Effect of Boxing Exercises on the Functional Ability and Quality of Life of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Search Strategy
2.4. Data Extraction
2.5. Data Synthesis and Analysis
2.6. Assessment of Methodological Quality
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Methodological Quality
3.3. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.4. Effectiveness of Interventions
3.4.1. Balance
3.4.2. Mobility
3.4.3. Quality of Life
Study | Outcomes | Pre | Post | Results Within Groups | Results Between Groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combs et al. [46] | TUG (s) Experimental Control | 8.05 (15.12) 0.99(0.56) | 7.12 (14.62) 1.02(0.61) | p = 0.003 p = 0.021 | p = 0.809 |
dTUG (s) Experimental Control | 11.32 (26.23) 10.33 (16.09) | 8.16 (18.24) 8.89 (7.64) | p = 0.003 p = 0.010 | p = 0.841 | |
BBS (total) Experimental Control | 49.0 (49.0) 49.0 (17.0) | 53.0 (45.0) 54.0 (12.0) | p = 0.005 p = 0.005 | p = 0.439 | |
ABC (%) Experimental Control | 83.1 (60.6) 85.0 (56.9) | 85.3 (60.6) 93.3 (33.8) | p = 0.624 p = 0.022 | p = 0.015 | |
6 MWT (m) Experimental Control | 405.0 (549.1) 484.4 (301.2) | 457.0 (669.7) 478.7 (183.9) | p = 0.013 p = 0.807 | p = 0.087 | |
Gait Vel. (m/s) Experimental Control | 1.06 (1.08) 1.15 (0.72) | 1.10 (1.10) 1.22 (0.64) | p = 0.001 p = 0.140 | p = 0.439 | |
PDQL (total) Experimental Control | 128.0 (61.0) 125.5 (84.0) | 132.0 (63.0) 149.5 (79.0) | p = 0.012 p = 0.022 | p = 0.670 | |
Domingos et al. [47] | TUG (s) Experimental Control | 7.74 (2.21) 8.03 (3.05) | 8.86 (2.36) 9.14 (2.28) | p = 0.007 p = 0.06 | p = 0.72 |
TUG dual task (s) Experimental Control | 8.46 (2.65) 8.70 (3.17) | 9.33 (2.19) 9.65 (2.79) | p = 0.23 p = 0.07 | p = 0.72 | |
Mini-BESTest (total) Experimental Control | 23.09 (3.44) 22.60 (2.70) | 25.80 (2.39) 25.33 (2.64) | p = 0.01 p = 0.02 | p = 0.53 | |
6 MWD (m) Experimental Control | 461.09 (73.63) 467.91 (76.91) | 458.40 (67.87) 464.36 (78.07) | p = 0.54 p = 0.64 | p = 0.70 | |
PDQL-39 (total) Experimental Control | 26.26 (18.08) 22.52 (12.75) | 19.01 (10.62) 25.93 (21.95) | p = 0.04 p = 0.67 | p = 0.46 | |
Sangarapi-llai et al. [11] | Stride length (m) Experimental Control | 1.48 (0.24) 1.46 (0.13) | 1.47 (0.22) 1.73 (0.52) | Not reported | Interaction effect of group × time: F (2, 39) = 5.307, p < 0.007 |
Stride velocity (m/s) Experimental Control | 1.40 (0.17) 1.433 (0.13) | 1.36 (0.18) 1.53 (0.20) | Not reported | Interaction effect of group × time: F (2, 39) = 9.825, p < 0.0001 | |
CHAMPS Experimental Control | 3149.82 (2040.11) 3844.71 (2963.80) | 3146.17 (2059.17) 3847.99 (2483.90) | Not reported | No significant effects or interactions | |
PDQ-39 Experimental Control | 31.4 (21.97) 35.33 (23.52) | 26.20 (30.62) 30.62 (21.75) | Not reported | Significant effect of time: F(2, 39) = 56.533, p < 0.0001 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | “Parkinson” OR “parkinson disease” OR “parkinsonism” OR “parkinson disorder” |
Intervention | “Boxing” OR “boxing training” OR “boxing exercise” OR “rock steady boxing” |
Comparison | “Control group” OR “usual therapy” OR “conventional therapy” OR “physiotherapy” |
Outcome | “Functionality” AND/OR “quality of life” |
Study | Randomized Controlled Trial |
Methodological Quality | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Final Score |
Combs et al. [46] | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7/10 |
Domingos et al. [47] | - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7/10 |
Sangarapillai et al. [11] | - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7/10 |
Study | Age (y) M (SD) | Functional Status (1–5) Hoeh and Yahr | Group E/C | Experimental Group Intervention | Control Group Intervention | Duration | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combs et al. [46] | E 68.0 (31.0) C 66.5 (28.0) | Median 2.0 (3.0) | 17/14 | Boxing. A 15 min warm-up period consisting of various seated exercises, such as multi-planar axial and extremity active range of motion and stretching. Boxing (hitting a variety of punching bags) and endurance exercises (walking, cycling, and running) in a circuit training mode divided into 3 min periods and 1 min rest. Upper-extremity punching motions were combined with trunk rotations, anticipatory postural adjustments, lower-extremity footwork in multiple directions, and agility drills, such us jumping rope. The participants were motivated to undergo intensive training as much as they could handle. The program progressively became more intense encouraging individuals to complete more repetitions per period. | Traditional exercise 15 min warm up period consisting of various seated exercises, such as multi-planar axial and extremity active range of motion. Strength training incorporated exercises for large muscle groups at the upper extremities using self-selected weights and lower extremities using body weight for resistance. Endurance training included walking at a self-selected pace and stair climbing. Static and dynamic balance exercises were performed with eyes open and closed on various surfaces. Participants engaged in activities using discs, rocker boards, or navigating obstacles. Recovery 15 min and breathing exercises. | 12 weeks | 24–36 sessions (90 min per session) |
Domingos et al. [47] | E 64.36 (11.14) C 63.69 (6.63) | Not reported | 14/15 | Boxing. Warm-up included walking at a variety of speeds, alternating stepping with jab punches, rotating trunk with hook punches, and squatting on upper cuts. Progress from slower to faster punches while performing boxing exercises in front of a mirror (jabs, hooks, uppercuts, and crosses). Punching bag exercises (jabs, hook, uppercuts, and cross). Introducing combinations of punches, such as two jabs, one hook, and two uppercuts. Increase speed and vary the location of punches on the punchbag. Activities, like games, to make exercise fun, e.g., one person stands in front of a bag and the other behind it, and the instructor prompts which arm to use by touching the exerciser’s arm. Mild relaxation with walking and arms circles. Recovery: progressive increase in intensity “according to patient capacity”. | Boxing with kicking. Warm-up included walking with a variety of speeds, alternating stepping with jab punches, rotating trunk with hook punches, and squatting on upper cuts. Boxing exercises in front of a mirror (jabs, hook, uppercuts, and cross) progressing to faster changes and the addition of kick techniques. The same intervention as the control group on punching bag exercises with the difference of adding kicking techniques, weight shifting exercises, and multi-step directions. More exercise combinations every week, and gradually increasing the intensity and speed of the exercises. Mild relaxation can be achieved through simple exercises, such as walking, arm circles, sideways movements with a small kick, and opening both arms wide. | 10 weeks | 10 sessions 1 session per week (60 min per session) |
Sangarapillai et al. [11] | E 64.2 (9.8) C 65.1 (9.2) | 2.5 | 20/20 | Boxing: Warm-up, special boxing exercises (high-intensity boxing exercises, shadow boxing, jumping jacks, speedbag drills, and speed exercises). Recovery: progressive increase in intensity for 10 weeks; frequency: 3 times a week | Sensory exercise: warm-up, specific sensory exercises (stretching, walking, and chair exercises) where the participants were encouraged to complete the exercises slowly, in a controlled manner, and with their eyes closed). Recovery. | 10 weeks | 3 sessions per week 30 sessions (60 min per session) |
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Chrysagis, N.; Trompouki, G.; Petropaulis, D.; Koumantakis, G.A.; Krekoukias, G.; Theotokatos, G.; Skordilis, E.; Sakellari, V. Effect of Boxing Exercises on the Functional Ability and Quality of Life of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 1295-1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050085
Chrysagis N, Trompouki G, Petropaulis D, Koumantakis GA, Krekoukias G, Theotokatos G, Skordilis E, Sakellari V. Effect of Boxing Exercises on the Functional Ability and Quality of Life of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(5):1295-1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050085
Chicago/Turabian StyleChrysagis, Nikolaos, Georgia Trompouki, Dimitris Petropaulis, George A. Koumantakis, Georgios Krekoukias, Georgios Theotokatos, Emmanouil Skordilis, and Vasiliki Sakellari. 2024. "Effect of Boxing Exercises on the Functional Ability and Quality of Life of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 5: 1295-1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050085