A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Agro-Industry Wastes
3. Valorisation of Agro-Industry Wastes
4. Industrial Enzymes
4.1. Agro-Industry Wastes as Substrate
4.2. Production of Enzymes at Industrial Scale
4.2.1. Enzymes that Act on Polysaccharides
α-amylase
Amyloglucosidase
Cellulase
Xylanase
Inulinase
Hemicellulases
Mannanase
Lactase
β-glucanase
Invertase
Pectinase
4.2.2. Enzymes that Act on Proteins
Protease
Transglutaminase
4.2.3. Other Industrially Important Enzymes
Lipases
Phytase
Laccase
4.2.4. Cellulosomes: The Future Prospect of Cellulytic Enzymes
4.2.5. Control of a Fermentation Processes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agro-Industry Residue | Carbohydrates | Crude Fibre | Ash | Pectin | Fat | Protein | Lignin | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sugarcane Bagasse | 66.48 ± 2.68 | - | 8.80 ± 0.02 | - | - | 2.3 | 17.79 ± 0.62 | [8] |
Rice Bran | 14.1 ± 1.1 | 26.9 | 3.4–8.1 | - | 30.4 ± 0.9 | 38.2 ± 2.3 | 25.63 | [9] |
Wheat Bran | 56.8 | 33.4–63.0 | 3.9–8.10 | 3.5–3.9 | 13.2–18.4 | 5.6 | [10] | |
Spent Coffee Waste | 55.53 ± 0.85 | 60.46 ± 2.2 | 1.30 ± 0.10 | - | 2.29 ± 0.30 | 17.44 ± 0.10 | 23.90 ± 0.30 | [11] |
Brewer’s spent grain | 79.9 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | - | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 30.48 ± 0.8 | [12] |
Cassava peel | 75.5 ± 1.2 | 11.2 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | - | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.92 ± 0.07 | [13] |
Apple Pomace | 48.0–62.0 | - | 4.7–51.1 | - | - | 3.9–5.7 | 23.5 | [14] |
Crude Olive Pomace | 34.8 ± 0.9 | - | 6.6 ± 0.5 | - | 16.65 ± 0.09 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | 43.2 ± 0.5 | [15] |
Banana peel | 79.0 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.0 | - | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 6.4–9.6 | [13] |
Citrus peel | 30 | - | 1.7 | 14.4 | - | 7.9 | 1.0 | [16] |
Brand Name | Product | Quantity | Price (in €) |
---|---|---|---|
1,4-α-d-Glucan glucohydrolase AMG 300L™ Exo-1,4-α-glucosidase Glucoamylase | Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger ≥260 U/mL, aqueous solution | 50 mL | 127.00 |
1,4-α-d-Glucan-glucanohydrolase Fungamyl® 800 L | α-Amylase from Aspergillus oryzae aqueous solution, ≥800 FAU/g | 50 mL | 95.00 |
1,6-α-d-Glucan 6-glucanohydrolase Dextranase Plus L | Dextranase from Chaetomium erraticum | 50 mL | 85.50 |
D-xylose ketol-isomerase Sweetzyme® IT Extra | Glucose Isomerase from Streptomyces murinus ≥350 U/g | 50 G | 248.00 |
Carezyme 1000L® | Cellulase from Aspergillus sp. aqueous solution | 50 mL | 92.50 |
Lactase Lactozyme® 2600 L | β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis ≥2600 units/g | 50 mL | 96.50 |
Pectinex Ultra Clear® | Pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus | 50 mL | 71.00 |
Pentopan Mono BG® | Xylanase powder, ≥2500 units/g, recombinant, expressed in Aspergillus oryzae | 50 G | 297.00 |
Promozyme® D2 Pullulanase microbial | Pullulanase microbial | 50 mL | 78.50 |
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Ravindran, R.; Hassan, S.S.; Williams, G.A.; Jaiswal, A.K. A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes. Bioengineering 2018, 5, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5040093
Ravindran R, Hassan SS, Williams GA, Jaiswal AK. A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes. Bioengineering. 2018; 5(4):93. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5040093
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavindran, Rajeev, Shady S. Hassan, Gwilym A. Williams, and Amit K. Jaiswal. 2018. "A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes" Bioengineering 5, no. 4: 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5040093