Comparison of the Predictors of Smoking Cessation Plans between Adolescent Conventional Cigarette Smokers and E-Cigarette Smokers Using the Transtheoretical Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Conventional Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use
2.3.2. SCPs
2.3.3. General Characteristics
2.3.4. Smoking Characteristics
2.3.5. Variables of the TTM
2.4. Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics according to Smoking Patterns
3.2. Process of Change, Decisional Balance, Self-Efficacy, and SCPs according to Smoking Patterns
3.3. Predictors of SCPs
4. Discussion
4.1. Findings
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Total | Smoking Patterns | χ2/t (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional Cigarette | E-Cigarette | ||||
General characteristics | |||||
Age | 17.49 ± 1.60 | 17.41 ± 1.96 | 17.55 ± 1.32 | −0.69 (0.490) | |
Sex | Male | 142 (59.9) | 61 (63.5) | 81 (57.4) | 0.88 (0.347) |
Female | 95 (40.1) | 35 (36.5) | 60 (42.6) | ||
School level | Middle school | 45 (19.0) | 13 (13.5) | 32 (22.7) | 3.11 (0.078) |
High school | 192 (81.0) | 83 (86.5) | 109 (77.3) | ||
Academic performance | Average or higher | 112 (47.3) | 51 (53.1) | 61 (43.3) | 2.23 (0.135) |
Below average | 125 (52.7) | 45 (46.9) | 80 (56.7) | ||
Economic status | Average or higher | 203 (85.7) | 85 (88.5) | 118 (83.7) | 1.10 (0.295) |
Below average | 34 (14.3) | 11 (11.5) | 23 (16.3) | ||
Living arrangement | Living with parents | 187 (78.9) | 75 (78.1) | 112 (79.4) | 0.06 (0.809) |
Not living with parents | 50 (21.1) | 21 (21.9) | 29 (20.6) | ||
Father’s education | High school or lower | 88 (37.1) | 39 (40.6) | 49 (34.8) | 0.90 (0.637) |
College or higher | 87 (36.7) | 34 (35.4) | 53 (37.6) | ||
Don’t know | 62 (26.2) | 23 (24.0) | 39 (27.7) | ||
Mother’s education | High school or lower | 81 (34.2) | 29 (30.2) | 52 (36.9) | 1.25 (0.534) |
College or higher | 93 (39.2) | 41 (42.7) | 52 (36.9) | ||
Don’t know | 63 (26.6) | 26 (27.1) | 37 (26.2) | ||
SRH | Healthy | 109 (46.0) | 55 (57.3) | 54 (38.3) | 9.98 (0.007) |
Average | 93 (39.2) | 33 (34.4) | 60 (42.6) | ||
Unhealthy | 35 (14.8) | 8 (8.3) | 27 (19.1) | ||
Drinking | Non-drinker | 91 (38.4) | 43 (44.8) | 48 (34.0) | 2.79 (0.095) |
Drinker | 146 (61.6) | 53 (55.2) | 93 (66.0) | ||
Vigorous physical activity | No | 179 (75.5) | 74 (77.1) | 105 (74.5) | 0.21 (0.646) |
Yes | 58 (24.5) | 22 (22.9) | 36 (25.5) | ||
Breakfast | No | 178 (75.1) | 73 (76.0) | 105 (74.5) | 0.08 (0.783) |
Yes | 59 (24.9) | 23 (24.0) | 36 (25.5) | ||
Stress | No | 140 (59.1) | 62 (64.6) | 78 (55.3) | 2.03 (0.154) |
Yes | 97 (40.9) | 34 (35.4) | 63 (44.7) | ||
Smoking characteristics | |||||
Age at smoking initiation | 14.13 ± 1.70 | 14.40 ± 1.80 | 13.95 ± 1.62 | 1.95 (0.053) | |
Family’s smoking | No | 66 (27.8) | 31 (32.3) | 35 (24.8) | 1.67 (0.434) |
Yes | 151 (63.7) | 58 (60.4) | 93 (66.0) | ||
Don’t know | 20 (8.4) | 7 (7.3) | 13 (9.2) | ||
Friends’ smoking | Almost none smoke | 74 (31.2) | 33 (34.4) | 41 (29.1) | 0.75 (0.388) |
Most smoke | 163 (68.8) | 63 (65.6) | 100 (70.9) | ||
Prior smoking cessation education | No | 66 (27.8) | 36 (37.5) | 30 (21.3) | 7.48 (0.006) |
Yes | 171 (72.2) | 60 (62.5) | 111 (78.7) | ||
Awareness of smoking cessation campaigns | No | 83 (35.0) | 32 (33.3) | 51 (36.2) | 0.20 (0.653) |
Yes | 154 (65.0) | 64 (66.7) | 90 (63.8) |
Variable | Total | Smoking Patterns | χ2/t (p) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional Cigarette | E-Cigarette | ||||
Experiential process of change | 2.87 ± 0.73 | 2.77 ± 0.60 | 2.94 ± 0.80 | −1.73 (0.085) | |
Consciousness-raising | 3.00 ± 0.93 | 2.82 ± 0.75 | 3.12 ± 1.02 | −2.67 (0.008) | |
Dramatic relief | 2.89 ± 0.87 | 2.72 ± 0.73 | 3.01 ± 0.94 | −2.49 (0.014) | |
Environmental re-evaluation | 2.92 ± 0.89 | 2.88 ± 0.74 | 2.95 ± 0.99 | −0.62 (0.533) | |
Self-re-evaluation | 2.69 ± 0.90 | 2.61 ± 0.81 | 2.74 ± 0.96 | −1.10 (0.270) | |
Social liberation | 2.84 ± 0.87 | 2.81 ± 0.79 | 2.85 ± 0.93 | −0.36 (0.716) | |
Behavioral process of change | 2.78 ± 0.72 | 2.73 ± 0.67 | 2.81 ± 0.75 | −0.83 (0.406) | |
Counter conditioning | 2.74 ± 0.83 | 2.72 ± 0.79 | 2.75 ± 0.86 | −0.25 (0.801) | |
Helping relationship | 3.00 ± 0.96 | 2.83 ± 0.89 | 3.11 ± 0.99 | −2.24 (0.026) | |
Reinforcement management | 2.68 ± 0.91 | 2.64 ± 0.85 | 2.71 ± 0.96 | −0.57 (0.572) | |
Self-liberation | 3.03 ± 0.96 | 2.99 ± 0.93 | 3.06 ± 0.98 | −0.53 (0.598) | |
Stimulus control | 2.46 ± 0.97 | 2.48 ± 0.90 | 2.44 ± 1.03 | 0.37 (0.709) | |
Pros of smoking | 2.98 ± 0.68 | 2.98 ± 0.69 | 2.98 ± 0.67 | −0.01 (0.991) | |
Cons of smoking | 3.21 ± 0.65 | 3.17 ± 0.66 | 3.25 ± 0.64 | −0.95 (0.345) | |
Self-efficacy | 2.79 ± 0.95 | 2.82 ± 0.92 | 2.77 ± 0.97 | 0.35 (0.730) | |
Smoking cessation plans | Yes | 133 (56.1) | 58 (60.4) | 75 (53.2) | 1.21 (0.271) |
No | 104 (43.9) | 38 (39.6) | 66 (46.8) |
Variable | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Experiential process of change | 2.62 (1.20~5.73) | 0.016 | 0.57 (0.08~4.01) | 0.575 |
Behavioral process of change | 3.05 (1.47~6.30) | 0.003 | 4.25 (0.77~23.47) | 0.097 |
Pros of smoking | 0.39 (0.19~0.79) | 0.010 | 0.25 (0.09~0.71) | 0.009 |
Cons of smoking | 0.67 (0.35~1.29) | 0.230 | ||
Self-efficacy | 1.86 (1.13~3.06) | 0.015 | 1.49 (0.71~3.12) | 0.287 |
Sex (male) | 2.62 (1.11~6.19) | 0.027 | 2.06 (0.68~6.27) | 0.202 |
Economic status (average or higher) | 0.13 (0.02~1.06) | 0.057 | ||
Academic performance (average or higher) | 2.51 (1.08~5.81) | 0.032 | 4.60 (1.50~14.11) | 0.008 |
Living arrangement (Living with parents) | 0.92 (0.34~2.50) | 0.875 | ||
School level (high school) | 0.95 (0.29~3.15) | 0.929 | ||
Father’s education (≥college or higher) | 1.67 (0.63~4.43) | 0.303 | ||
Father’s education (Don’t know) | 0.64 (0.23~1.80) | 0.395 | ||
Mother’s education (≥college or higher) | 0.91 (0.34~2.47) | 0.857 | ||
Mother’s education (don’t know) | 0.53 (0.18~1.56) | 0.246 | ||
SRH (healthy) | 2.06 (0.46~9.18) | 0.345 | ||
SRH (average) | 1.06 (0.23~4.98) | 0.939 | ||
Drinking (drinker) | 0.58 (0.25~1.35) | 0.207 | ||
Vigorous physical activity (Yes) | 0.93 (0.35~2.45) | 0.885 | ||
Breakfast (Yes) | 0.81 (0.31~2.09) | 0.662 | ||
Stress (Yes) | 1.09 (0.46~2.57) | 0.841 | ||
Age at smoking initiation | 1.18 (0.93~1.50) | 0.166 | ||
Family’s smoking (Yes) | 0.33 (0.12~0.90) | 0.030 | 0.53 (0.17~1.67) | 0.280 |
Family’s smoking (Don’t know) | 0.22 (0.04~1.22) | 0.083 | 0.38 (0.05~2.73) | 0.339 |
Friends’ smoking (Most) | 0.99 (0.42~2.34) | 0.978 | ||
Prior smoking cessation education (yes) | 1.15 (0.49~2.67) | 0.747 | ||
Awareness of smoking cessation campaigns (yes) | 1.07 (0.45~2.54) | 0.883 |
Variable | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Experiential process of change | 2.64 (1.57~4.43) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.35~2.78) | 0.982 |
Behavioral process of change | 3.69 (2.01~6.78) | <0.001 | 3.85 (1.19~12.43) | 0.024 |
Pros of smoking | 0.57 (0.34~0.97) | 0.039 | 0.43 (0.22~0.85) | 0.015 |
Cons of smoking | 1.47 (0.86~2.50) | 0.158 | ||
Self-efficacy | 1.97 (1.33~2.91) | 0.001 | 1.44 (0.92~2.25) | 0.109 |
Sex (male) | 1.40 (0.72~2.75) | 0.320 | ||
Economic status (average or higher) | 3.11 (1.19~8.12) | 0.021 | 3.78 (1.26~11.32) | 0.017 |
Academic performance (average or higher) | 1.70 (0.87~3.35) | 0.122 | ||
Living arrangement (Living with parents) | 1.82 (0.80~4.17) | 0.156 | ||
School level (high school) | 1.63 (0.74~3.62) | 0.226 | ||
Father’s education (≥college or higher) | 0.77 (0.35~1.69) | 0.519 | ||
Father’s education (Don’t know) | 0.59 (0.25~1.38) | 0.225 | ||
Mother’s education (≥college or higher) | 0.58 (0.27~1.26) | 0.170 | ||
Mother’s education (don’t know) | 0.80 (0.34~1.87) | 0.601 | ||
SRH (healthy) | 2.12 (0.83~5.43) | 0.116 | ||
SRH (average) | 1.17 (0.47~2.91) | 0.737 | ||
Drinking (drinker) | 0.83 (0.41~1.67) | 0.601 | ||
Vigorous physical activity (Yes) | 1.14 (0.53~2.43) | 0.742 | ||
Breakfast (Yes) | 1.32 (0.62~2.84) | 0.474 | ||
Stress (Yes) | 1.06 (0.54~2.06) | 0.868 | ||
Age at smoking initiation | 1.14 (0.92~1.41) | 0.224 | ||
Family’s smoking (Yes) | 0.71 (0.32~1.57) | 0.397 | ||
Family’s smoking (Don’t know) | 0.57 (0.16~2.06) | 0.393 | ||
Friends’ smoking (Most) | 0.97 (0.47~2.02) | 0.943 | ||
Prior smoking cessation education (yes) | 1.65 (0.73~3.73) | 0.225 | ||
Awareness of smoking cessation campaigns (yes) | 1.67 (0.83~3.33) | 0.148 |
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Park, M.-H.; An, B. Comparison of the Predictors of Smoking Cessation Plans between Adolescent Conventional Cigarette Smokers and E-Cigarette Smokers Using the Transtheoretical Model. Children 2024, 11, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050598
Park M-H, An B. Comparison of the Predictors of Smoking Cessation Plans between Adolescent Conventional Cigarette Smokers and E-Cigarette Smokers Using the Transtheoretical Model. Children. 2024; 11(5):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050598
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Min-Hee, and Bomi An. 2024. "Comparison of the Predictors of Smoking Cessation Plans between Adolescent Conventional Cigarette Smokers and E-Cigarette Smokers Using the Transtheoretical Model" Children 11, no. 5: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050598