Does Maternal Mental Health and Maternal Stress Affect Preschoolers’ Behavioral Symptoms?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Depressive Symptomatology in Mothers and Its Impact on Children’s Socioemotional Development
1.2. Parental Stress in Mothers and Its Impact on the Child’s Socioemotional Development
1.3. Vulnerable Contexts, Children’s Socioemotional Development, and Maternal Mental Health
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Sociodemographic Data
2.3. Missing Cases
3. Results
Analysis of the Hypothesized Model
4. Discussion
5. Key Messages
- Maternal mental health affects children’s socioemotional development and is related to internalizing and externalizing problems in early infancy.
- It is fundamental to address maternal mental health in public health service during child medical assistance and in educational system.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N = 6335 | |
---|---|
Sex of the child | |
Boy | 3172 (50.1%) |
Girl | 3163 (49.9%) |
Occupational status | |
Inactive | 2879 (45.4%) |
Unemployed | 318 (5.0%) |
In employment | 3138 (49.5%) |
Educational level | |
Incomplete schooling | 1079 (17.1%) |
Full schooling | 3987 (63.1%) |
Incomplete higher education | 552 (8.7%) |
Full higher education | 701 (11.1%) |
SES | |
Quintile I | 1199 (18.9%) |
Quintile II | 1265 (20.0%) |
Quintile III | 1265 (20.0%) |
Quintile IV | 1359 (21.5%) |
Quintile V | 1247 (19.7%) |
Cases with Complete Data | Cases with Missing Data | % of Missing Data | |
---|---|---|---|
Parental stress | 5655 | 680 | 10.73% |
Internalized problems, 2012 | 6073 | 262 | 4.13% |
Externalized problems, 2012 | 6077 | 258 | 4.07% |
Postpartum depression | 6254 | 81 | 1.27% |
Internalized problems, 2010 | 6316 | 19 | 0.29% |
Externalized problems, 2010 | 6316 | 19 | 0.29% |
Recent depression | 6317 | 18 | 0.27% |
Scholarship | 6319 | 16 | 0.25% |
Initial Sample (N = 6335) | Sample with Complete Data (N = 5302) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex of the child | 0.948 | ||
Boy | 3172 (50.1%) | 2658 (50.1%) | |
Girl | 3163 (49.9%) | 2644 (49.9%) | |
Occupational status | 0.623 | ||
Inactive | 2879 (45.4%) | 2390 (45.1%) | |
Unemployed | 318 (5.0%) | 258 (4.9%) | |
In employment | 3138 (49.5%) | 2654 (50.1%) | |
Educational level | 0.061 | ||
Incomplete schooling | 1079 (17.1%) | 824 (15.5%) | |
Full schooling | 3987 (63.1%) | 3375 (63.7%) | |
Incomplete higher education | 552 (8.7%) | 495 (9.3%) | |
Full higher education | 701 (11.1%) | 608 (11.5%) | |
Socioeconomic status | 0.516 | ||
Quintile I | 1199 (18.9%) | 948 (17.9%) | |
Quintile II | 1265 (20.0%) | 1044 (19.7%) | |
Quintile III | 1265 (20.0%) | 1054 (19.9%) | |
Quintile IV | 1359 (21.5%) | 1170 (22.1%) | |
Quintile V | 1247 (19.7%) | 1086 (20.5%) | |
Depression during pregnancy | 0.676 | ||
No | 5474 (87.5%) | 4627 (87.3%) | |
Yes | 780 (12.5%) | 675 (12.7%) | |
Postpartum depression | 0.727 | ||
No | 5605 (88.5%) | 4702 (88.7%) | |
Yes | 730 (11.5%) | 600 (11.3%) | |
Recent depression | 0.871 | ||
No | 5559 (88.0%) | 4671 (88.1%) | |
Yes | 758 (12.0%) | 631 (11.9%) |
Parental Stress | se | p-Value | β |
---|---|---|---|
Mother’s age | 0.002 | 0.476 | 0.001 |
Child’s age (months) | 0.002 | 0.497 | −0.001 |
Child’s sex 1 | 0.030 | 0.074 | −0.048 |
Internalized problems, 2010 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.133 |
Externalized problems, 2010 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.114 |
Depression during pregnancy 2 | 0.048 | 0.000 | 0.180 |
Recent depression 2 | 0.046 | 0.000 | 0.344 |
Postpartum depression 2 | 0.047 | 0.089 | 0.073 |
Unemployed 3 | 0.074 | 0.262 | −0.075 |
In employment 3 | 0.033 | 0.000 | −0.172 |
Quintile 2 4 | 0.048 | 0.001 | −0.145 |
Quintile 3 4 | 0.049 | 0.000 | −0.157 |
Quintile 4 4 | 0.050 | 0.000 | −0.249 |
Quintile 5 4 | 0.055 | 0.000 | −0.505 |
Secondary education 5 | 0.042 | 0.000 | −0.327 |
Incomplete higher education 5 | 0.067 | 0.000 | −0.564 |
Full higher education 5 | 0.067 | 0.000 | −0.594 |
R2 | 0.178 |
Externalized Problems 2012 | se | p-Value | β |
---|---|---|---|
Parental stress | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.205 |
Internalized problems | 0.028 | 0.003 | −0.069 |
Externalized problems | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.459 |
Mother’s age | 0.002 | 0.000 | −0.017 |
Child’s sex 1 | 0.032 | 0.000 | −0.177 |
Child’s age (months) | 0.002 | 0.000 | −0.010 |
Recent depression 2 | 0.051 | 0.043 | 0.086 |
Depression during pregnancy 2 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.196 |
Postpartum depression 2 | 0.051 | 0.470 | 0.031 |
Quintile 2 3 | 0.054 | 0.704 | −0.017 |
Quintile 3 3 | 0.054 | 0.365 | −0.041 |
Quintile 4 3 | 0.055 | 0.270 | −0.050 |
Quintile 5 3 | 0.060 | 0.011 | −0.127 |
Secondary education 4 | 0.048 | 0.009 | −0.104 |
Incomplete higher education 4 | 0.073 | 0.026 | −0.135 |
Full higher education 4 | 0.071 | 0.001 | −0.192 |
R2 | 0.309 |
se | p-Value | β | |
---|---|---|---|
Internalized problems | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.028 |
Externalized problems | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.023 |
Depression during pregnancy | 0.012 | <0.001 | 0.037 |
Recent depression | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.070 |
Internalized Problems 2012 | se | p-Value | β |
---|---|---|---|
Parental stress | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.217 |
Internalized problems | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.382 |
Externalized problems | 0.028 | 0.430 | −0.019 |
Mother’s age | 0.003 | 0.000 | −0.009 |
Child’s sex 1 | 0.034 | 0.711 | 0.011 |
Child’s age (months) | 0.002 | 0.676 | −0.001 |
Recent depression 2 | 0.051 | 0.013 | 0.108 |
Depression during pregnancy 2 | 0.056 | 0.000 | 0.194 |
Postpartum depression 2 | 0.051 | 0.221 | 0.053 |
Quintile 2 3 | 0.055 | 0.594 | −0.025 |
Quintile 3 3 | 0.056 | 0.013 | −0.118 |
Quintile 4 3 | 0.056 | 0.007 | −0.130 |
Quintile 5 3 | 0.063 | 0.000 | −0.233 |
Secondary education 4 | 0.018 | 0.000 | −0.186 |
Incomplete higher education 4 | 0.028 | 0.000 | −0.310 |
Full higher education 4 | 0.027 | 0.000 | −0.356 |
R2 | 0.282 |
se | p-Value | Std. lv | |
---|---|---|---|
Internalized problems | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.029 |
Externalized problems | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.025 |
Depression during pregnancy | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.039 |
Recent depression | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.075 |
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Santelices, M.P.; Irarrázaval, M.; Jervis, P.; Brotfeld, C.; Cisterna, C.; Gallardo, A.M. Does Maternal Mental Health and Maternal Stress Affect Preschoolers’ Behavioral Symptoms? Children 2021, 8, 816. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090816
Santelices MP, Irarrázaval M, Jervis P, Brotfeld C, Cisterna C, Gallardo AM. Does Maternal Mental Health and Maternal Stress Affect Preschoolers’ Behavioral Symptoms? Children. 2021; 8(9):816. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090816
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantelices, María Pía, Matías Irarrázaval, Pamela Jervis, Cristian Brotfeld, Carla Cisterna, and Ana María Gallardo. 2021. "Does Maternal Mental Health and Maternal Stress Affect Preschoolers’ Behavioral Symptoms?" Children 8, no. 9: 816. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090816