Development of a Predictive Model for Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately after Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subject Selection
2.2. Data Collection
- Mother: age of the mother, marital status, income level, current affliction with illness, number of pregnancies, type of birth, number of children, pregnancy with high obstetric risk, planned pregnancy, use of assisted reproduction techniques, maternal education during pregnancy, affliction with health problems during pregnancy, affliction with anxiety during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum ailments, affliction with mental health problems, affliction with depression before or during pregnancy, perceived support from the partner and the family, whether the mother was a smoker, and the birth experience.
- Newborn: age (months), birth weight, and prematurity.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (%) N = 544 | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Age mother (years) | 34.7 (3.97) | |
Civil status | ||
Married | 328 (60.3) | |
Common-law couple | 88 (16.2) | |
Single | 123 (22.6) | |
Divorced | 4 (0.7) | |
Widowed | 1 (0.2) | |
Income level | ||
<1000 euros/month | 98 (18.0) | |
Between EUR 1000 and 1999 per month | 292 (53.7) | |
Between EUR 2000 and 2999 per month | 126 (23.2) | |
>EUR 3000/month | 28 (5.1) | |
Current illness | ||
No | 492 (90.4) | |
Yes | 52 (9.6) | |
No. of pregnancies | ||
One | 277 (50.9) | |
Two | 173 (31.8) | |
Three or more | 94 (17.3) | |
Vaginal births | ||
None | 106 (19.5) | |
One | 312 (57.4) | |
Two or more | 126 (23.1) | |
Cesarean sections | ||
No | 414 (76.1) | |
Yes | 130 (23.9) | |
No. of children | ||
One | 380 (69.9) | |
Two | 147 (27.0) | |
Three or more | 17 (3.1) | |
High-risk pregnancy | ||
No | 466 (85.7) | |
Yes | 78 (14.3) | |
Planned pregnancy | ||
No | 52 (9.6) | |
Yes | 492 (90.4) | |
Fertility treatment | ||
No | 471 (86.6) | |
Yes | 73 (13.4) | |
Prenatal education | ||
No | 162 (29.8) | |
Yes | 382 (70.2) | |
Health problem during pregnancy | ||
No | 323 (59.4) | |
Yes | 221 (40.6) | |
Anxiety during pregnancy, birth, postpartum | ||
No | 279 (51.3) | |
Yes | 265 (48.7) | |
Mental health problems | ||
No | 419 (77.0) | |
Yes | 125 (23.0) | |
Depression before/during pregnancy | ||
No | 482 (88.6) | |
Yes | 62 (11.4) | |
Support received from partner | ||
Very low/low | 33 (6.1) | |
Moderate | 94 (17.3) | |
High/Very high | 417 (76.6) | |
Support received from family | ||
Very low/low | 57 (10.4) | |
Moderate | 114 (21.0) | |
High/Very high | 373 (68.6) | |
Smoker | ||
No | 487 (89.5) | |
Yes | 57 (10.5) | |
Prematurity | ||
No | 533 (98.0) | |
Yes | 8 (1.5) | |
Unknown | 3 (0.5) | |
Type of delivery | ||
Normal | 331 (60.8) | |
Instrumental | 100 (18.5) | |
Planned cesarean section | 29 (5.3) | |
Emergency cesarean section | 84 (15.4) | |
Birth experience | ||
Very bad/bad | 70 (12.9) | |
Ok | 102 (18.7) | |
Good/Very good | 372 (68.4) | |
Skin-to-skin | ||
No | 76 (14.0) | |
Yes | 468 (86.0) |
Skin-to-Skin | Bivariate Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | No n (%) (N = 76) | Yes n (%) (N = 468) | OR 95% CI | p-Value |
Age of mother (years) | 34.83 (4.09) | 34.63 (3.96) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.691 |
Civil status | 0.586 | |||
Married | 40 (12.2) | 288 (87.8) | 1 (ref.) | |
Common-law couple | 13 (14.8) | 75 (85.2) | 0.80 (0.41–1.57) | 0.520 |
Single | 22 (17.9) | 101 (82.1) | 0.64 (0.36–1.13) | 0.120 |
Divorced | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 0.42 (0.04–4.10) | 0.453 |
Widowed | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 1.000 | |
Income level | 0.039 | |||
<EUR 1000/month | 18 (18.4) | 80 (81.6) | 1 (ref.) | |
Between EUR 1000 and 1999/month | 47 (16.1) | 245 (83.9) | 1.17 (0.64–2.14) | 0.602 |
Between EUR 2000 and 2999/month | 8 (6.3) | 118 (93.7) | 3.32 (1.38–8.00) | 0.008 |
>EUR 3000/month | 3 (10.7) | 25 (89.3) | 1.88 (0.51–6.90) | 0.344 |
Current illness | 0.467 | |||
No | 67 (13.6) | 425 (86.4) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 9 (17.3) | 43 (82.7) | 0.75 (0.35–1.62) | |
No. of pregnancies | 0.056 | |||
One | 46 (16.6) | 231 (83.4) | 1 (ref.) | |
Two | 15 (8.7) | 158 (91.3) | 2.10 (1.13–3.89) | 0.019 |
Three or more | 15 (16.0) | 79 (84.0) | 1.05 (0.56–1.98) | 0.883 |
Previous vaginal births | <0.001 | |||
None | 55 (51.9) | 51 (48.1) | 1 (ref.) | |
One | 20 (6.4) | 292 (93.6) | 15.75 (8.71–28.46) | <0.001 |
Two or more | 1 (0.8) | 125 (99.2) | 134.80 (18.17–1000.40) | <0.001 |
Previous cesarean sections | <0.001 | |||
No | 16 (3.9) | 398 (96.1) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 60 (46.2) | 70 (53.8) | 0.05 (0.03–0.09) | |
No of children | 0.104 | |||
One | 61 (16.1) | 319 (83.9) | 1 (ref.) | |
Two | 13 (8.8) | 134 (91.2) | 1.97 (1.05–3.71) | 0.035 |
Three or more | 2 (11.8) | 15 (88.2) | 1.43 (0.32–6.43) | 0.638 |
High-risk pregnancy | 0.075 | |||
No | 60 (12.9) | 406 (87.1) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 16 (20.5) | 62 (79.5) | 0.57 (0.31–1.06) | |
Planned pregnancy | 0.467 | |||
No | 9 (17.3) | 43 (82.7) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 67 (13.6) | 425 (86.4) | 1.33 (0.62–2.85) | |
Fertility treatment | 0.038 | |||
No | 60 (12.7) | 411 (87.3) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 16 (21.9) | 57 (78.1) | 0.52 (0.28–0.96) | |
Prenatal education | 0.522 | |||
No | 25 (15.4) | 137 (84.6) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 51 (13.4) | 331 (86.6) | 1.18 (0.71–1.99) | |
Health problem during pregnancy | 0.975 | |||
No | 45 (13.9) | 278 (86.1) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 31 (14.0) | 190 (86.0) | 0.99 (0.61–1.63) | |
Depression before/during pregnancy | 0.024 | |||
No | 64 (13.3) | 418 (86.7) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 12 (19.4) | 50 (80.6) | 0.55 (0.33–0.93) | |
Support received from partner | 0.085 | |||
Very low/low | 9 (27.3) | 24 (72.7) | 1 (ref.) | |
Moderate | 13 (13.8) | 81 (86.2) | 2.34 (0.89–6.13) | 0.085 |
High/Very high | 54 (12.9) | 363 (87.1) | 2.52 (1.11–5.71) | 0.027 |
Support received from family | 0.096 | |||
Very low/low | 8 (14.0) | 49 (86.0) | 1 (ref.) | |
Moderate | 23 (20.2) | 91 (79.8) | 0.65 (0.27–1.55) | 0.328 |
High/Very high | 45 (12.1) | 328 (87.9) | 1.19 (0.53–2.67) | 0.674 |
Smoker | ||||
No | 69 (14.2) | 418 (85.8) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 7 (12.3) | 50 (87.7) | ||
Prematurity | 0.904 | |||
No | 75 (14.1) | 458 (85.9) | 1 (ref.) | |
Yes | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 1.14 (0.14–9.39) | |
Don’t know | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | ||
Type of delivery | <0.001 | |||
Normal | 6 (1.8) | 325 (98.2) | 1 (ref.) | |
Instrumental | 10 (10.0) | 90 (90.0) | 0.17 (0.06–0.47) | 0.001 |
Planned cesarean section | 9 (31.0) | 20 (69.0) | 0.04 (0.01–0.13) | <0.001 |
Emergency cesarean section | 51 (60.7) | 33 (39.3) | 0.01 (0.01–0.03) | <0.001 |
Birth experience | <0.001 | |||
Very bad/bad | 35 (50.0) | 35 (50.0) | 1 (ref.) | |
Neither good nor bad | 26 (25.5) | 76 (74.5) | 2.92 (1.53–5.58) | 0.001 |
Good/Very good | 15 (4.0) | 357 (96.0) | 23.80 (11.85–47.80) | <0.001 |
Number of Events in the Derivation Cohort | 468 (86.0%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Number of Events in the Validation Cohort | 464 (87.1%) | ||
Risk Factor | Coeff * | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
Type of delivery | <0.001 | ||
Normal | 1 (ref.) | ||
Instrumental | −1.159 | 0.31 (0.10–0.96) | 0.043 |
Planned cesarean section | −3.102 | 0.05 (0.01–0.15) | <0.001 |
Emergency cesarean section | −3.641 | 0.03 (0.01–0.07) | <0.001 |
Birth experience | <0.001 | ||
Very bad/bad | 1 (ref.) | ||
Ok | 0.927 | 2.53 (1.14–5.61) | 0.023 |
Good/Very good | 2.103 | 8.19 (3.40–19.70) | <0.001 |
Prematurity | 0.044 | ||
No | 1 (ref.) | ||
Yes | −2.323 | 0.10 (0.01–0.94) | |
Constant | 2.371 | ||
AUC ROC Derivation Cohort | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | <0.001 | |
2LL: 248.252 Cox-Snell R2: 0.297 Nagelkerke R2: 0.536 | |||
AUC ROC Validation Cohort | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) | <0.001 |
Probability | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | LR+ | LR− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Higher 0.5 | ||||||
Derivation Cohort | 94.9 | 61.8 | 93.9 | 66.2 | 2.48 | 0.08 |
Validation Cohort | 95.3 | 60.9 | 94.2 | 65.6 | 2.44 | 0.08 |
Higher 0.6 | ||||||
Derivation Cohort | 94.2 | 64.5 | 94.2 | 64.5 | 2.65 | 0.09 |
Validation Cohort | 94.0 | 65.2 | 94.8 | 61.6 | 2.70 | 0.09 |
Higher 0.7 | ||||||
Derivation Cohort | 92.3 | 75.0 | 95.8 | 61.3 | 3.69 | 0.10 |
Validation Cohort | 90.1 | 73.9 | 95.9 | 52.6 | 3.45 | 0.13 |
Higher 0.8 | ||||||
Derivation Cohort | 85.3 | 86.8 | 97.6 | 48.9 | 6.46 | 0.17 |
Validation Cohort | 84.5 | 84.1 | 97.3 | 44.6 | 5.31 | 0.18 |
Higher 0.9 | ||||||
Derivation Cohort | 78.0 | 92.1 | 98.4 | 40.5 | 9.87 | 0.24 |
Validation Cohort | 77.6 | 84.1 | 97.3 | 44.6 | 4.88 | 0.27 |
Cohorts | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Derivation n (%) (N = 544) | Validation n (%) (N = 533) | p-Value |
Age mother (years) Mean (SD) | 34.7 (3.97) | 34.6 (3.89) | 0.855 |
Civil status | 0.420 | ||
Married | 328 (52.1) | 301 (47.9) | |
Common-law couple | 88 (49.4) | 90 (50.6) | |
Single | 123 (47.3) | 137 (52.7) | |
Divorced | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | |
Separated | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | |
Widowed | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | |
Income level | 0.686 | ||
<EUR 1000/month | 98 (46.9) | 111 (53.1) | |
Between EUR 1000 and 1999/month | 292 (51.0) | 281 (49.0) | |
Between EUR 2000 and 2999/month | 126 (52.3) | 115 (47.7) | |
>EUR 3000/month | 28 (51.9) | 26 (48.1) | |
Current illness | 0.027 | ||
No | 492 (51.7) | 459 (48.3) | |
Yes | 52 (41.3) | 74 (58.7) | |
No. of pregnancies | 0.076 | ||
One | 277 (47.4) | 307 (52.6) | |
Two | 173 (53.2) | 152 (46.8) | |
Three or more | 94 (56.0) | 74 (44.0) | |
Vaginal births | 0.384 | ||
None | 106 (49.3) | 109 (50.7) | |
One | 312 (49.4) | 319 (50.6) | |
Two or more | 126 (54.5) | 105 (45.5) | |
Cesarean sections | 0.370 | ||
No | 414 (51.3) | 393 (48.7) | |
Yes | 130 (48.1) | 140 (51.9) | |
No. of children | 0.318 | ||
One | 380 (49.3) | 391 (50.7) | |
Two | 147 (54.4) | 123 (45.6) | |
Three or more | 17 (47.2) | 19 (52.8) | |
High-risk pregnancy | 0.822 | ||
No | 466 (50.7) | 454 (49.3) | |
Yes | 78 (49.7) | 79 (50.3) | |
Planned pregnancy | 0.754 | ||
No | 52 (52.0) | 48 (48.0) | |
Yes | 492 (50.4) | 485 (49.6) | |
Fertility treatment | 0.748 | ||
No | 471 (50.3) | 465 (49.7) | |
Yes | 73 (51.8) | 68 (48.2) | |
Prenatal education | 0.854 | ||
No | 162 (50.9) | 156 (49.1) | |
Yes | 382 (50.3) | 377 (49.7) | |
Health problem during pregnancy | 0.825 | ||
No | 323 (50.2) | 320 (49.8) | |
Yes | 221 (50.9) | 213 (49.1) | |
Anxiety during pregnancy, birth, postpartum | 0.788 | ||
No | 279 (50.9) | 269 (49.1) | |
Yes | 265 (50.1) | 264 (49.9) | |
Mental health problems | 0.164 | ||
No | 419 (51.7) | 391 (48.3) | |
Yes | 125 (46.8) | 142 (53.2) | |
Depression before/during pregnancy | 0.234 | ||
No | 482 (49.9) | 484 (50.1) | |
Yes | 62 (55.9) | 49 (44.1) | |
Support received from partner | 0.877 | ||
Very low/low | 33 (50.8) | 32 (49.2) | |
Moderate | 94 (52.2) | 86 (47.8) | |
High/Very high | 417 (50.1) | 415 (49.9) | |
Support received from family | 0.383 | ||
Very low/low | 57 (55.9) | 45 (44.1) | |
Moderate | 114 (52.3) | 104 (47.7) | |
High/Very high | 373 (49.3) | 384 (50.7) | |
Smoker | 0.173 | ||
No | 487 (49.8) | 490 (50.2) | |
Yes | 57 (57.0) | 43 (43.0) | |
Prematurity | 0.147 | ||
No | 533 (50.8) | 516 (49.2) | |
Yes | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) | |
Unknown | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | |
Type of delivery | 0.734 | ||
Normal | 331 (50.8) | 321 (49.2) | |
Instrumental | 100 (50.8) | 97 (49.2) | |
Planned cesarean section | 29 (43.9) | 37 (56.1) | |
Emergency cesarean section | 84 (51.9) | 78 (48.1) | |
Birth experience | 0.191 | ||
Very bad/bad | 70 (57.9) | 51 (42.1) | |
Ok | 102 (51.5) | 96 (48.5) | |
Good/Very good | 372 (49.1) | 386 (50.9) | |
Skin-to-skin | 0.884 | ||
No | 75 (52.4) | 68 (47.6) | |
Yes | 468 (50.2) | 464 (49.8) | |
Unknown | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Díaz-Ogallar, M.A.; Hernández-Martínez, A.; Linares-Abad, M.; Martínez-Galiano, J.M. Development of a Predictive Model for Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately after Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children 2024, 11, 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050577
Díaz-Ogallar MA, Hernández-Martínez A, Linares-Abad M, Martínez-Galiano JM. Development of a Predictive Model for Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately after Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children. 2024; 11(5):577. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050577
Chicago/Turabian StyleDíaz-Ogallar, María Antonia, Antonio Hernández-Martínez, Manuel Linares-Abad, and Juan Miguel Martínez-Galiano. 2024. "Development of a Predictive Model for Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately after Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study" Children 11, no. 5: 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050577