Craft Brewery Wastewater Treatment in a Scalable Microbial Fuel Cell Stack
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inoculum and Carbon Source
2.1.1. Inoculum
2.1.2. Synthetic Brewery Wastewater (SBW) Composition
2.1.3. Craft Brewery Wastewater (CBW)
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and pH
2.2.2. Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
2.3. Building MFCs
2.3.1. Anodic Chamber
2.3.2. Membrane-Aerobic Cathode Electrode Assembly
2.3.3. Stack Assembly
2.4. Ultra-Low Power Circuit
2.5. Electrochemical Measurements
2.5.1. Voltage and Current
2.5.2. Polarization Curve and Power Density
2.5.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
2.5.4. Coulombic Efficiency
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analytical Methods and Performance of MFCs (Stacked)
3.1.1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3.1.2. Performance of MFCs (Stacked)
3.1.3. Volatile Fatty Acids
3.2. Ultra-Low-Power Circuit and Start-Up EHS Behavior
3.3. Electrochemical Measurements
3.3.1. Coulombic Efficiency
3.3.2. Polarization Curves
3.3.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substrate | Configuration | Materials Anode/Cathode | Useful Volume (L) | COD (mg L−1)/OLR (mg L−1 d−1) | COD Removal (%) | Columbic Efficiency (%) | Maximum Power (mW m−3) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brewery Wastewater | One Chamber—Aerated Cathode | Carbon cloth/carbon cloth–Pt | 0.028 | 2250/NA | 85 | 10 | 5100 | [12] |
One Chamber—Aerated Cathode | Carbon fiber graphite rod/activated carbon–Pt | 0.18 | 7436/NA | 43 | 19.75 | 9520 | [13] | |
One Chamber—Aerated Cathode | Graphite felt/carbon–Pt cloth | 0.225 | 510/NA | 99 | 41 | 2944 | [15] | |
Stack—Aerated cathode | Graphite felt/cloth and catalytic coating (Ni + MnO2) | 10 | NA/1060 | 86.4 | 7.6 | 4100 | [14] | |
Stack—Forced Oxygen Cathode | Carbon fiber cloth/carbon fiber cloth–heat treatment | 18.8 | 3000/310 | 93.3/94.6 | ND/5.5 | ND/440 | [3] | |
Stack—Aerated cathode | Titanium carbon/activated carbon brushes | 90 | 830/NA | 84.7 | 19.7 | 9520 | [11] | |
Synthetic brewery wastewater | Stack—Aerated cathode | GAC/carbon cloth | 150 | 1980 ± 17 | 95 ± 1.4 | 57.2 ± 2.4 | 1938.02 | This study |
Craft brewery wastewater | Stack—Aerated cathode | GAC/carbon cloth | 150 | 1831 ± 85 | 93 ± 1.8 | 49.5 ± 0.71 | 1454.37 | This study |
Feeding | R1 (Ω) | Q2 (F.s(α−1)) | α2 | R2 (Ω) | Q3 (F.s(α−1)) | α3 | R3 (Ω) | X2 | Total Internal Resistance (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10.42 ± 2.7 | 1.5 ± 0.06 | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 143.2 ± 2.71 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | 45.34 ± 2.62 | 0.0010 | 198.96 |
3 | 9.03 ± 2.90 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 155.3 ± 9.1 | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 44.58 ± 1.26 | 0.0081 | 208.91 |
4 | 2.46 ± 4.49 | 6.32 ± 0.34 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 181.6 ± 4.47 | 1.38 ± 1.07 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 22.71 ± 4.28 | 0.0065 | 206.77 |
204.88 ± 5.24 |
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Zapata-Martínez, O.; Villa-Gomez, D.; Tapia-Tussell, R.; Dominguez-Maldonado, J.; Hernández-Zárate, G.; España-Gamboa, E.; Valdez-Ojeda, R.; Alzate-Gaviria, L. Craft Brewery Wastewater Treatment in a Scalable Microbial Fuel Cell Stack. Beverages 2024, 10, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10010020
Zapata-Martínez O, Villa-Gomez D, Tapia-Tussell R, Dominguez-Maldonado J, Hernández-Zárate G, España-Gamboa E, Valdez-Ojeda R, Alzate-Gaviria L. Craft Brewery Wastewater Treatment in a Scalable Microbial Fuel Cell Stack. Beverages. 2024; 10(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10010020
Chicago/Turabian StyleZapata-Martínez, Olivia, Denys Villa-Gomez, Raul Tapia-Tussell, Jorge Dominguez-Maldonado, Galdy Hernández-Zárate, Elda España-Gamboa, Rubí Valdez-Ojeda, and Liliana Alzate-Gaviria. 2024. "Craft Brewery Wastewater Treatment in a Scalable Microbial Fuel Cell Stack" Beverages 10, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10010020