Factors Contributing to the Health of 0- to 5-Year-Old Low-Birth-Weight Children in the United States: Application of the Multiple Disadvantage Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Literature Review
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Multivariate Analysis Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Percent | Mean | Range | sd | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child health (excellent/very good/good) | 98.3 | ||||
(fair/poor) | 1.7 | ||||
Rundown neighborhood | (yes) | 24.2 | |||
(no) | 75.8 | ||||
Safe neighborhood | 3.6 | 1–4 | 0.6 | ||
White | 58.6 | ||||
Black | 10.7 | ||||
Hispanic | 12.4 | ||||
Asian | 8.3 | ||||
Other ethnicity/race | 10.0 | ||||
Parent education level | 6.1 | 1–9 | 1.9 | ||
Employed parent | (yes) | 73.1 | |||
(no) | 26.9 | ||||
Family income at or below 100% of FPL | 15.4 | ||||
Family income at 101–200% of FPL | 16.8 | ||||
Family income above 200% of FPL | 67.8 | ||||
Single mother | (yes) | 13.7 | |||
(no) | 86.3 | ||||
Family cohesiveness | 10.6 | 3–12 | 1.8 | ||
Family support | (yes) | 79.7 | |||
(no) | 20.3 | ||||
Difficulty of parenting the child | 5.1 | 3–15 | 2.0 | ||
Child chronic health condition(s) | (yes) | 24.4 | |||
(no) | 75.6 | ||||
Parent health | 3.8 | 1–5 | 0.9 | ||
Parent mental health | 3.9 | 1–5 | 0.9 | ||
Family mental health problem | (yes) | 5.8 | |||
(no) | 94.2 | ||||
Family substance use | (yes) | 5.6 | |||
(no) | 94.4 | ||||
Private health insurance coverage | 64.9 | ||||
Public health insurance coverage | 33.9 | ||||
Other health insurance coverage | 3.4 | ||||
Uninsured | 3.5 | ||||
Unavailability of health services | (yes) | 1.8 | |||
(no) | 98.2 | ||||
Hospital care | (yes) | 6.6 | |||
(no) | 93.4 | ||||
Female child | 53.7 | ||||
Male child | 46.3 | ||||
Child age (years) | 3.0 | 0–5 | 1.5 | ||
Parent age (years) | 38.3 | 19–75 | 9.3 |
Variables | OR | RSE | 90% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Hazard rate | 6.83 × 1015 * | 1.38 × 1017 | 22.67–2.06 × 1030 |
Rundown neighborhood (no) | 1.92 | 0.90 | 0.89–4.14 |
Safe neighborhood | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.36–1.01 |
Black (White) | 0.05 * | 0.09 | 0.00–0.87 |
Hispanic (White) | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.14–3.46 |
Asian (White) | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.00–5.24 |
Other ethnicity/race (White) | 0.90 | 0.69 | 0.26–3.20 |
Parent education level | 1.31 * | 0.18 | 1.04–1.65 |
Employed parent (no) | 0.65 | 0.37 | 0.26–1.65 |
Family income at or below 100% of FPL (above 200% of FPL) | 0.26 * | 0.17 | 0.08–0.79 |
Family income at 101–200% of FPL (above 200% of FPL) | 2.44 | 1.61 | 0.66–5.82 |
Single mother (no) | 1.96 | 1.30 | 0.02–0.40 |
Family cohesiveness | 1.17 | 0.14 | 0.96–1.43 |
Family support (no) | 0.66 | 0.40 | 0.24–1.80 |
Difficulty of parenting the child | 0.66 ** | 0.06 | 0.56–0.77 |
Child chronic health condition(s) (no) | 0.02 ** | 0.02 | 0.00–0.12 |
Parent health | 2.39 ** | 0.75 | 1.43–4.02 |
Parent mental health | 0.31 ** | 0.11 | 0.17–0.55 |
Family mental health problem (no) | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.16–1.21 |
Family substance use (no) | 0.26 * | 0.17 | 0.09–0.76 |
Private health insurance coverage (uninsured) | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.08–2.55 |
Public health insurance coverage (uninsured) | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.01–1.08 |
Other health insurance coverage (uninsured) | 4.60 | 6.66 | 0.42–49.87 |
Hospital care | 0.01 ** | 0.01 | 0.00–0.09 |
Female child (male child) | 0.81 | 0.44 | 0.33–1.99 |
Child age | 0.92 | 0.21 | 0.63–1.33 |
Parent age | 0.97 | 0.02 | 0.93–1.01 |
Wald’s χ2 = | 120.10 ** |
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Cheng, T.C.; Lo, C.C. Factors Contributing to the Health of 0- to 5-Year-Old Low-Birth-Weight Children in the United States: Application of the Multiple Disadvantage Model. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 203-214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010013
Cheng TC, Lo CC. Factors Contributing to the Health of 0- to 5-Year-Old Low-Birth-Weight Children in the United States: Application of the Multiple Disadvantage Model. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(1):203-214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Tyrone C., and Celia C. Lo. 2024. "Factors Contributing to the Health of 0- to 5-Year-Old Low-Birth-Weight Children in the United States: Application of the Multiple Disadvantage Model" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 1: 203-214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010013