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Article

Assessment of the Toxicity of Natural Oils from Mentha piperita, Pinus roxburghii, and Rosa spp. Against Three Stored Product Insects

by
Marwa I. Mackled
1,
Mervat EL-Hefny
2,*,
May Bin-Jumah
3,
Trandil F. Wahba
4 and
Ahmed A. Allam
5
1
Department of Stored Product Pests, Plant Protection Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Sabahia, Alexandria 21616, Egypt
2
Department of Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Garden Design, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
3
Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, BO. Box 24428, Saudi Arabia
4
Insecticide Bioassay Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab. (CAPL), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Alexandria 21616, Egypt
5
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-suef University, Beni-suef 65211, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2019, 7(11), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110861
Submission received: 30 October 2019 / Revised: 12 November 2019 / Accepted: 14 November 2019 / Published: 18 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Separation and Extraction Processes)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Three natural oils extracted from Mentha piperita, Pinus roxburghii, and Rosa spp. were assessed in order to determine their insecticidal activity against the adults of three stored product insects: the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica, Fabricius), and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst.). By Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, the main compounds in the n-hexane oil from Rosa spp. were determined to be methyl eugenol (52.17%), phenylethyl alcohol (29.92%), diphenyl ether (7.75%), and geraniol (5.72%); in the essential oil from M. piperita, they were menthone (20.18%), 1,8-cineole (15.48%), menthyl acetate (13.13%), caryophyllene (4.82%), β-pinene (4.37%), and D-limonene (2.81%); and from the foliage of P. roxburghii, they were longifolene (19.52%), caryophyllene (9.45%), Δ-3-carene (7.01%), α-terpineol (6.75%), and γ-elemene (3.88%). S. oryzae and R. dominica were reared using sterilized wheat grains, and T. castaneum was reared on wheat flour mixed with yeast (10:1, w/w), all under laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C and 65% ± 5% Relative humidity (R.H). Two toxicity bioassays were used, as well as contact using thin film residues and fumigation bioassays. The results indicated that M. piperita caused a high toxicity for S. oryzae compared to other insects. High significant variations were observed between the tested M. piperita doses against the stored insects, and this natural material could be used to control insects that infect the grains. Also, the data indicated that the Rosa spp. oil had a low-toxicity effect against these insects compared to other oils. We recommend using natural oils against the stored weevils and petals, rather than the chemical agent, so as to serve human health.

1. Introduction

Currently, the post-harvest losses of stored cereals range from 10%–20% of the overall yearly production and are caused by insect damage, microbial deterioration, and other factors [1]. A large part of these losses is caused by stored product insect pests, which damage the quality and quantity of grains [2].
Rice weevil S. oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the lesser grain borer R. dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) are major insects of stored grains, with both the adults and larvae feeding on whole grains. They attack wheat, corn, sorghum barley, dried beans, and cereal. They cause weight loss in grains, and they affect the quality of grains and stored products worldwide [3]. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a secondary pest of stored foods [4]. It feeds on broken grain, cereals, milled grain products, dried pet food, chocolate, nuts, and cereals previously infected with insects, and they cause serious economic losses [5].
Chemical control is most commonly used to control these insects, which include insecticides such as organophosphates, pyrethroids, and fumigants such as methyl bromide and phosphine, which are toxic to stored-grain pests [6,7]. These chemicals have several problems for the environment, although they are effective for pest control [8,9]. Besides these problems, their toxicity to nontarget organisms and human health are also of concern [10]. Therefore, we need to find new alternatives for the control methods of stored product insects, such as plant essential oils (EOs) and their constituents, which are effective and safe alternatives with low mammalian toxicity and biodegradation and are available in developing countries [11]. Several studies have described the toxicity of EOs and extracts, such as fumigants, repellents, ovicides, larvicides, insecticides, and insect growth regulators as well as their compounds, against many stored product insects [12,13,14,15,16]. Commercially, rose is cultivated for producing the “liquid gold” EO [17], which is confined to the fields of food, perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine. In dozens of studies, rose oil has been used for natural additives as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agent [18,19]. There are several bioactive compounds identified in rose oil, such as citronellol, methyl eugenol geraniol, nerol, phenylethyl alcohol, nonadecane, eicosane, nonadecene, heneicosane, damascenones, and β-ionones [20,21,22]. Phenylethyl alcohol, abundant in rose flowers, has a rose-like odor, being one of the dominant scents emitted from the Damask rose [23]. Phenylethyl alcohol may occur in the volatile compounds of the Damask rose as phenyl ethyl alcohol-β-D-glucoside [24,25].
The EO of peppermint (M. piperita) is widely used in food and drink, condiments, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biological activities [26,27]. The EOs of Mentha leaves show the presence of menthol, menthone, limonene, trans-carveol, pulegone, β-caryophyllene, pipertitinone oxide, and eucalyptol, which have been identified as the major components [28,29,30]. The oil has been shown to have potential antimicrobial and insecticidal activities against a wide range of pathogens [31,32,33].
The EOs extracted from different parts of Pinus roxburghii, such as wood, bark, and needles, include several bioactive chemical constituents such as caryophyllene, thunbergol, 3-carene, cembrene, α-thujene, terpinolen, α-pinene, α-caryophyllene, cembrene, longifolene, α-terpineol, caryophyllene oxide, β-pinene, and longifolene [34,35,36,37]. These EOs have been reported to have potential antimicrobial activities [35,37,38,39].
This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity effects of natural oils from M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii, using two methods—contact and fumigation toxicity bioassays—against three stored product insects, S. oryzae, R. dominica, and T. castaneum. The chemical profile of the oils was observed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials and Preparation of the Essential Oils

Essential oils from M. piperita (leaves) and P. roxburghii (foliage) were extracted using the Clevenger apparatus method, where about 100 g of the fresh material was subjected to 3 h of a hydro-distillation procedure. The resulting oils were separated from the aqueous phase, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), weighed, and the reported yield was calculated with respect to the mass of the fresh weight of the leaves (mL/100 g fresh weight). The oil was kept dry in sealed brown bottles and stored at 4 °C before the chemical analysis [40].
The Rosa spp. (flowers) oil was extracted using an n-hexane solvent (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., laboratory reagents & fine chemicals, Mumbai, India), according to the method of Patrascu and Radoiu [41], with minor modifications, where about 50 g of fresh flowers were extracted using a soaking method in 150 mL of n-hexane for 6 h.

2.2. GC-MS Analysis of the Oils

The chemical composition of the oils was performed using a Trace GC 1300-TSQ Quantum mass spectrometer with a direct capillary column TG–5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm film thickness) (Thermo Scientific, Austin, TX, USA). The column oven temperatures and program can be found in previous work [15]. The components were identified by comparing their retention times and mass spectra with those of the WILEY 09 and NIST 14 mass spectral databases. The Xcalibur data system (3.0, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Austin, TX, USA, 2014) of GC/MS with threshold values was used to confirm that all of the mass spectra (MS) were attached to the library by measuring the standard index (SI) and reverse standard index (RSI), where a value of ≥650 was acceptable to confirm the compounds [42,43,44,45].

2.3. Insect Culture

S. oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and R. dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) were reared under laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C and 65% ± 5% Relative humidity (R.H) using sterilized wheat grains, and T. castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was reared on wheat flour mixed with yeast (10:1, w/w), both in 1 L glass jars that were covered with a fine mesh cloth for ventilation [46]. The adult insects used in the toxicity tests were about one to two weeks old. All of the experimental procedures were carried out under the same conditions as the culture.

2.4. Contact Toxicity Bioassay

The insecticidal activity of the different EOs was assessed using a film residue method [47]. Bioassays were done in Petri dishes (9 cm in diameter) (Adge industries, Ahmedabad, India). Then, 1 mL of the dilution was spread on the surface of the Petri dishes. The acetone solvent (El Nasr Pharmaceutical chemicals Co, Alexandria, Egypt) was allowed to evaporate for few minutes, leaving a thin film of EOs on the floor of the dishes. The control Petri dishes were treated with acetone alone. Twenty adults each of S. oryzae, R. domonica, and T. castanium (one to two weeks old) were released separately into each Petri dish and were covered. Three replicates of each treatment, each insect species, and control were set up. The mortality was recorded after 48 and 72 h, and the Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50) values were calculated [48].

2.5. Fumigation Toxicity Bioassay

The vapor toxicity of the three evaluated oils against the adults of S. oryzae, R. domonica, and T. castanium were investigated by transferring twenty adults into glass jars (250 mL) (Adge industries, Ahmedabad, India) containing 10 g of wheat grains and exposing them to vapors with different doses of oils dissolved in 100 µL of acetone and applied to filter paper (9 cm diameter). The treated filter papers were attached to the inner surface of the screw lids of the jar using adhesive tape, which was made to be airtight, after allowing the solvent to evaporate for 5 min. The control jars were treated with acetone alone. All of the treatments and controls were replicated three times [47,49]. The mortality percentage (M%) was determined after 24, 48, and 72 h, and the LC50 values were calculated as previously described and the values were presented as mean ± standard deviation.

3. Results

3.1. Chemical Composition of the Oils

Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the n-hexane oil from Rosa spp., where the main compounds were methyl eugenol (52.17%), phenylethyl alcohol (29.92%), diphenyl ether (7.75%), geraniol (5.72%), and geranyl acetate (2.58%). Table 2 presents the chemical compounds identified in the EO of M. piperita. The main compounds were menthone (20.18%), 1,8-cineole (15.48%), menthyl acetate (13.13%), caryophyllene (4.82%), β-pinene (4.37%), D-limonene (2.81%), and α-pinene (2.25%).
The chemical composition of the EO from the foliage of P. roxburghii is shown in Table 3. The main compounds in the EO were longifolene (19.52%), caryophyllene (9.45%), Δ-3-carene (7.01%), α-terpineol (6.75%), γ-elemene (3.88%), aromadendrene (3.51%), α-caryophyllene (3.45%), pentadecane (3.35%), hexadecane (2.38%), tetradecane (2.75%), borneol (2.16%), α-pinene (2.12%), 3-(2-methyl-propenyl)-1H-indene (1.98%), 1,7-dimethyl-naphthalene (1.84%), 2,6,10-trimethyl tetradecane (1.83%), longicyclene (1.80%), and terpinen-4-ol (1.77%).

3.2. Contact and Fumigant Toxicity Methods

The results of the contact toxicity of the three natural extracted oils were obtained from M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii, and their efficiency was tested against stored insects such as S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica, as found in Table 1. The results of M. piperita by contact toxicity in Table 4 showed that with the increase of time to 72 h, the LC50 (mg/cm2) values decreased from 0.036 mg/cm2 (range of 0.030–0.042 at 48 h) to 0.022 mg/cm2 (range of 0.019–0.026 at 72 h), 0.083 mg/cm2 (range of 0.069–0.102) to 0.055 mg/cm2 (range of 0.044–0.070), and from 0.088 mg/cm2 (range of 0.088–0.099) to 0.084 mg/cm2 (range of 0.074–0.101), respectively, for S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica. The results indicated that M. piperita was highly toxic to S. oryzae compared to the other insects.
The mortality percentage (M%) of S. oryzae was 100% under high doses (0.2 and 0.4 mg/cm2) for both exposure times (48 and 72 h) compared to the control (0.0%), and the other two insects, T. castaneum and R. dominica, had morality percentages of 70% and 90% (48 h exposure time) and 100% and 100% (72 h exposure time), respectively (Table 5). The lowest M. piperita dose (0.02 mg/cm2) showed a moderate mortality percentage for S. oryzae, which was 36.3% and 40% after 48 and 72 h, compared with T. castaneum, which showed the response of 0.0% (48 h) and 30% (72 h). R. dominica was not affected by this dose (0.0%) for both of the exposure times (Table 5). The data showed that with the increase of M. piperita dose from 0.02 to 0.4 mg/cm2, the mortality percentage increased, especially for the rice weevil S. oryzae. Highly significant variations were observed between the tested M. piperita doses against the stored insects, and this natural material could be used to control the insects that infect the grains.
Using Rosa spp. oil as a contact film showed a low toxicity against S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica, with respective LC50 (mg/cm2) values after 48 h of treatment of 0.520 mg/cm2 (range of 0.381–0.995) to 0.421 (0.313–0.784, after 72 h), >1.00 mg/cm2 (48 h) to 0.826 (range of 0.463–0.7.257, after 72 h), and 0.949 mg/cm2 (range of 0.514–4.487, after 48 h), while after 72 h the LC50 was 0.706 mg/cm2 (range of 0.428–2.192; Table 4). The results indicate clearly that S. oryzae was more susceptible to Rosa spp. oil, which resulted in a high toxicity compared to the other insects. The data in Table 5 showed no effect for the lowest concentrations of rose (from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/cm2). The highest concentration, 0.4 mg/cm2, showed a low mortality percentage during both exposure times of 48 and 72 h, which were 40% to 50% in S. oryzae, 30% to 35% in T. castaneum, and 35% to 40% in R. dominica. The concentration of 0.06 mg/cm2 showed no mortality percentage for S. oryzae and T. castaneum under both exposure times (Table 5).
For P. roxburghii oil’s toxicity, the data in Table 4 show that the LC50 (mg/cm2) values were 0.076 mg/cm2 (range of 0.061–0.095), 0.061 mg/cm2 (range of 0.047–0.078), 0.383 mg/cm2 (range of 0.317–0.516), 0.318 mg/cm2 (range of 0.254–0.461), 0.194 mg/cm2 (range of 0.169–0.238), and 0.156 mg/cm2 (range of 0.128–0.196) for 48 and 72 h, recorded for the three insects S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica, respectively. Also, the data in Table 2 for P. roxburghii showed no toxicity against the three tested insects at the 0.02 mg/cm2 concentration; in addition, the previous concentration of 0.06 mg/cm2 showed no toxicity for T. castaneum (Table 5). S. oryzae and R. dominica showed the highest mortality under the highest P. roxburghii dose (0.4 mg/cm2), which was 80% and 70% under the two exposure times (Table 5).
The second method to test the efficiency of the three extract oils was fumigation for 72 h, as found in Table 6 and Table 7. The data indicated that a very high concentration of Rosa spp. should be used to kill 50% of the insects, compared to the other oils. The LC50 (µL/L) for Rosa spp. oil was more than >100 µL/L. For M. piperita, the LC50 values were 3.79 µL/L (range of 2.39–5.50), 8.28 µL/L (range of 7.47–10.75), and 13.72 µL/L (range of 11.81–16.07), and for P. roxburghii oil, the LC50 values were 21.31 µL/L (range of 16.97–28.37), 24.48 µL/L (range of 19.61–32.73), and 34.63 µL/L (range of 28.21–44.04), recorded for S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica, respectively (Table 6).
The results showed that S. oryzae recorded the lowest LC50 compared to the other two insects. Six different concentrations were used, which were 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, and 70 µL/L (Table 7), to calculate the morality percentages. From 20 to 70 µL/L, mortality was 100% in S. oryzae, and mortality was also at 100% at 70 µL/L for both of the other insects. S. oryzae was very susceptible to all mint doses; the M% ranged from 40% (2 µL/L) to 66.6% under 10 µL/L (Table 7). On the other hand, R. dominica showed the lowest mortality percentage, ranging from 5% to 45% under the same concentrations. Concentrations of 20 and 40 µL/L recorded high values of M%, which were 55% and 85%.
Finally, under M. piperita concentrations of 20 and 40 µL/L, the mortality percentages were 65% and 90% with respect to T. castaneum (Table 4). Only one concentration of P. roxburghii (70 µL/L) showed 100% mortality for S. oryzae and T. castaneum, while R. dominica showed a low value (70%) under the same concentration (Table 7). No mortality was observed for T. castaneum and R. dominica under 2 and 4 µL/L of P. roxburghii. Only high doses of Rosa spp. showed mortality, although mortality was very low, ranging from 10% to 30% in S. oryzae, 3.3% to 16.6% in T. castaneum, and 5% to 35% in R. dominica (Table 7). These data indicate that Rosa spp. oil had a low-toxicity effect against these insects compared to other oils, and the data recommend using natural oil against stored weevils and petals rather than using chemical agents.
The present results agree with previous studies, which demonstrated that the toxicities of the essential oils extracted from various plant samples were mainly related to their major components.

4. Discussion

Nowadays, many different types of plants are used as insecticides. Saheb and Mouhouche [50] detected that clove and thyme EOs in a fumigant method indicated the highest efficiency, showing a 100% mortality of S. oryzae. In addition, the results of Jairoce et al. [51] indicated that the EOs of clove caused 100% mortality after 48 h at a dose of 17.9 μL/g. Also, the peel oil reported a highly toxic effect against the rice weevil, S. oryzae [52]. Moreover, orange peel essential oil was also found to have an insecticide effect against Sitophilus spp. The fumigant toxicity was evaluated by Jayakumar et al. [53] at different concentrations of lemon oil (10 and 50 μL for 24, 48, and 72 h) and showed the highest activity of LD50 values (58.86, 44.90, and 40.38, respectively).
Wahba et al. [54] detected the fumigant and admixing toxicity of four monoterpenoid compounds (eugenol, isoeugenol, carvacrol, and thymol) against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. They found that the fumigant toxicities of eugenol and carvacrol were high, with LC50 values of 34.58 and 37.34 mg/L, respectively, after 72 h of exposure time. Many studies have evaluated EO compounds to demonstrate their efficacy against a variety of stored product insects, including studies by Rastegar et al. [55], Tandorost and Karimpour [56], Saglam and Ozder [57], Abdelgaleil et al. [14], and Jarrahi et al. [58]. Brari and Thakur [59] showed that eugenol and thymol have potent fumigant toxicities against C. analis, S. oryzae, Stegobium paniceum, and T. castaneum.
Rose oil is one of the essential oils that contains methyl eugenol at a relatively high percentage. Methyl eugenol has been identified in high amounts, which is in agreement with previous studies [60,61,62]. In addition, in the present work, phenylethyl alcohol was found at a high level in the oil, which agreed with Ulusoy et al. [63], who reported that rose oil’s main constituent is phenylethyl alcohol. Bulgarian rose oil (Rosa damascena mill.) showed the main compounds of β-citronellol, trans-geraniol, n-heneicosane, n-nonadecane, nonadecene, and phenylethyl alcohol [64]. R. damascena EO and its two major constituents, geraniol and citronellol, had contact, repellent, and ovicidal effects on the different life stages of Tetranychus urticae [65].
The main compounds identified in the EO of M. piperita were menthone, 1,8-cineole, menthyl acetate, caryophyllene, β-pinene, D-limonene, and α-pinene. The Iranian M. piperita contained α-terpinene, isomenthone, trans-carveol, pipertitinone oxide, and β-caryophyllene as the major compounds, respectively, with a high antimicrobial activity [30]. The major constituents of the EO from the Algerian plant were menthol, menthone, and menthyl acetate [66]. Limonene and eucalyptol were found in the plant from Girona (Spain), while menthone and menthol were found in the plant from Barcelona (Spain) [67]. The plants grown in Norway showed the presence of menthol and menthone as the main compounds [68].
The present study showed that the M. piperita oil has potential insecticidal activity against S. oryzae, R. dominica, and T. castaneum. Previously, the application of EOs in 3 mL/m2 of water observed a 100% mortality within 24 h for Culex quinquefasciatus, 90% for Aedes aegypti, and 85% for Anopheles stephensi. For A. aegypti, 100% mortality was achieved at 3 mL/m2 in 48 h, or 4 mL/m2 in 24 h, and for A. stephensi, 100% mortality was observed at 4 mL/m2 in 72 h [69]. The EO extracted from M. piperita leaves possessed LC50 and LC90 values of 111.9 and 295.18 ppm, respectively, after 24 h of exposure, with an excellent larvicidal efficiency against the dengue vector of adult A. aegypti [70].
The EO from the foliage of P. roxburghii contained longifolene, caryophyllene, Δ-3-carene, α-terpineol, γ-elemene, aromadendrene, α-caryophyllene, and pentadecane as the main compounds. Salem et al. [37] reported that the major chemical constituents of EO in the wood were caryophyllene, thunbergol, 3-carene, cembrene, α-thujene, terpinolen, α-pinene, and α-caryophyllene; in the bark, they were α-pinene, 3-carene, cembrene, and longifolene; and in the needles, they were α-pinene, 3-carene, β-pinene, and longifolene. The main compounds of essential oil in needles were α-pinene, caryophyllene, 3-carene (14.2%), α-terpineol, and caryophyllene oxide, as reported by Zafar et al. [35]; in the stem, they were α-pinene, 3-carene, and caryophyllene [34]; and in the bark, they were (E)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, terpinen-4-ol, and α-terpineol [36].
For the LC50 values from the oils from M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii, which were calculated against S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica, these results were in agreement with the authors of [14], who also worked with S. oryzae.

5. Conclusions

In the present work, the natural oils extracted from M. piperita (leaves), P. roxburghii (foliage), and Rosa spp. (flowers) were studied for their toxicity and insecticidal activities against three stored product insects, S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica. P. roxburghii oil was shown to be a moderate insecticide, while the Rosa spp. oil had a low-toxicity effect against these insects. The results indicated that M. piperita was highly toxic to S. oryzae compared to the other insects. The M% of S. oryzae was 100% under high doses (0.2 and 0.4 mg/cm2) for both of the exposure times (48 and 72 h) compared to the control, and the other two insects, T. castaneum and R. dominica, had mortalities of 70% and 90% (48 h) and 100% and 100% (72 h), respectively. Our results show that with the increase of M. piperita dose from 0.02 to 0.4 mg/cm2, the mortality percentage increased, especially for the rice weevil, S. oryzae. Highly significant variations were observed between the tested M. piperita doses against the stored insects, and this natural material could be used to control insects that infect grains. This means that the essential oil from M. piperita had the highest toxic effects against the three stored product insects, and it could be considered as a good alternative to the production of commercial insecticidal agents.

Author Contributions

M.I.M., M.E.-H. and T.F.W. designed and carried out the methodology, as well as the laboratory analyses; M.B.-J. and A.A.A. contributed reagents/materials/analytical tools; and all of the authors shared in writing and revising the article.

Funding

This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, through the Fast-Track Research Funding Program.

Acknowledgments

We extend our appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, through the Fast-Track Research Funding Program.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Table
Table 1. Chemical composition of the oil from Rosa spp.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the oil from Rosa spp.
Compound NameRT * (min.)Relative Peak Area (%)Molecular FormulaMolecular WeightStandard IndexReverse Standard Index
Methyl eugenol13.7752.17C11H14O2178692766
3-O-Benzyl-d-glucose13.980.99C13H18O6270639642
Phenylethyl alcohol14.2429.92C8H10O122795833
Geraniol14.425.72C10H18O154874886
Neryl acetate18.810.88C12H20O2196739837
Geranyl acetate18.962.58C12H20O2196764855
Diphenyl ether22.037.75C12H10O170903917
* RT: Retention time (min).
Table
Table 2. Chemical composition of the oil from Mentha piperita.
Table 2. Chemical composition of the oil from Mentha piperita.
Compound NameRT* (min)Relative Peak AreaMolecular FormulaMolecular WeightStandard IndexReverse Standard Index
α-Pinene5.312.25C10H16136923927
β-Pinene6.784.37C10H16136909914
D-Limonene8.122.81C10H16136905924
1,8-Cineole8.9415.48C10H18O154897933
Menthone14.1420.18C10H18O154862876
Neoisomenthol14.460.69C10H20O156838862
Menthol15.0532.66C10H20O156881887
Menthyl acetate16.7513.13C12H22O2198888910
Pulegone16.991.09C10H16O152870870
Piperitone17.450.52C10H16O152797855
Caryophyllene19.144.82C15H24204906906
α-Caryophyllene20.020.61C15H24204861866
Eugenol20.310.13C10H12O2164839876
α-Muurolol20.650.14C15H26O222859900
α-Muurolene21.090.14C15H24204866893
* RT: retention time (min).
Table
Table 3. Chemical composition of the oil from Pinus roxburghii.
Table 3. Chemical composition of the oil from Pinus roxburghii.
Compound NameRT * (min)Relative Peak Area (%)Molecular FormulaMolecular WeightStandard IndexReverse Standard Index
α-Pinene5.792.12C10H16136946947
β-Pinene6.981.64C10H16136935942
Δ-3-Carene7.787.01C10H16136954955
D-Limonene8.401.39C10H16136905912
Terpinolene10.001.02C10H16136935939
Fenchol11.131.28C10H18O154940944
cis-4-Thujanol12.210.41C10H18O154789815
Borneol12.692.16C10H18O154928932
Terpinen-4-ol12.901.77C10H18O154937947
α-Terpineol13.366.75C10H18O154937943
2,6,10-Trimethyl tetradecane15.060.22C17H36240777802
α-Fenchyl acetate15.690.73C12H20O2196902937
Tridecane15.910.93C13H28184837936
Butanoic acid,3-[(1-phenylethyl-2-propynyl)oxy]16.790.41C15H18O3246668703
Terpinyl propionate16.980.55C13H22O2210769790
Hexahydrofarnesol17.200.30C15H32O228699724
γ-Elemene17.373.88C15H24204846865
2,6,10-Trimethyl tetradecane17.600.55C17H36240750791
Geranyl isovalerate17.770.18C15H26O2238701703
Cedrol17.861.21C15H26O222703768
Longicyclene18.051.80C15H24204902905
Sativene18.500.91C15H24204882905
Tetradecane 18.562.75C14H30198902951
β-Cedrene18.750.29C15H24204726755
Longifolene19.0319.52C15H24204967967
Caryophyllene19.229.45C15H24204912927
(Z,E)-2,9-Heptadecadiene-4,6-diyn-8-ol19.360.75C17H24O244635683
1,4-Dimethyl naphthalene19.521.31C12H12156855944
1,7-dimethyl-Naphthalene19.651.84C12H12156855947
2-Methyl-cis-7,8-epoxynonadecane19.880.32C20H40O296626631
2,6,10-trimethyl tetradecane20.011.83C17H36240710753
α-Caryophyllene20.163.45C15H24204762897
E-8-Methyl-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate20.330.30C17H32O2268691700
β-Cedrene20.480.76C15H24204674695
Vitamin A aldehyde (Retinal)20.850.18C20H28O284749859
Pentadecane21.083.35C15H32212888958
6-(3-Isopropenyl-1-cyclopropen-1-yl)-6-methyl-3-hepten-2-one21.270.35C14H20O204710719
3-(2-Methyl-1-propenyl)-1H-indene21.690.63C13H14170683803
2,3,6-Trimethyl naphthalene22.141.09C13H14170786829
cis-9,10-Epoxystearic acid22.450.32C18H34O3298667667
3-(2-Methyl-propenyl)-1H-indene22.611.98C13H14170734809
Caryophyllene oxide23.351.62C15H24O220876928
Hexadecane23.472.38C16H34226862940
Longiborneol23.920.65C15H26O222780900
1,9-Dioxacyclohexadeca-4,13-diene-2-10-dione,7,8,15,16-tetramethyl-24.040.44C18H28O4308666671
Docosane 24.480.58C22H46310686686
Z-5-Methyl-6-heneicosen-11-one24.910.38C22H42O322677686
2-Methylene-5α-cholestan-3β-ol25.110.24 C28H48O400682731
Aromadendrene25.433.51 C15H24204834880
Heptadecane25.751.53C17H36240854899
Octadecane27.930.53C18H38254796813
8(14),15-Pimaradien-18-al34.070.17C20H30O286761834
γ-Sitosterol34.480.16C29H50O414741756
* RT: retention time (min).
Table
Table 4. Contact toxicity of the isolated M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii oils using residual film assays against Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, and Rhyzopertha dominica.
Table 4. Contact toxicity of the isolated M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii oils using residual film assays against Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, and Rhyzopertha dominica.
Insect SpeciesTime Exposure (h)Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50)
mg/cm2		95% Confidence Limits (mg/cm2)Slope ± Stander Errorχ2
LowerUpper
M. piperita
S. oryzae480.0360.030.0421.62 ± 0.241.48
720.0220.0190.0261.98 ± 0.236.86
T. castaneum480.0830.0690.1021.58 ± 0.224.5
720.0550.0440.071.06 ± 0.161.37
R. dominica480.0880.080.0992.93 ± 0.247
720.0840.0740.1012.83 ± 0.361.04
Rosa spp.
S. oryzae480.520.3810.9951.62 ± 0.332.08
720.4210.3130.7841.41 ± 0.310.4
T. castaneum48>1.00----
720.8260.4637.2571.04 ± 0.321.28
R. dominica480.9490.5144.4870.97 ± 0.231.08
720.7060.4282.1921.04 ± 0.224.13
P. roxburghii
S. oryzae480.0760.0610.0951.22 ± 0.153.33
720.0610.0470.0781.22 ± 0.203.42
T. castaneum480.3830.3170.5162.23 ± 0.343.39
720.3180.2540.4611.59 ± 0.310.44
R. dominica480.1940.1690.2381.71 ± 0.172.64
720.1560.1280.1961.50 ± 0.170.17
Table
Table 5. Mortality percentage and toxicities of S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica treated using M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii as the contact methods.
Table 5. Mortality percentage and toxicities of S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica treated using M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii as the contact methods.
Tested OilsConcentrations (mg/cm2)Mortality % of S. oryzaeMortality % of T. castaneumMortality % of R. dominica
Exposure Periods (h)
487248724872
M. piperitaControl0.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.03.3 ± 1.60.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0 e
0.0236.3 ± 3.1640 ± 5.000.0 ± 0.0030.0 ± 10.000.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0
0.0340.0 ± 10.0055.0 ± 15.0025.0 ± 7.6340.0 ± 12.5810.0 ± 5.7710.0 ± 5.77
0.0455.0 ± 5.0070.00 ± 15.2725.0 ± 2.8845.0 ± 11.5420.0 ± 5.0020.0 ± 7.63
0.0665.0 ± 7.3680.0 ± 7.6331.6 ± 9.2750.0 ± 7.6325.0 ± 7.6330.0 ± 5.00
0.176.6 ± 6.7095.0 ± 5.0063.0 ± 6.5063.0 ± 12.7450.0 ± 5.7760.0 ± 15.74
0.2100 ± 0.00100.0 ± 0.0070.0 ± 5.0070.0 ± 10.090.0 ± 5.77100.0 ± 0.00
0.4100 ± 0.00100 ± 0.00100 ± 0.00100.0 ± 0.00100 ± 0.0100.0 ± 0.00
Rosa spp.Control0.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0 d
0.020.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0
0.030.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0
0.040.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0
0.060.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.010.0 ± 2.8810.0 ± 5.77
0.110.0 ± 5.7720.0 ± 12.585.00 ± 2.8815.0 ± 7.6320.0 ± 2.8820.0 ± 2.88
0.220.0 ± 5.7730.0 ± 12.5825.0 ± 7.6330.0 ± 7.6325.0 ± 8.6635.0 ± 5.00
0.440.0 ± 20.2050.0 ± 11.5430.0 ± 0.0035 ± 12.5835.00 ± 8.6640.0 ± 5.00
P. roxburghiiControl0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.00.0 ±0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0 d
0.020.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.000.0 ±0.00.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00
0.0325.0 ± 0.030.0 ± 7.630.0 ±0.00.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.00
0.0440.0 ± 12.545.0 ± 12.580.0 ±0.00.0 ± 0.0013.33 ± 8.6915 ± 5.00
0.0650.0 ± 5.7762.0 ± 13.00.0 ±0.00.0 ± 0.0020.0 ± 0.030.0 ± 0.00
0.155.0 ± 7.6365.0 ± 12.5812.33 ± 4.9120.0 ± 10.0025.0 ± 10.430 ± 7.63
0.255.0 ± 10.070.0 ± 12.5820.0 ± 5.7740.0 ± 2.8851.6 ± 11.660.0 ± 17.32
0.480.0 ± 15.2780.0 ± 5.0055 ± 555.0 ± 12.5870.0 ± 16.0770.0 ± 20.00
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Table
Table 6. Fumigant toxicity of the isolated essential oils against S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica after 72 h.
Table 6. Fumigant toxicity of the isolated essential oils against S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica after 72 h.
Essential OilsInsect SpeciesLC50 µL/L95% Confidence Limits (mg/cm2)Slope ± S.Eχ2
LowerUpper
M. piperitaS. oryzae3.792.395.50.95 ± 0.250.04
T. castaneum8.287.4710.751.54 ± 0.146.08
R. dominica13.7211.8116.071.97 ± 0.164.59
P. roxburghiiS. oryzae21.3116.9728.371.31 ± 0.141.95
T. castaneum24.4819.6132.731.51 ± 0.3021.37
R. dominica34.6328.2144.041.43 ± 0.214.71
Rosa spp.S. oryzae>100----
T. castaneum>100----
R. dominica>100----
Table
Table 7. Mortality percentage and toxicities of S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica treated with M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii as a fumigation method.
Table 7. Mortality percentage and toxicities of S. oryzae, T. castaneum, and R. dominica treated with M. piperita, Rosa spp., and P. roxburghii as a fumigation method.
Tested OilsConcentrations µL/LMortality % of S. oryzaeMortality % of T. castaneumMortality % of R. dominica
M. piperitacontrol0.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00
240.0 ± 13.2220.0 ± 2.885.0 ± 5.00
450.0 ± 8.6626.6 ± 6.6613.3 ± 6.00
1066.6 ± 14.5250.0 ± 8.6645.0 ± 7.63
20100 ± 0.0065.0 ± 10.4055.0 ± 16.07
40100 ± 0.0090.0 ± 5.7785.0 ± 8.66
70100 ± 0.00100 ± 0.00100.0 ± 0.00
P. roxburghiicontrol0.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00
26.6 ± 1.600.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00
420.0 ± 7.630.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00
1035.0 ± 13.2230.0 ± 0.0020.0 ± 11.54
2045.0 ± 8.6640.0 ± 14.4342.6 ± 4.33
4065.0 ± 10.0065.0 ± 5.7746.6 ± 12.01
70100 ± 0.00100 ± 0.0070.0 ± 18.92
Rosa spp.control0.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00
20.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00
40.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.000.0 ± 0.00
100.0 ± 0.003.3 ± 3.330.0 ± 0.00
2010.0 ± 2.888.5 ± 3.55.0 ± 5.00
4025.0 ± 2.8811.6 ± 1.6620.0 ± 2.88
7030.0 ± 5.7716.6 ± 6.6635.0 ± 17.55
Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mackled, M.I.; EL-Hefny, M.; Bin-Jumah, M.; Wahba, T.F.; Allam, A.A. Assessment of the Toxicity of Natural Oils from Mentha piperita, Pinus roxburghii, and Rosa spp. Against Three Stored Product Insects. Processes 2019, 7, 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110861

AMA Style

Mackled MI, EL-Hefny M, Bin-Jumah M, Wahba TF, Allam AA. Assessment of the Toxicity of Natural Oils from Mentha piperita, Pinus roxburghii, and Rosa spp. Against Three Stored Product Insects. Processes. 2019; 7(11):861. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110861

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mackled, Marwa I., Mervat EL-Hefny, May Bin-Jumah, Trandil F. Wahba, and Ahmed A. Allam. 2019. "Assessment of the Toxicity of Natural Oils from Mentha piperita, Pinus roxburghii, and Rosa spp. Against Three Stored Product Insects" Processes 7, no. 11: 861. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110861

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