0–5) | 1.37 ± 1.42 | 1.93 ± 1.35 | t = −4.44 (152) | p < 0.001 | 1.21 |
Little time to study because of time spent online (0–5) | 1.30 ± 1.32 | 1.71 ± 1.35 | t = −3.39 (152) | p < 0.001 | 0.27 |
Attempts to reduce the amount of time online (0–4) | 1.62 ± 1.35 | 2.21 ± 1.37 | t = −4.86 (152) | p < 0.001 | 0.39 |
Problematic screen use | N = 59 (38.5%) | N = 93 (60.7%) | X2 = 23.13 (1) | p < 0.001 | 0.37 |
Anxiety at T0 | Anxiety at T1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p Value | r | p Value | |
Time spent with friends | −0.164 | p = 0.043 | −0.213 | p = 0.008 |
Time spent watching TV | 0.105 | p = 0.154 | 0.044 | p = 0.584 |
Time spent reading | 0.168 | p = 0.035 | 0.073 | p = 0.369 |
Time spent inactive | 0.235 | p = 0.003 | −0.037 | p = 0.650 |
Time spent playing sports | −0.296 | p = 0.001 | −0.282 | p < 0.001 |
Binge drinking | −0.076 | p = 0.370 | −0.150 | p = 0.065 |
Binge eating | 0.174 | p = 0.046 | 0.362 | p < 0.001 |
Cannabis use | 0.064 | p = 0.474 | 0.008 | p = 0.926 |
Enough sleep | −0.072 | p = 0.570 | −0.283 | p < 0.001 |
Early awakening | 0.239 | p = 0.003 | 0.191 | p = 0.018 |
Difficulties in falling asleep | 0.215 | p = 0.015 | 0.332 | p < 0.001 |
Daytime sleepiness | 0.247 | p = 0.002 | 0.383 | p < 0.001 |
Time spent online | 0.196 | p = 0.013 | 0.070 | p = 0.391 |
Staying up late to spend more time online | 0.145 | p = 0.061 | 0.181 | p = 0.025 |
Little time to study because of time spent online | 0.097 | p = 0.197 | 0.196 | p = 0.015 |
Attempts to reduce the amount of time spent online | 0.217 | p = 0.011 | 0.218 | p = 0.007 |
p | Beta | Standardized β | Adjusted R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Δ Difficulties in falling asleep | <0.001 | +0.86 | +0.27 | |
Δ Attempts to reduce screen time | 0.005 | +1.13 | +0.21 | 0.199 |
Loneliness | 0.011 | −5.05 | −0.19 | |
COVID-related experiences in the family | 0.05 |
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Pedrini, L.; Meloni, S.; Dawson, J.; Geviti, A.; Bonfiglio, N.S.; Cattaneo, A.; Rossi, R. The Associations between Lifestyle Habits and Anxiety: A Prospective Study on Adolescents One Year after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Children 2024, 11, 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030282
Pedrini L, Meloni S, Dawson J, Geviti A, Bonfiglio NS, Cattaneo A, Rossi R. The Associations between Lifestyle Habits and Anxiety: A Prospective Study on Adolescents One Year after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Children. 2024; 11(3):282. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030282
Chicago/Turabian StylePedrini, Laura, Serena Meloni, Julia Dawson, Andrea Geviti, Natale Salvatore Bonfiglio, Anna Cattaneo, and Roberta Rossi. 2024. "The Associations between Lifestyle Habits and Anxiety: A Prospective Study on Adolescents One Year after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic" Children 11, no. 3: 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030282