Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, and Population Levels of Food Safety Indicator Microorganisms in Retail Raw Chicken Meat and Ready-To-Eat Fresh Leafy Greens Salads Sold in Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Information on Sampling
2.2. Microbiological Analyses
2.2.1. Detection and Identification of Pathogens
2.2.2. Enumeration of Hygiene (Safety) Indicator Organisms
2.3. Campylobacter Species Identification and Subtyping
2.3.1. Preparation of Bacterial Cultures and Genomic DNA (gDNA) Isolation
2.3.2. Multiplex PCR (m-PCR)
2.3.3. Rep-PCR and Phylogenetic Discrimination of the Isolates
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Raw Chicken Meat and RTE Fresh Leafy Greens Salads
3.2. Presence, Population Levels, and Frequencies of Hygiene (Safety) Indicator Organisms in Raw Chicken Meat and RTE Fresh Leafy Greens Salads
3.3. Molecular Identification of Campylobacter Isolates and Rep-PCR Phylogenetic Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Retail Store | Campylobacter spp. | Salmonella spp. | L. monocytogenes | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Samples | Positive Samples | Positive Samples | Positive Samples | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
In Each Type of Retail Store | Of Total | In Each Type of Retail Store | Of Total | In Each Type of Retail Store | Of Total | ||||||
Butcher shops | 20 | 33.3% | 17 | 85.0% | 31.5% | 1 | 5.0% | 11.1% | 13 | 65.0% | 37.1% |
Supermarkets | 40 | 66.7% | 37 | 92.5% | 68.5% | 8 | 20.0% | 88.9% | 22 | 55.0% | 62.9% |
Sum | 60 | 100.0% | 54 | 90.0% | 100.0% | 9 | 15.0% | 100.0% | 35 | 58.3% | 100.0% |
Sample Disposal Method | Campylobacter spp. | Salmonella spp. | L. monocytogenes | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Samples | Positive Samples | Positive Samples | Positive Samples | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
In Each Disposal Method | Of Total | In Each Disposal Method | Of Total | In Each Disposal Method | Of Total | ||||||
Bulk | 42 | 70.0% | 37 | 88.1% | 68.5% | 4 | 9.5% | 44.4% | 25 | 59.5% | 71.4% |
Prepackaged | 18 | 30.0% | 17 | 94.4% | 31.5% | 5 | 27.8% | 55.6% | 10 | 55.6% | 28.6% |
Sum | 60 | 100.0% | 54 | 90.0% | 100.0% | 9 | 15.0% | 100.0% | 35 | 58.3% | 100.0% |
Hygiene (Safety) Indicator Organism | Population Level (CFU/g) and Frequencies (%) | |
---|---|---|
Raw Chicken Meat (n = 60) | RTE Freshly Leafy Greens Salads (n = 40) | |
APC | ≥106 CFU/g in 32 samples (53.3%) | ≥106 CFU/g in 38 samples (95.0%) |
Enterobacteriaceae | ≥104 CFU/g in 19 samples (31.7%) | ≥104 CFU/g in 4 samples (10.0%) |
Total coliforms | ≥102 CFU/g in 54 samples (90.0%) | ≥102 CFU/g in 0 sample (0.0%) |
E. coli | ≥102 CFU/g in 25 samples (41.7%) | ≥102 CFU/g in 0 sample (0.0%) |
Staphylococci | ≥102 CFU/g in 6 samples (10.0%) | ≥102 CFU/g in 14 samples (35.0%) |
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Kostoglou, D.; Simoni, M.; Vafeiadis, G.; Kaftantzis, N.-M.; Giaouris, E. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, and Population Levels of Food Safety Indicator Microorganisms in Retail Raw Chicken Meat and Ready-To-Eat Fresh Leafy Greens Salads Sold in Greece. Foods 2023, 12, 4502. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12244502
Kostoglou D, Simoni M, Vafeiadis G, Kaftantzis N-M, Giaouris E. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, and Population Levels of Food Safety Indicator Microorganisms in Retail Raw Chicken Meat and Ready-To-Eat Fresh Leafy Greens Salads Sold in Greece. Foods. 2023; 12(24):4502. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12244502
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostoglou, Dimitra, Maria Simoni, Georgios Vafeiadis, Nikolaos-Marios Kaftantzis, and Efstathios Giaouris. 2023. "Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, and Population Levels of Food Safety Indicator Microorganisms in Retail Raw Chicken Meat and Ready-To-Eat Fresh Leafy Greens Salads Sold in Greece" Foods 12, no. 24: 4502. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12244502