Associations of eHealth Literacy with Social Activity among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. The Measurement Procedure
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. eHealth Literacy Level (eHEALS)
2.3.2. Social Activity
2.3.3. Health Behavior
2.3.4. Health Status
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Baseline Characteristics
4.2. eHealth Literacy Level
4.3. Association of eHEALS Score with Social Activity
4.4. Association of eHEALS Score with Health Behavior
4.5. eHEALS Score and Health Status
4.6. Associated Factors with the Lowest eHEALS Score
5. Discussion
5.1. eHealth Literacy Level
5.2. Association between eHEALS and Social Activity
5.3. Association between eHEALS and Health Behavior or Health Status
5.4. Factors Associated with the Lowest eHEALS Score
5.5. Comparison with Previous Studies and Key Findings
5.6. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total (n = 561) | Male (n = 60) | Female (n = 501) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | p | ||
Age (years) | 76.9 | (5.9) | 75.3 | (6.2) | 77.1 | (5.8) | 0.024 | |
Dietary Variety Score (points) | 6.2 | (2.4) | 4.9 | (2.5) | 6.3 | (2.3) | <0.001 | |
IADL Total score (points) | 12.2 | (1.5) | 12.2 | (1.4) | 12.2 | (1.5) | 0.876 | |
Instrumental Self-maintenance (points) | 4.9 | (0.6) | 4.9 | (0.6) | 4.9 | (0.6) | 0.870 | |
Intellectual Activity (points) | 3.7 | (0.7) | 3.7 | (0.7) | 3.7 | (0.7) | 0.607 | |
Social Role (points) | 3.6 | (0.8) | 3.6 | (0.7) | 3.6 | (0.8) | 0.790 | |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 23.2 | (3.3) | 24.3 | (2.9) | 23.1 | (3.3) | 0.010 | |
Grip strength (kg) | 26.3 | (6.7) | 39.6 | (6.9) | 24.8 | (4.7) | <0.001 | |
Gait Speed (m/s) | 1.30 | (0.27) | 1.34 | (0.29) | 1.29 | (0.27) | 0.251 | |
Characteristic | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | p | |
Gender | Male | 60 | (10.7) | |||||
Female | 501 | (89.3) | ||||||
Social Activity | ||||||||
Cultural Activity | at least once a week | 73 | (13.0) | 7 | (11.7) | 66 | (13.2) | 0.327 |
once or twice a month | 80 | (14.3) | 5 | (8.3) | 75 | (15.0) | ||
non (no activity) | 408 | (72.7) | 48 | (80.0) | 360 | (71.9) | ||
Community Activity | at least once a week | 91 | (16.2) | 22 | (36.7) | 69 | (13.8) | <0.001 |
once or twice a month | 206 | (36.7) | 27 | (45.0) | 179 | (35.7) | ||
non (no activity) | 264 | (47.1) | 11 | (18.3) | 253 | (50.5) | ||
Sports Activity | at least once a week | 356 | (63.5) | 39 | (65.0) | 317 | (63.3) | 0.320 |
once or twice a month | 185 | (33.0) | 17 | (28.3) | 168 | (33.5) | ||
non (no activity) | 20 | (3.6) | 4 | (6.7) | 16 | (3.2) | ||
Health Behavior | ||||||||
Going out at least once a week | Yes | 553 | (98.6) | 60 | (100.0) | 493 | (98.4) | 0.324 |
No | 8 | (1.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 8 | (1.6) | ||
Sitting time at least 8 hours a weekday | Yes | 20 | (3.6) | 2 | (3.3) | 18 | (3.6) | 0.918 |
No | 541 | (96.4) | 58 | (96.7) | 483 | (96.4) | ||
Smoking | Yes | 13 | (2.3) | 3 | (5.0) | 10 | (2.0) | 0.144 |
No | 548 | (97.7) | 57 | (95.0) | 491 | (98.0) | ||
Health Status | ||||||||
Obesity | Yes | 155 | (27.6) | 23 | (38.3) | 132 | (26.3) | 0.050 |
No | 406 | (72.4) | 37 | (61.7) | 367 | (73.3) | ||
Thin | Yes | 40 | (7.1) | 2 | (3.3) | 38 | (7.6) | 0.227 |
No | 521 | (92.9) | 58 | (96.7) | 463 | (92.4) | ||
Robust | Yes | 364 | (64.9) | 39 | (65.0) | 325 | (64.9) | 0.984 |
No | 197 | (35.1) | 21 | (35.0) | 176 | (35.1) | ||
Pre-frailty | Yes | 185 | (33.0) | 21 | (35.0) | 164 | (32.7) | 0.724 |
No | 376 | (67.0) | 39 | (65.0) | 337 | (67.3) | ||
Pre-frailty or Frailty | Yes | 197 | (35.1) | 21 | (35.0) | 176 | (35.1) | 0.984 |
No | 364 | (64.9) | 39 | (65.0) | 325 | (64.9) | ||
Weakness | Yes | 32 | (5.7) | 1 | (13.3) | 31 | (11.4) | 0.154 |
No | 529 | (94.3) | 59 | (86.7) | 470 | (88.6) | ||
Slowness | Yes | 67 | (11.9) | 6 | (10.0) | 61 | (12.2) | 0.623 |
No | 494 | (88.1) | 54 | (90.0) | 440 | (87.8) | ||
Unintentional Weight loss | Yes | 65 | (11.6) | 8 | (13.3) | 57 | (11.4) | 0.655 |
No | 496 | (88.4) | 52 | (86.7) | 444 | (88.6) | ||
Exhaustion | Yes | 82 | (14.6) | 8 | (13.3) | 74 | (14.8) | 0.766 |
No | 479 | (85.4) | 52 | (86.7) | 427 | (85.2) | ||
Low physical activity | Yes | 37 | (6.6) | 5 | (8.3) | 32 | (6.4) | 0.566 |
No | 524 | (93.4) | 55 | (91.7) | 469 | (93.6) | ||
Desease | Yes | 493 | (87.9) | 51 | (85.0) | 442 | (88.2) | 0.470 |
No | 68 | (12.1) | 9 | (15.0) | 59 | (11.8) | ||
Single fall | Yes | 146 | (26.0) | 11 | (18.3) | 135 | (26.9) | 0.151 |
No | 415 | (74.0) | 49 | (81.7) | 369 | (73.7) | ||
Multiple falls | Yes | 34 | (6.1) | 2 | (3.3) | 32 | (6.4) | 0.349 |
No | 527 | (93.9) | 58 | (96.7) | 469 | (93.6) |
Characteristic | Total (n = 561) | Male (n = 60) | Female (n = 501) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | p | ||
eHEALS (points) | 12.4 | (8.2) | 17.6 | (10.5) | 11.8 | (7.7) | <0.001 | |
Q1. I know what health resources are available on the internet. | 1.6 | (1.2) | 2.3 | (1.4) | 1.5 | (1.1) | <0.001 | |
Q2. I know where to find helpful health resources on the internet. | 1.6 | (1.1) | 2.3 | (1.4) | 1.5 | (1.1) | <0.001 | |
Q3. I know how to find helpful health resources on the internet. | 1.6 | (1.1) | 2.2 | (1.5) | 1.5 | (1.1) | <0.001 | |
Q4. I know how to use the internet to answer my questions about health. | 1.6 | (1.1) | 2.3 | (1.4) | 1.5 | (1.1) | <0.001 | |
Q5. I know how to use the health information I find on the internet to help me. | 1.6 | (1.1) | 2.2 | (1.4) | 1.5 | (1.0) | <0.001 | |
Q6. I have the skills I need to evaluate the health resources I find on the internet. | 1.5 | (1.0) | 2.2 | (1.4) | 1.4 | (0.9) | <0.001 | |
Q7. I can tell high-quality health resources from low-quality health resources on the internet. | 1.5 | (0.9) | 2.1 | (1.3) | 1.4 | (0.9) | <0.001 | |
Q8. I feel confident in using information from the Internet to make health decisions. | 1.5 | (1.0) | 2.1 | (1.3) | 1.4 | (0.9) | <0.001 | |
Characteristic | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | p | |
eHEALS Score | 8 (Lowest point) | 411 | (73.3) | 28 | (46.7) | 383 | (76.4) | <0.001 |
9–40 (point) | 150 | (26.7) | 32 | (53.3) | 118 | (23.6) |
Social Activity | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted $ OR (95%CI) |
---|---|---|
Cultural Activityat least once a week (No) | 1.029 (1.002–1.057) * | 1.037 (1.007–1.068) * |
No Cultural Activity (At lesat once or twice a month) | 0.962 (0.942–0.983) * | 0.955 (0.933–0.977) * |
Community Activity at least once a week (No) | 1.040 (1.015–1.065) * | 1.031 (1.003–1.059) * |
No Community Activity (At lesat once or twice a month) | 0.959 (0.938–0.980) * | 0.971 (0.949–0.994) * |
Sports Activity at least once a week (No) | 1.020 (0.998–1.042) | 1.019 (0.995–1.043) |
No Sports Activity (At lesat once or twice a month) | 1.010 (0.960–1.063) | 1.009 (0.954–1.068) |
Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted $ OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|
Health Behavior | ||
Dietary Variety Score # | 0.993 (0.973–1.014) | 1.005 (0.983–1.028) |
Going out at least once a week (No) | 1.101 (0.919–1.318) | 1.032 (0.862–1.235) |
Sitting time at least 8 h a weekday (No) | 0.970 (0.908–1.037) | 0.960 (0.894–1.031) |
Smoking (Yes) | 1.016 (0.956–1.080) | 1.004 (0.939–1.075) |
Health Status | ||
IADL Total score # | 1.045 (1.020–1.069) * | 1.032 (1.006–1.058) * |
Instrumental Self-maintenance # | 1.072 (1.013–1.134) * | 1.044 (0.984–1.107) |
Intellectual Activity # | 1.049 (1.017–1.083) * | 1.040 (1.006–1.074) * |
Social Role # | 1.031 (1.004–1.059) * | 1.021 (0.992–1.051) |
Body Mass Index # | 0.999 (0.979–1.019) | 0.988 (0.966–1.010) |
Obesity (No) | 1.007 (0.985–1.029) | 0.998 (0.974–1.022) |
Thin (No) | 0.995 (0.956–1.036) | 1.008 (0.966–1.052) |
Robust (No) | 1.032 (1.009–1.057) * | 1.016 (0.991–1.042) |
Pre-frailty (No) | 0.973 (0.951–0.996) * | 0.985 (0.960–1.010) |
Pre-frailty or Frailty (No) | 0.969 (0.946–0.991) * | 0.984 (0.960–1.009) |
Weakness (No) | 0.924 (0.856–0.998) * | 0.967 (0.894–1.046) |
Slowness (No) | 0.944 (0.903–0.988) * | 0.985 (0.939–1.033) |
Unintentional Weight loss (No) | 0.977 (0.943–1.013) | 0.983 (0.946–1.022) |
Exhaustion (No) | 0.962 (0.928–0.997) * | 0.975 (0.939–1.012) |
Low physical activity (No) | 1.016 (0.979–1.054) | 1.012 (0.972–1.054) |
Desease (No) | 0.998 (0.968–1.029) | 0.998 (0.965–1.031) |
Single fall (No) | 0.978 (0.954–1.003) | 0.985 (0.960–1.012) |
Multiple falls (No) | 0.984 (0.940–1.031) | 0.999 (0.951–1.050) |
Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted $ OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|
Age # | 1.142 (1.099–1.186) * | |
Gender (Male) | 3.709 (2.145–6.414) * | |
Social Activity | ||
Cultural Activity at least once a week (No) | 0.616 (0.366–1.036) * | 0.540 (0.307–0.948) * |
No Cultural Activity (At lesat once or twice a month) | 1.699 (1.135–2.544) * | 1.845 (1.192–2.856) * |
Community Activity at least once a week (No) | 0.549 (0.342–0.882) * | 0.650 (0.386–1.095) |
No Community Activity (At lesat once or twice a month) | 2.354 (1.587–3.490) * | 1.946 (1.276–2.967) * |
Sports Activity at least once a week (No) | 0.761 (0.512–1.132) | 0.763 (0.499–1.166) |
No Sports Activity (At lesat once or twice a month) | 0.846 (0.319–2.244) | 0.849 (0.293–2.462) |
Health Behavior | ||
Dietary Variety Score # | 1.018 (0.942–1.100) | 0.957 (0.877–1.044) |
Going out at least once a week (No) | 0.912 (0.182–4.569) | 2.812 (0.527–15.00) |
Sitting time at least 8 h a weekday (No) | 1.478 (0.486–4.495) | 1.848 (0.535–6.380) |
Smoking (No) | 0.817(0.248–2.694) | 1.015(0.276–3.725) |
Health Status | ||
IADL Total Score # | 0.750 (0.626–0.899) * | 0.819 (0.679–0.989) * |
Instrumental Self-maintenance # | 0.447 (0.227–0.880) * | 0.585 (0.303–1.129) |
Intellectual Activity # | 0.518 (0.347–0.772) * | 0.568 (0.377–0.855) * |
Social Role # | 0.836 (0.644–1.086) | 0.953 (0.714–1.273) |
Body Mass Index # | 0.987 (0.933–1.045) | 1.032 (0.970–1.097) |
Obesity (No) | 0.975 (0.643–1.480) | 1.193 (0.757–1.879) |
Thin (No) | 1.102 (0.525–2.314) | 0.842 (0.388–1.829) |
Robust (No) | 0.588 (0.389–0.889) * | 0.740 (0.473–1.156) |
Pre-frailty (No) | 1.568 (1.033–2.379) * | 1.327 (0.846–2.083) |
Frailty or Pre-frailty (No) | 1.700 (1.125–2.569) * | 1.352 (0.865–2.113) |
Weakness (No) | 3.720 (1.116–12.40) * | 1.918 (0.549–6.701) |
Slowness (No) | 2.574 (1.242–5.335) * | 1.322 (0.603–2.895) |
Unintentional Weight loss (No) | 1.703 (0.883–3.283) | 1.758 (0.842–3.671) |
Exhaustion (No) | 1.602 (0.896–2.866) | 1.233 (0.665–2.288) |
Low physical activity (No) | 0.654 (0.324–1.319) | 0.713 (0.330–1.544) |
Disease (No) | 1.163 (0.665–2.034) | 1.160 (0.634–2.123) |
Single fall (No) | 1.573 (0.999–2.477) * | 1.397 (0.863–2.262) |
Multiple falls (No) | 1.755 (0.712–4.325) | 1.514 (0.572–4.008) |
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Eto, M.; Yamatsu, K. Associations of eHealth Literacy with Social Activity among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 1279-1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050084
Eto M, Yamatsu K. Associations of eHealth Literacy with Social Activity among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(5):1279-1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050084
Chicago/Turabian StyleEto, Mamiko, and Koji Yamatsu. 2024. "Associations of eHealth Literacy with Social Activity among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 5: 1279-1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050084