Adsorption of Lactose Using Anion Exchange Resin by Adding Boric Acid from Milk Whey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Whey Solution
2.3. Preparation of Anion Exchange Resin
2.4. Procedure of Adsorption Experiment in the Model System
2.5. Procedure of Adsorption Experiments Using Whey Solution
2.6. Procedure of Desorption Experiments
2.7. Determination Method of Lactose, Boric Acid, Phosphate, and Proteins
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Adding Boric Acid on Adsorption of Lactose onto Anion Exchange Resin
3.2. Influence of the Molar Ratio of Boric Acid and Lactose and the Initial and Equilibrium pH Values on the Amount of Lactose Adsorbed
3.3. Evaluation of Adsorption Kinetics of Lactose on Anion Exchange Resin when Adding Boric Acid
3.4. Evaluation of Adsorption Equilibrium of Lactose on Anion Exchange Resin when Adding Boric Acid
3.5. Influence of Coexisting Substances in Whey Solution on Adsorption of Lactose on Anion Exchange Resin when Adding Boric Acid
3.5.1. Influence of Phosphate Ion on Adsorption of Lactose
3.5.2. Influence of Whey Proteins on Adsorption of Lactose
3.5.3. Influence of Amino Acid and Kinds of Protein on Adsorption of Lactose
3.6. Limitation of the Present Adsorption Process
4. Conclusions
- By exchanging the counter ion of the anion exchange resin (IRA402) from chloride ion to hydroxide ion, lactose could be adsorbed onto IRA402, and the amount of lactose adsorbed was 14.2 times larger.
- The addition of boric acid enabled the desorption of lactose from anion exchange resins, and resulted in 72% desorption of lactose from IRA402, and the desorption rate (%) increased 6.7-fold.
- The binding between tetrahydroxyboronate ion and the cis-diol of lactose is considered to be the most likely adsorption species.
- The optimal amount of boric acid and pH were 1:1 in the molar ratio of boric acid to lactose and pH 7–9.
- Langmuir-type adsorption equilibrium relationship was established.
- The recovery of the adsorption method in this study was 58–60% in the model system for lactose, and 40–42% in the actual system with whey.
- The amount of lactose adsorbed from the actual whey solution was 35% lower than in the model system. It was suggested that coexisting minerals, vitamins, and chlorine ions influenced the amount of lactose adsorbed from the whey solution.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
C | = concentration of metal ion within the column | [mol/m3] |
Cdmax | = the maximum concentration of lactose by releasing lactose | [mol/m3] |
Ci | = initial concentration of of lactose | [mol/m3] |
Ct | = concentration of lactose at time, t | [mol/m3] |
k | = adsorption rate constant defined in Equation (5) | [kg/(mol min)] |
K | = equilibrium adsorption constant defined in Equation (7) | [m3/mol] |
ka | = adsorption rate constant defined in Equation (6) | [m3/(mol min)] |
kd | = desorption rate constant defined in Equation (6) | [min−1] |
m | = mass of anion exchange resin | [kg] |
R | = removal efficiency of metal ion | [-] |
t | = time | [min] |
Xe | = equilibrium amount of lactose adsorbed | [mol/kg] |
Xs | = saturated amount of lactose adsorbed | [mol/kg] |
Xt | = amount of lactose adsorbed at time, t | [mol/kg] |
V | = volume of liquid | [m3] |
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pH | Molar Ratio | Xe × 103 | k × 10−3 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
[mol/g] | [g/(mol h)] | |||
7 | 1 | 0.535 | 6.17 | 0.99 |
7 | 2 | 0.573 | 0.88 | 0.99 |
9 | 1 | 0.528 | 4.69 | 0.99 |
9 | 2 | 0.54 | 3.79 | 0.99 |
pH | Molar Ratio | ka [L/(mol h)] | kd [h−1] | K [L/mol] | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 1 | 104.4 | 0.169 | 617 | 0.925 |
7 | 2 | 97.6 | 0.103 | 1087 | 0.871 |
9 | 1 | 111.0 | 0.238 | 466 | 0.858 |
9 | 2 | 115.7 | 0.119 | 973 | 0.925 |
pH | Molar Ratio | K [L/mol] | Xs × 103 [mol/g] | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 1:1 | 593 | 0.791 | 0.911 |
7 | 1:2 | 5869 | 0.615 | 0.911 |
9 | 1:1 | 547 | 0.846 | 0.924 |
9 | 1:2 | 760 | 0.706 | 0.924 |
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Maruyama, H.; Seki, H. Adsorption of Lactose Using Anion Exchange Resin by Adding Boric Acid from Milk Whey. Separations 2023, 10, 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100530
Maruyama H, Seki H. Adsorption of Lactose Using Anion Exchange Resin by Adding Boric Acid from Milk Whey. Separations. 2023; 10(10):530. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100530
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaruyama, Hideo, and Hideshi Seki. 2023. "Adsorption of Lactose Using Anion Exchange Resin by Adding Boric Acid from Milk Whey" Separations 10, no. 10: 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10100530