Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Body Posture
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements and Bioelectrical Impedance
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n | Mean (SD) | Q1 | Median | Q3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | ||||||
Age (years) | 464 | 11.52 (2.99) | 9.00 | 12.00 | 14.00 | |
Height (cm) | 464 | 152.48 (17.77) | 137.00 | 155.50 | 167.00 | |
Weight (kg) | 464 | 45.39 (16.81) | 30.40 | 44.75 | 56.45 | |
Body mass index (BMIkg/m2) | 464 | 18.80 (3.75) | 16.10 | 18.24 | 20.97 | |
Total length of spine (mm) | 464 | 430.38 (52.62) | 388.50 | 433.00 | 469.50 | |
Thoracic Length (mm) | 464 | 307.89 (35.87) | 281.00 | 307.00 | 332.00 | |
Lumbar Length (mm) | 464 | 90.10 (20.04) | 76.00 | 91.00 | 105.00 | |
Pelvic torsion (degree) | 464 | 3.66 (3.43) | 1.30 | 2.90 | 4.80 | |
Pelvic obliquity (degree) | 464 | 2.11 (1.77) | 0.70 | 1.70 | 2.90 | |
Pelvic/shoulder obliquity (degree) | 464 | 2.97 (7.83) | 1.10 | 2.15 | 3.70 | |
Scapula distance right (mm) | 464 | 46.21(14.33 | 37.00 | 46.00 | 56.00 | |
Scapula distance left (mm) | 464 | 47.06 (32.82) | 37.00 | 45.00 | 54.00 | |
Scapula distance difference (mm) | 464 | 7.06 (6.15) | 3.00 | 5.00 | 9.50 | |
Pelvic height difference right (mm) | 238 | 4.41(6.64) | 0.00 | 0.10 | 7.30 | |
Pelvic height difference left (mm) | 226 | 4.08 (6.44) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.10 | |
Shoulder height difference right (mm) | 155 | 6.48 (5.24) | 2.70 | 5.40 | 8.60 | |
Shoulder height difference left (mm) | 309 | 11.59 (8.47) | 4.80 | 10.10 | 16.40 | |
Lateral inclination right (degree) | 198 | 0.54 (0.88) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.85 | |
Lateral inclination left (degree) | 266 | 0.78 (1.07) | 0.00 | 0.20 | 1.40 | |
The content of adipose tissue in % (Fat %) | 464 | 21.61 (6.10) | 16.80 | 20.40 | 25.40 | |
The content of adipose tissue in kg (Fat kg) | 464 | 10.25 (6.09) | 5.65 | 8.65 | 13.25 | |
Lean tissue in kg (FFM kg) | 464 | 35.11(12.01) | 24.35 | 34.80 | 43.50 | |
Total water content in % (TBW %) | 464 | 25.70 (8.79) | 17.85 | 25.50 | 31.85 | |
Muscle tissue in kg (PMM kg) | 464 | 33.29 (11.44) | 22.95 | 33.00 | 41.30 | |
Girls | ||||||
Age (years) | 230 | 11.55 (2.96) | 9.00 | 12 | 14.00 | |
Height (cm) | 230 | 150.46 (15.69) | 136.00 | 155 | 163.00 | |
Weight (kg) | 230 | 43.63 (15.38) | 29.70 | 44.35 | 54.60 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 230 | 18.64 (3.87) | 15.90 | 18.00 | 20.90 | |
Total length of spine (mm) | 230 | 426.77 (46.97) | 391.00 | 433.50 | 461.00 | |
Thoracic Length (mm) | 230 | 304.83 (33.52) | 280.00 | 306.00 | 328.00 | |
Lumbar Length (mm) | 230 | 89.57 (18.79) | 77.00 | 90.00 | 104.00 | |
Pelvic torsion (degree) | 230 | 3.72 (3.36) | 1.40 | 2.90 | 4.80 | |
Pelvic obliquity (degree) | 230 | 2.04 (1.83) | 0.70 | 1.60 | 2.80 | |
Pelvic/shoulder obliquity (degree) | 230 | 2.38 (1.85) | 1.00 | 1.90 | 3.40 | |
Scapula distance right (mm) | 230 | 42.94 (12.85) | 34.00 | 44.00 | 52.00 | |
Scapula distance left (mm) | 230 | 45.56 (44.56) | 34.00 | 43.00 | 51.00 | |
Scapula distance difference (mm) | 230 | 6.94 (5.83) | 3.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 | |
Pelvic height difference right(mm) | 112 | 3.85 (6.24) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.80 | |
Pelvic height difference left(mm) | 118 | 4.17 (6.53) | 0.00 | 0.20 | 6.10 | |
Shoulder height difference right (mm) | 83 | 6.24 (5.50) | 2.50 | 4.80 | 8.40 | |
Shoulder height difference left (mm) | 147 | 11.83 (8.04) | 5.30 | 10.25 | 17.30 | |
Lateral inclination right (degree) | 98 | 0.51 (0.85) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 | |
Lateral inclination left (degree) | 132 | 0.73 (1.00) | 0.00 | 0.20 | 1.40 | |
The content of adipose tissue in % (Fat %) | 230 | 23.96 (5.52) | 19.50 | 23.40 | 27.20 | |
The content of adipose tissue in kg (Fat kg) | 230 | 11.07 (6.24) | 6.20 | 9.55 | 14.40 | |
Lean tissue in kg (FFM kg) | 230 | 32.56 (9.76) | 22.90 | 34.00 | 39.80 | |
Total water content in % (TBW %) | 230 | 23.83 (7.14) | 16.80 | 24.90 | 29.10 | |
Muscle tissue in kg (PMM kg) | 230 | 30.88 (9.28) | 21.70 | 32.25 | 37.80 | |
Boys | ||||||
Age (years) | 234 | 11.49 (3.02) | 9.00 | 12 | 14.00 | |
Height (cm) | 234 | 154.46 (19.43) | 138.00 | 156.50 | 172.00 | |
Weight (kg) | 234 | 47.13 (17.97) | 31.80 | 45 | 60.00 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 234 | 18.94 (3.63) | 16.40 | 18.56 | 21.05 | |
Total length of spine (mm) | 234 | 433.93 (57.52) | 385.00 | 433.00 | 483.00 | |
Thoracic Length (mm) | 234 | 310.89 (37.87) | 281.00 | 307.00 | 337.00 | |
Lumbar Length (mm) | 234 | 90.63 (21.23) | 74.00 | 91.50 | 106.00 | |
Pelvic torsion (degree) | 234 | 3.59 (3.50) | 1.30 | 2.85 | 4.80 | |
Pelvic obliquity (degree) | 234 | 2.18 (1.71) | 0.80 | 1.95 | 3.00 | |
Pelvic/shoulder obliquity (degree) | 234 | 3.55 (10.86) | 1.20 | 2.50 | 4.10 | |
Scapula distance right (mm) | 234 | 49.42 (14.99) | 39.00 | 49.00 | 60.00 | |
Scapula distance left (mm) | 234 | 48.54 (13.57) | 40.00 | 48.00 | 59.00 | |
Scapula distance difference (mm) | 234 | 7.18 (6.46) | 3.00 | 6.00 | 9.00 | |
Pelvic height difference right(mm) | 126 | 4.95 (6.98) | 0.00 | 0.40 | 9.00 | |
Pelvic height difference left (mm) | 108 | 3.98 (6.37) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.10 | |
Shoulder height difference right (mm) | 72 | 6.79 (4.93) | 3.10 | 6.60 | 9.40 | |
Shoulder height difference left (mm) | 162 | 11.38 (8.84) | 4.50 | 9.40 | 16.20 | |
Lateral inclination right (degree) | 100 | 0.57 (0.90) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.90 | |
Lateral inclination left (degree) | 134 | 0.83 (1.13) | 0.00 | 0.20 | 1.40 | |
The content of adipose tissue in % (Fat %) | 234 | 19.30 (5.77) | 15.40 | 17.60 | 21.70 | |
The content of adipose tissue in kg (Fat kg) | 234 | 9.44 (5.85) | 5.30 | 8.20 | 11.20 | |
Lean tissue in kg (FFM kg) | 234 | 37.62 (13.43) | 25.90 | 36.35 | 49.30 | |
Total water content in % (TBW %) | 234 | 27.54 (9.83) | 19.00 | 26.60 | 36.10 | |
Muscle tissue in kg (PMM kg) | 234 | 35.65 (12.82) | 24.50 | 34.45 | 46.80 |
Age & | All | Girls | Boys | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Posture | R | p | R | p | R | p |
Total length (mm) | 0.839 | <0.001 | 0.823 | <0.001 | 0.864 | <0.001 |
Thoracic Length (mm) | 0.696 | <0.001 | 0.665 | <0.001 | 0.730 | <0.001 |
Lumbar Length (mm) | 0.718 | <0.001 | 0.664 | <0.001 | 0.767 | <0.001 |
Pelvic torsion (degree) | −0.072 | 0.122 | −0.181 | 0.006 | 0.028 | 0.669 |
Pelvic obliquity (degree) | −0.151 | 0.001 | −0.164 | 0.013 | −0.137 | 0.036 |
Pelvic/shoulder obliquity (degree) | 0.046 | 0.319 | 0.005 | 0.941 | 0.066 | 0.314 |
Scapula distance RIGHT (mm) | 0.343 | <0.001 | 0.182 | 0.006 | 0.500 | <0.001 |
Scapula distance LEFT (mm) | 0.055 | 0.235 | −0.059 | 0.376 | 0.451 | <0.001 |
Scapula distance difference (mm) | −0.072 | 0.120 | −0.055 | 0.402 | −0.087 | 0.187 |
Pelvic height difference RIGHT (mm) | 0.092 | 0.047 | 0.173 | 0.009 | 0.025 | 0.700 |
Pelvic height difference LEFT (mm) | −0.085 | 0.068 | −0.171 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.998 |
Shoulder height difference RIGHT (mm) | 0.230 | 0.005 | 0.270 | 0.013 | 0.176 | 0.154 |
Shoulder height difference LEFT (mm) | −0.024 | 0.667 | −0.039 | 0.644 | −0.014 | 0.856 |
Lateral inclination LEFT (degree) | −0.063 | 0.173 | −0.083 | 0.213 | −0.047 | 0.476 |
Lateral inclination RIGHT (degree) | 0.005 | 0.912 | 0.043 | 0.517 | −0.028 | 0.665 |
Body Composition | ||||||
The content of adipose tissue in % (Fat %) | −0.121 | 0.009 | 0.383 | <0.001 | −0.109 | 0.096 |
Lean tissue in % (FFM %) | 0.126 | 0.007 | −0.381 | <0.001 | 0.092 | 0.160 |
Total water content in % (TBW %) | 0.127 | 0.006 | 0.856 | <0.001 | 0.881 | <0.001 |
Muscle tissue in % (PMM %) | 0.102 | 0.027 | −0.372 | <0.001 | 0.133 | 0.043 |
Right leg FAT % | −0.088 | 0.057 | 0.263 | <0.001 | −0.390 | <0.001 |
Left leg FAT % | −0.107 | 0.021 | 0.233 | <0.001 | −0.388 | <0.001 |
Right arm FAT % | −0.163 | <0.001 | 0.064 | 0.333 | −0.404 | <0.001 |
Left arm FAT % | −0.027 | 0.560 | 0.291 | <0.001 | −0.342 | <0.001 |
Total trunk FAT % | 0.203 | <0.001 | 0.359 | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.429 |
Model | Non-Standard Coefficient | Standardized Coefficient | t | p | 95% CI (B) | R2 -Corrected | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Beta | ||||||||
Pelvic torsion (degree) | no variables in the model | |||||||||
Pelvic obliquity (degree) | Age | −0.09 | 0.03 | −0.15 | −3.28 | <0.001 | −0.14 | −0.04 | 0.021 | |
Pelvic/shoulder obliquity (degree) | no variables in the model | |||||||||
Scapula distance RIGHT (mm) | Body height | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.42 | 10.33 | 0.001 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.245 | |
FAT % | −0.56 | 0.10 | −0.24 | −5.36 | <0.001 | −0.76 | −0.35 | |||
Sex | 2.52 | 1.27 | 0.09 | 1.98 | 0.048 | 0.02 | 5.01 | |||
Scapula distance LEFT (mm) | PMM % | 16.66 | 7.48 | 2.94 | 2.23 | 0.026 | 1.96 | 31.35 | 0.017 | |
FFM % | −15.12 | 7.03 | −2.84 | −2.15 | 0.032 | −28.94 | −1.30 | |||
Scapula distance difference (mm) | PMM % | −0.12 | 0.05 | −0.12 | −2.51 | 0.013 | −0.22 | −0.03 | 0.011 | |
Pelvic height difference RIGHT (mm) | Body height | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 3.99 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.037 | |
Age | −0.63 | 0.23 | −0.28 | −2.71 | 0.007 | −1.09 | −0.17 | |||
Pelvic height difference LEFT (mm) | Body height | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.10 | −2.22 | 0.027 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 0.008 | |
Shoulder height difference RIGHT (mm) | Age | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 2.87 | 0.005 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 0.046 | |
Shoulder height difference LEFT (mm) | FAT % | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 2.44 | 0.015 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.016 | |
Lateral inclination LEFT (degree) | no variables in the model | |||||||||
Lateral inclination RIGHT (degree) | no variables in the model |
Model | Non-Standard Coefficient | Standardized Coefficient | t | p | 95% CI (B) | R2 -Corrected | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Beta | |||||||
FAT % | BMI | 2.28 | 0.15 | 1.40 | 15.65 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 2.57 | 0.810 |
Sex | −4.73 | 0.26 | −0.39 | −18.33 | <0.001 | −5.24 | −4.23 | ||
Body weight | −0.29 | 0.06 | −0.80 | −5.13 | <0.001 | −0.40 | −0.18 | ||
Age | −0.46 | 0.10 | −0.23 | −4.65 | <0.001 | −0.66 | −0.27 | ||
Body height | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 2.48 | 0.013 | 0.02 | 0.16 | ||
FFM % | BMI | −2.22 | 0.15 | −1.35 | −14.48 | <0.001 | −2.52 | −1.92 | 0.795 |
Sex | 4.70 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 17.34 | <0.001 | 4.17 | 5.24 | ||
Body weight | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 4.40 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.38 | ||
Age | 0.48 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 4.54 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.68 | ||
Body height | −0.08 | 0.04 | −0.23 | −2.07 | 0.039 | −0.16 | 0.00 | ||
TBW % | BMI | −1.62 | 0.11 | −1.35 | −14.48 | <0.001 | −1.84 | −1.40 | 0.795 |
Sex | 3.44 | 0.20 | 0.38 | 17.34 | <0.001 | 3.05 | 3.83 | ||
Body weight | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.71 | 4.40 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.28 | ||
Age | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 4.52 | <0.001 | 0.20 | 0.50 | ||
Body height | −0.06 | 0.03 | −0.23 | −2.06 | 0.040 | −0.11 | 0.00 | ||
PMM % | BMI | −1.87 | 0.08 | −1.21 | −22.76 | <0.001 | −2.03 | −1.71 | 0.786 |
Sex | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 5.90 | <0.001 | 3.76 | 4.78 | ||
Body weight | 4.27 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 16.41 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.21 | ||
Age | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 4.16 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.52 |
Variables | Girls before vs. after Puberty p | Boys before vs. after Puberty p | Girls vs. Boys before Puberty p | Girls vs. Boys after Puberty p | All Children before vs. after Puberty p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body posture | |||||
Total length [mm] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Thoracic Length [mm] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Lumbar Length [mm] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.241 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Pelvic torsion | 0.015 | 0.592 | 0.053 | 0.377 | 0.264 |
Pelvic obliquity | 0.188 | 0.022 | 0.605 | 0.942 | 0.008 |
Pelvic/shoulder obliquity | 0.690 | 0.403 | 0.139 | 0.139 | 0.617 |
Scapula distance RIGHT | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.079 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Scapula distance LEFT | 0.492 | <0.001 | 0.348 | <0.001 | 0.470 |
Scapula distance difference | 0.301 | 0.364 | 0.966 | 0.838 | 0.156 |
Pelvic height difference RIGHT | <0.001 | 0.950 | <0.001 | 0.780 | 0.065 |
Pelvic height difference LEFT | 0.039 | 0.901 | 0.136 | 0.588 | 0.136 |
Shoulder height difference RIGHT | 0.001 | 0.251 | 0.033 | 0.995 | 0.003 |
Shoulder height difference LEFT | 0.070 | 0.571 | 0.101 | 0.567 | 0.579 |
Lateral inclination LEFT | 0.025 | 0.638 | 0.528 | 0.154 | 0.048 |
Lateral inclination RIGHT | 0.008 | 0.644 | 0.016 | 0.594 | 0.288 |
Body composition | |||||
The content of adipose tissue in % (Fat %) | 0.092 | 0.063 | 0.016 | <0.001 | 0.019 |
Lean tissue in % (FFM %) | 0.234 | 0.103 | 0.015 | <0.001 | 0.015 |
Total water content in % (TBW %) | 0.726 | 0.105 | 0.015 | <0.001 | 0.015 |
Muscle tissue in % (PMM %) | 0.016 | 0.030 | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.054 |
Right leg FAT % | 0.001 | 0.657 | 0.132 | <0.001 | 0.246 |
Left leg FAT % | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.157 |
Right arm FAT % | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
Left arm FAT % | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.870 |
Total trunk FAT % | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Rusek, W.; Baran, J.; Leszczak, J.; Adamczyk, M.; Baran, R.; Weres, A.; Inglot, G.; Czenczek-Lewandowska, E.; Pop, T. Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth. Children 2021, 8, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040288
Rusek W, Baran J, Leszczak J, Adamczyk M, Baran R, Weres A, Inglot G, Czenczek-Lewandowska E, Pop T. Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth. Children. 2021; 8(4):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040288
Chicago/Turabian StyleRusek, Wojciech, Joanna Baran, Justyna Leszczak, Marzena Adamczyk, Rafał Baran, Aneta Weres, Grzegorz Inglot, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, and Teresa Pop. 2021. "Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth" Children 8, no. 4: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040288