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Risks, Volume 2, Issue 3 (September 2014) – 6 articles , Pages 249-392

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651 KiB  
Article
An Optimal Three-Way Stable and Monotonic Spectrum of Bounds on Quantiles: A Spectrum of Coherent Measures of Financial Risk and Economic Inequality
by Iosif Pinelis
Risks 2014, 2(3), 349-392; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks2030349 - 23 Sep 2014
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4915
Abstract
A spectrum of upper bounds (Qα(X ; p) αε[0,∞] on the (largest) (1-p)-quantile Q(X;p) of an arbitrary random variable X is introduced and shown to be stable and monotonic in α [...] Read more.
A spectrum of upper bounds (Qα(X ; p) αε[0,∞] on the (largest) (1-p)-quantile Q(X;p) of an arbitrary random variable X is introduced and shown to be stable and monotonic in α, p, and X , with Q0(X ;p) = Q(X;p). If p is small enough and the distribution of X is regular enough, then Qα(X ; p) is rather close to Q(X ; p). Moreover, these quantile bounds are coherent measures of risk. Furthermore, Qα(X ; p) is the optimal value in a certain minimization problem, the minimizers in which are described in detail. This allows of a comparatively easy incorporation of these bounds into more specialized optimization problems. In finance, Q0(X;p) and Q1(X ; p) are known as the value at risk (VaR) and the conditional value at risk (CVaR). The bounds Qα(X ; p) can also be used as measures of economic inequality. The spectrum parameter α plays the role of an index of sensitivity to risk. The problems of the effective computation of the bounds are considered. Various other related results are obtained. Full article
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391 KiB  
Article
Model Risk in Portfolio Optimization
by David Stefanovits, Urs Schubiger and Mario V. Wüthrich
Risks 2014, 2(3), 315-348; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks2030315 - 06 Aug 2014
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5722
Abstract
We consider a one-period portfolio optimization problem under model uncertainty. For this purpose, we introduce a measure of model risk. We derive analytical results for this measure of model risk in the mean-variance problem assuming we have observations drawn from a normal variance [...] Read more.
We consider a one-period portfolio optimization problem under model uncertainty. For this purpose, we introduce a measure of model risk. We derive analytical results for this measure of model risk in the mean-variance problem assuming we have observations drawn from a normal variance mixture model. This model allows for heavy tails, tail dependence and leptokurtosis of marginals. The results show that mean-variance optimization is seriously compromised by model uncertainty, in particular, for non-Gaussian data and small sample sizes. To mitigate these shortcomings, we propose a method to adjust the sample covariance matrix in order to reduce model risk. Full article
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240 KiB  
Article
Joint Asymptotic Distributions of Smallest and Largest Insurance Claims
by Hansjörg Albrecher, Christian Y. Robert and Jef L. Teugels
Risks 2014, 2(3), 289-314; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks2030289 - 31 Jul 2014
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4849
Abstract
Assume that claims in a portfolio of insurance contracts are described by independent and identically distributed random variables with regularly varying tails and occur according to a near mixed Poisson process. We provide a collection of results pertaining to the joint asymptotic Laplace [...] Read more.
Assume that claims in a portfolio of insurance contracts are described by independent and identically distributed random variables with regularly varying tails and occur according to a near mixed Poisson process. We provide a collection of results pertaining to the joint asymptotic Laplace transforms of the normalised sums of the smallest and largest claims, when the length of the considered time interval tends to infinity. The results crucially depend on the value of the tail index of the claim distribution, as well as on the number of largest claims under consideration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Management Techniques for Catastrophic and Heavy-Tailed Risks)
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241 KiB  
Article
Random Shifting and Scaling of Insurance Risks
by Enkelejd Hashorva and Lanpeng Ji
Risks 2014, 2(3), 277-288; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks2030277 - 22 Jul 2014
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4707
Abstract
Random shifting typically appears in credibility models whereas random scaling is often encountered in stochastic models for claim sizes reflecting the time-value property of money. In this article we discuss some aspects of random shifting and random scaling of insurance risks focusing in [...] Read more.
Random shifting typically appears in credibility models whereas random scaling is often encountered in stochastic models for claim sizes reflecting the time-value property of money. In this article we discuss some aspects of random shifting and random scaling of insurance risks focusing in particular on credibility models, dependence structure of claim sizes in collective risk models, and extreme value models for the joint dependence of large losses. We show that specifying certain actuarial models using random shifting or scaling has some advantages for both theoretical treatments and practical applications. Full article
296 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Systemic Risk on the Diversification Benefits of a Risk Portfolio
by Marc Busse, Michel Dacorogna and Marie Kratz
Risks 2014, 2(3), 260-276; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks2030260 - 09 Jul 2014
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5650
Abstract
Risk diversification is the basis of insurance and investment. It is thus crucial to study the effects that could limit it. One of them is the existence of systemic risk that affects all of the policies at the same time. We introduce here [...] Read more.
Risk diversification is the basis of insurance and investment. It is thus crucial to study the effects that could limit it. One of them is the existence of systemic risk that affects all of the policies at the same time. We introduce here a probabilistic approach to examine the consequences of its presence on the risk loading of the premium of a portfolio of insurance policies. This approach could be easily generalized for investment risk. We see that, even with a small probability of occurrence, systemic risk can reduce dramatically the diversification benefits. It is clearly revealed via a non-diversifiable term that appears in the analytical expression of the variance of our models. We propose two ways of introducing it and discuss their advantages and limitations. By using both VaR and TVaR to compute the loading, we see that only the latter captures the full effect of systemic risk when its probability to occur is low. Full article
313 KiB  
Article
Elementary Bounds on the Ruin Capital in a Diffusion Model of Risk
by Vsevolod K. Malinovskii
Risks 2014, 2(3), 249-259; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks2030249 - 08 Jul 2014
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3821
Abstract
In a diffusion model of risk, we focus on the initial capital needed to make the probability of ruin within finite time equal to a prescribed value. It is defined as a solution of a nonlinear equation. The endeavor to write down and [...] Read more.
In a diffusion model of risk, we focus on the initial capital needed to make the probability of ruin within finite time equal to a prescribed value. It is defined as a solution of a nonlinear equation. The endeavor to write down and to investigate analytically this solution as a function of the premium rate seems not technically feasible. Instead, we obtain informative bounds for this capital in terms of elementary functions. Full article
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