Beverages

29 pages, 2851 KB

Open AccessReview

Fermented Beverages from Amazonian Fruits: Nutritional Characteristics and Bioactive Compounds

by Bárbara N. Batista, Ana Cristina Correia, António M. Jordão and Patrícia M. Albuquerque

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050152 - 21 Oct 2025

Fermented beverages are drinks that undergo a fermentation process involving yeasts, bacteria, or other microbial groups, leading to the conversion of natural sugars into alcohol, acids, and gases. Beer, wine, kombucha, kefir, and cider are examples of fermented beverages produced and consumed worldwide, [...] Read more.

Fermented beverages are drinks that undergo a fermentation process involving yeasts, bacteria, or other microbial groups, leading to the conversion of natural sugars into alcohol, acids, and gases. Beer, wine, kombucha, kefir, and cider are examples of fermented beverages produced and consumed worldwide, representing a rapidly growing market. However, demands for these products have expanded beyond aspects such as size, shape, and storage conditions. There is an increasing demand for eco-sustainable, fresh products tailored to individuals with dietary restrictions and/or enriched with nutrients and health-promoting compounds. In this context, the market has witnessed a surge in alternative fermented beverages made from nutrient-rich or exotic-flavored raw materials, highlighting their versatility. A noteworthy example is the application of Amazonian fruits, which, despite being primarily consumed fresh by local populations, have been extensively characterized in scientific studies for their abundance of molecules with beneficial effects and their use in products like juices, ice creams, and fermented beverages. Thus, this review aims to explore the nutritional composition and microbiological aspects of different fermented beverages produced from several Amazonian fruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Fermented Beverages)

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20 pages, 1849 KB

Open AccessReview

A Bibliometric Review of Willingness to Pay for and Consume Sustainably Produced Beers

by Iris Salgado-Valverde, María Pache-Durán, Elena Muñoz-Muñoz and Carlos Díaz-Caro

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050151 - 21 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of scientific publications examining the relationship between consumer behaviour toward sustainably produced beer and the consumption and production context of their countries. Based on a sample of 112 articles (1991–2025) indexed in the [...] Read more.

This study conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of scientific publications examining the relationship between consumer behaviour toward sustainably produced beer and the consumption and production context of their countries. Based on a sample of 112 articles (1991–2025) indexed in the Web of Science database, the main research lines, influential authors, applied methodologies, and emerging trends are identified. The analysis shows a growing interest in understanding how sustainable beer attributes influence consumer purchasing decisions, alongside notable thematic and methodological dispersion. Using tools such as VOSviewer 1.16.19 and SciMAT 1.1.06, the study maps the driving themes in the field, highlighting the centrality of concepts such as preferences and consumer behaviour. The results reveal both recent advances and existing gaps in the literature, especially with regard to beer in comparison to other beverages. This work contributes to the existing body of research and proposes future directions to enhance sustainability in the brewing sector from a consumer perspective, adding value to the beer industry and paving the way for more sustainable consumption. Full article

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14 pages, 1691 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Flash Vacuum Expansion (FVE) Process on the Response of Limosilactobacillus fermentum J24 to the Metabolism of Sugars and Organic Acids During the Development of a Papaya-Based Drink

by María de Jesús Torres-Llanez, José Isidro Méndez-Romero, Jesús Ayala-Zavala, Aarón Fernando González-Córdova, Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba, Marco Antonio Salgado-Cervantes, Manuel Vargas-Ortiz and Teresita de Jesús Castillo-Romero

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050150 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The flash vacuum expansion (FVE) process is an unconventional technology that enables the generation of fruit purees by altering the state of the water stored in the vacuoles. The plant tissue is subjected to an increase in temperature (from 25 to 54 °C) [...] Read more.

The flash vacuum expansion (FVE) process is an unconventional technology that enables the generation of fruit purees by altering the state of the water stored in the vacuoles. The plant tissue is subjected to an increase in temperature (from 25 to 54 °C) while maintaining a constant pressure (101.3 kPa). The temperature and pressure are then rapidly reduced (25 °C and 5 kPa, respectively). This promotes the conversion of water from liquid to gas, increasing its volume, which causes cell rupture and efficiently releases cellular components, including compounds stored in the vacuole. Furthermore, fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a biotechnological strategy that allows the generation of beverages with specific characteristics derived from the metabolism of LAB. LAB are capable of consuming sugars as an energy source and producing organic acids as a means of defense against microbial competitors. This research analyzes the effect of the FVE process and the genetics of Limosilactobacillus fermentum J24 on sugars and organic acids in a papaya-based beverage. During the production of papaya puree, FVE affects the concentration of sugars and organic acids, leading the bacteria to a different metabolic response than when FVE is not used for papaya puree production. Limosilactobacillus fermentum J24 was found to activate genes that confer high potential for use in the fermentation of plant-based matrices, although it was isolated from cheese. Full article

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18 pages, 2737 KB

Open AccessArticle

Whole Wheat Bread Improves the Nutritional Composition and Quality of Beer During Long-Term Storage

by Carlos Martin-Lobera, Carlos A. Blanco and Isabel Caballero

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050149 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Beer is one of the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages worldwide, whereas surplus bread constitutes a significant environmental burden; repurposing this bread as a brewing adjunct offers a sustainable mitigation strategy. In this study, we replaced 50% of the malt grist in American [...] Read more.

Beer is one of the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages worldwide, whereas surplus bread constitutes a significant environmental burden; repurposing this bread as a brewing adjunct offers a sustainable mitigation strategy. In this study, we replaced 50% of the malt grist in American Lager, India Pale Ale and Bavarian Weiss with stale whole wheat bread, brewed each beer and its malt control in duplicate, and stored them for 12 months at 15 °C. Bread addition raised turbidity and soluble protein at bottling; however, after 12 months, the bread lagers clarified to 101 NTU while the controls stayed above 600 NTU. Alcohol content, pH and titratable acidity were unaffected. All bread beers retained more total polyphenols and showed stronger DPPH radical-scavenging activity than controls, especially in lager and IPA. Lactobacillus (<100 CFU mL⁻¹) and Enterobacteriaceae (<10 CFU mL⁻¹) remained below detection limits in bread samples, whereas the malt-only Weiss displayed Lactobacillus spoilage. Sensory panels noted fuller body, livelier carbonation and enhanced toasted-malt aroma in bread beers, with no sensory off-flavour defects detected. Repurposing surplus bread therefore improves clarity, preserves bioactive compounds and yields distinctive, shelf-stable beers while advancing circular-economy goals. Full article

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16 pages, 880 KB

Open AccessReview

Biological Activities of Tea: Benefits, Risks, and Critical Overview of Their Consumption in Children

by Mario Castillo-Ruiz, Juan Pablo Espinoza, Lisette Benavides and María Carolina Otero

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050148 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tea, derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis is globally recognized for its cultural significance and potential health benefits. While extensively studied in adults, the effects of tea consumption in children remain underexplored. This review examines tea′s bioactive compounds, such as catechins, flavonoids, [...] Read more.

Tea, derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis is globally recognized for its cultural significance and potential health benefits. While extensively studied in adults, the effects of tea consumption in children remain underexplored. This review examines tea′s bioactive compounds, such as catechins, flavonoids, and L-theanine, and their cognitive, cardiovascular, metabolic, oral, and hepatoprotective benefits with a critical overview of its consumption in pediatric populations. Additionally, the review addresses potential risks, including caffeine-related effects, interference with iron absorption, and hepatotoxicity at high doses. Emerging evidence suggests that tea is a beneficial alternative to sugar-sweetened beverages for children when consumed in moderation. However, caution is warranted regarding caffeine content and the balance of bioactive components. This analysis underscores the importance of further research to establish safe and effective guidelines for tea consumption in children. Full article

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22 pages, 5806 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Combined Impact of Location and Processing on the Quality Characteristics of Commercial Malagousia Wines from Northern Greece

by Adriana Skendi, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Ioanna Kontopou, Stefanos Stefanou, Vasileios Greveniotis and Aikaterini Karampatea

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050147 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Malagousia represents one of the most promising white native Greek grapevine varieties, producing wines of excellent quality. This study aimed to explore the quality characteristics of Malagousia wines from Northern Greece (Macedonia and Thessaly regions) and evaluate the impact of location and processing. [...] Read more.

Malagousia represents one of the most promising white native Greek grapevine varieties, producing wines of excellent quality. This study aimed to explore the quality characteristics of Malagousia wines from Northern Greece (Macedonia and Thessaly regions) and evaluate the impact of location and processing. We hypothesized that processing can exceed the terroir effect on most compositional traits. To verify this hypothesis, 28 commercial single-varietal Malagousia wines were chosen, varying in location, processing, and vintage. Wines were examined for alcohol content, pH, color, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, elemental composition, and sensory attributes. There was a significant variation in the parameters measured among the wine samples depending on the processing applied, such as skin contact, lees aging, and barrel maturation. While aging on lees affected antioxidant activity and aroma complexity, wines aged in oak or acacia barrels displayed higher phenolic content. Common sensory descriptors included citrus (such as lemon and lime), chamomile, and peach, with some wines exhibiting unique notes like caramel or peppermint. Cluster and Principal Component analyses showed distinct clusters based on winemaking methods and, to a lesser degree, place of origin. The results highlight Malagousia’s varietal potential and the significance of carefully managed processing in expressing stylistic and terroir-driven complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)

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15 pages, 1567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical and Sensory Attributes of Different Ethanol Reduction Methods in Muscadine Wine Production

by Alexandra A. Escalera, Patricia C. Patricio Morillo, Drew Budner, Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick and Andrew J. MacIntosh

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050146 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

There has been a recent shift in the global wine market towards reduced-alcohol wines. Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) have become a popular choice in many emerging markets; however, their suitability in reduced-alcohol wine production has not been extensively tested. In this [...] Read more.

There has been a recent shift in the global wine market towards reduced-alcohol wines. Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) have become a popular choice in many emerging markets; however, their suitability in reduced-alcohol wine production has not been extensively tested. In this study, methods to reduce ethanol in muscadine wine were compared to determine differences in chemical and sensory attributes and consumer preference. The methods evaluated included full fermentation time with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (control), reduced fermentation time with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (stopped fermentation), fermentation with Saccharomycodes ludwigii yeast (instead of Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and vacuum distillation. The control and distilled wines were fermented for 121 h, Saccharomycodes ludwigii for 45 h, and the stopped fermentation wine for 3 h. Yeast and sugar levels were monitored throughout the fermentation processes using brix measurements and yeast counts. After the fermentation, the color, pH, volatiles, and titratable acidity (TA) were measured. The results showed that Saccharomycodes ludwigii fermented more slowly than Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and that both the stopped fermentation and Saccharomycodes ludwigii wines had lower titratable acidity with a more intense color. The total concentration of volatile compounds for the Saccharomycodes ludwigii wine and the stopped wine were lower than for the distilled and control wines. A consumer panel (n = 92) judged the wine samples on chemical qualities and overall preference. The distilled wine was perceived as more alcoholic compared to the other reduced-alcohol wines. The results showed that the stopped fermentation and Saccharomycodes ludwigii wines were preferred by consumers over the control and vacuum-distilled wines. Full article

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29 pages, 1446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Multimodeling for Isotopic and Elemental Content of Fruit Juices

by Ioana Feher, Adriana Dehelean, Romulus Puscas, Dana Alina Magdas, Viorel Tamas and Gabriela Cristea

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050145 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to test the prediction ability of three different supervised chemometric algorithms, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k-nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), for fruit juice classification and differentiation, based on isotopic and multielemental [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to test the prediction ability of three different supervised chemometric algorithms, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k-nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), for fruit juice classification and differentiation, based on isotopic and multielemental content. To accomplish this, a large experimental dataset was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) together with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), and a low data fusion approach was applied. Three classifications were tested, namely the following: (i) fruit differentiation of different juice types; (ii) apple and orange juice differentiation; and (iii) distinguishing between processed versus directly pressed apple juices. The results demonstrated that ANNs can offer the most accurate results, compared with LDA and k-NN, for all three cases of classification, highlighting once again the advantages of deep learning models for modeling complex data. The work revealed the higher potential of advanced chemometric methods for accurate classification of fruit juices, compared with traditional approaches. This approach could represent a realistic tool for ensuring the juice’s quality and safety, along with complying with regulations and combating fraud. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stable Isotopes and Elemental Profiles as Guardians of Food and Beverage Integrity: Tracing Origins and Evaluating Quality)

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32 pages, 921 KB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of the Microbiological, Nutritional, Sensory and Potential Health Aspects of Tree Nut-Based Beverages

by Tiziana Di Renzo, Antonela G. Garzón, Stefania Nazzaro, Pasquale Marena, Angela Daniela Carboni, Maria Cecilia Puppo, Silvina Rosa Drago and Anna Reale

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050144 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the rise in food allergies and intolerances, combined with the increasing consumer preference for healthier, plant-based alternatives to traditional dairy products, has driven the development of a diverse range of plant-based beverages. Among these, tree nut-based beverages, “ready-to-drink” products made [...] Read more.

In recent years, the rise in food allergies and intolerances, combined with the increasing consumer preference for healthier, plant-based alternatives to traditional dairy products, has driven the development of a diverse range of plant-based beverages. Among these, tree nut-based beverages, “ready-to-drink” products made from nuts such as almonds, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts, brazil nut, macadamia, cashew nut, coconut, pine nut, have gained significant popularity. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the microbiological, nutritional, and sensory properties of tree nut-based beverages, highlighting their ability to deliver essential nutrients such as healthy fats, proteins, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Additionally, these beverages provide a rich source of bioactive compounds (e.g., antioxidants, polyphenols) that can contribute to health benefits such as reducing oxidative stress, supporting cardiovascular health, and promoting overall well-being. The review also highlights the ability of different species of lactic acid bacteria to enhance flavour profiles and increase the bioavailability of certain bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, further research is essential to optimize the production methods, improve sensory characteristics, and address challenges related to cost, scalability, and consumer acceptance. Continued innovation in this area may position tree nut beverages as a key component of plant-based food models, contributing to the promotion of healthier eating patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Plant-Based Drinks)

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23 pages, 1535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Volatiles of Kombucha During Storage Under Refrigerated Conditions

by Massimo Mozzon, Luigi Rinaldi, Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed, Béla Kovács and Roberta Foligni

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050143 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the evolution of the chemical components of kombucha aroma during refrigerated storage. Two preparation methods (MT1 and MT2) were used to produce kombucha from a 1:1 mixture of black and green tea. The bottled beverages were stored at 4 °C [...] Read more.

This study investigates the evolution of the chemical components of kombucha aroma during refrigerated storage. Two preparation methods (MT1 and MT2) were used to produce kombucha from a 1:1 mixture of black and green tea. The bottled beverages were stored at 4 °C for three months, and changes in headspace (HS) volatiles were monitored at different time points using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC-MS. A total of 68 volatile substances were identified, with alcohols, acids, and esters dominating the aroma profile. The study revealed significant changes in flavor composition during cold storage, particularly in the first two weeks, with an increase in the number of esters, acids, ketones and terpenoids, as well as the total amount of esters and alkanols. While some changes contribute to the desirable “cider-like” characteristics, others, like certain volatile acids, aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, are associated with off-flavors. These findings suggest that refrigeration alone is not sufficient to completely inhibit microbial activity in freshly prepared kombucha, highlighting the need for further research to correlate chemical changes with sensory properties to establish optimal organoleptic standards and shelf life. Full article

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18 pages, 1555 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Yeast Strains in Beer Production: Impacts on Quality and Nutritional Value

by Loránd Alexa, Hajnalka Csoma, Diána Ungai, Béla Kovács, Nikolett Czipa, Ida Miklós, Zoltán Kállai, László Attila Papp and Szonja Takács

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050142 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Discovering new yeast species can be crucial for creating new types of beers. In this study, we investigated three new yeast species, Saccharomyces bayanus, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and Schizosaccharomyces pombe var. malidevorans, which have not been previously used in the brewing industry. [...] Read more.

Discovering new yeast species can be crucial for creating new types of beers. In this study, we investigated three new yeast species, Saccharomyces bayanus, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and Schizosaccharomyces pombe var. malidevorans, which have not been previously used in the brewing industry. Colour, total acidity, bitterness, aroma profile, total phenolic, flavonoid, mineral content and organoleptic characteristics of beers fermented by these strains were analysed to discover their applicability in the brewing industry. They did not significantly affect the nutritional value and colour of the beers, but showed increased acidity compared to the control Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed 33 aroma compounds, some of which were identical and some unique. S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus produced a similar number (19–20) of aroma compounds, while S. japonicus produced the fewest, including some undesirable compounds. Isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, acetol, dimethylpyrazine, acetic acid, 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, butyrolactone, 2-furanmethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, maltol and pyranone that provide desired aromas in beers could be found in every sample. The new yeasts significantly increased polyphenols and decreased flavonoid content. Based on the results above and the taste scores, the strains S. bayanus and S. pombe var. malidevorans may be suitable for brewing, while S. japonicus is less or only suitable for combined fermentation. Full article

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10 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Visualization of Beverage Consistency Through 2D and 3D Imaging Methods

by Jane Mertz Garcia, Edgar Chambers IV, Madison Ukele, Abby Brey Althauser and David Rehfeld

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050141 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Modification to a thin beverage consistency is frequently recommended when swallowing is impaired, but proper thickening during preparation is essential. Contemporary technologies provide innovative ways of addressing quality control due to ongoing challenges in the accuracy of beverage preparation. This study explored two-dimensional [...] Read more.

Modification to a thin beverage consistency is frequently recommended when swallowing is impaired, but proper thickening during preparation is essential. Contemporary technologies provide innovative ways of addressing quality control due to ongoing challenges in the accuracy of beverage preparation. This study explored two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) methods for visualizing beverages representing different levels of consistency (thin, mildly thick, or moderately thick). A total of 48 adults with limited knowledge about swallowing and no experience with thickened beverages participated. They learned about levels of modification and then viewed 2D images (photos) and 3D virtual models of beverage content. Results showed that their ability to recognize beverage consistency and their decision confidence was generally similar across dimensions even though study participants conveyed a strong preference for viewing 3D models. Qualitative findings underscored the importance of beverage attributes, especially color. Participants differed in their perceptions in using a constant (2D) or multiple angles (3D) when evaluating visualizations. Results help inform about the potential role of visual content in developing instructional resources about thickened beverages prescribed for patients with special medical needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Quality, Nutrition, and Chemistry of Beverages)

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14 pages, 543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Non-Alcoholic Beer Fermented with Potential Probiotic Yeasts

by Peter Vaštík, Ján Brunner, Rudolf Jung, Tatiana Klempová, Katarína Furdíková, Daniela Šmogrovičová and Pavel Dostálek

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050140 - 22 Sep 2025

Abstract

The development of non-alcoholic beer (NAB) with health benefits, using non-conventional potential probiotic yeasts, offers an interesting alternative to standard NAB brewing strategies. In this study, potential probiotic non-Saccharomyces yeasts Pichia manshurica, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus, along with [...] Read more.

The development of non-alcoholic beer (NAB) with health benefits, using non-conventional potential probiotic yeasts, offers an interesting alternative to standard NAB brewing strategies. In this study, potential probiotic non-Saccharomyces yeasts Pichia manshurica, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus, along with commercial probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, were characterised and tested for functional NAB production, whereas P. manshurica was used in NAB production for the first time. Growth and viability were assessed across a range of temperatures, pH, and iso-α-bitter acids. The tested yeasts withstood conditions typical of the beer matrix and human digestive tract and had a positive phenolic off-flavour phenotype. Two strains, K. lactis and K. marxianus, showed strong β-glucosidase activity, which may enhance beverage aroma complexity. Ethanol levels in beers fermented with non-Saccharomyces yeasts remained below the NAB limit (≤0.5% v/v). An analysis of volatile organic compound profiles revealed the potential of these yeasts to produce higher alcohols and esters valuable from a brewer’s perspective. This study provides valuable insight into novel probiotic fermentations and the potential application of unconventional yeasts in functional, aromatic, and health-oriented non-alcoholic beverages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Malting, Brewing and Beer)

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12 pages, 2255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photodegradation of Retsina Wine: Does Pine Resin Protect Against Light-Induced Changes?

by George Polymeros, Silvia Carlin, Francesco Reale, Evangelos Nikolou, Vasilios Nikolou, Urska Vrhovsek and Panagiotis Arapitsas

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050139 - 22 Sep 2025

Abstract

Retsina is a wine deeply rooted in Greek tradition, often misunderstood, and exclusively produced in Greece by adding pine resin to the must. Typically, it is bottled in flint glass bottles, although it is known that light can damage wine aroma compounds. However, [...] Read more.

Retsina is a wine deeply rooted in Greek tradition, often misunderstood, and exclusively produced in Greece by adding pine resin to the must. Typically, it is bottled in flint glass bottles, although it is known that light can damage wine aroma compounds. However, the effect of light exposure in Retsina wines has never been studied. It remains unknown whether the enrichment with resin-derived compounds can protect Retsina from photodegradation. The main aim of this work was to study the behavior of Retsina’s volatile components when stored in flint glass bottles, and so 12 Retsina wines, prepared with three levels of resin addition, were stored for four weeks under light exposure in flint (clear) glass bottles or protected by light in a box, and then they were analyzed by a GC-MS/MS method. Some compounds were influenced by resin addition, others by light exposure and a few by both conditions. Several terpenes increased with resin addition but decreased due to light exposure, while norisoprenoids decreased under light exposure. Some esters were reduced due to resin addition, and 2-aminoacetophenone was increased by light exposure. The study demonstrated that flint glass bottles should be avoided, as resin does not provide sufficient protection against photodegradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Wine Aroma)

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27 pages, 1795 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Infusion of Ribes magellanicum Poir.: A Traditional Beverage from Southern Patagonia with Strong Inhibitory Effects on α-Glucosidase

by Alberto Burgos-Edwards, Cristina Theoduloz, Crister Ramírez, Sophia Miño, Debasish Ghosh, Ricardo Rozzi, Vladimir Shulaev and Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050138 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Infusions of the leaves of Ribes magellanicum (Grossulariaceae) are used as a digestive in southernmost South America. This work aimed to assess the composition and activity of infusions and MeOH:H₂O 7:3 extracts of R. magellanicum leaves on enzymes related to metabolic [...] Read more.

Infusions of the leaves of Ribes magellanicum (Grossulariaceae) are used as a digestive in southernmost South America. This work aimed to assess the composition and activity of infusions and MeOH:H₂O 7:3 extracts of R. magellanicum leaves on enzymes related to metabolic syndrome (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase), as well as their antioxidant capacity. Samples from a longitudinal gradient from central southern Chile to the islands in the Beagle Channel were investigated. Lyophilized infusions and extracts were used for all determinations, including inhibition of the selected enzymes, total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total procyanidins (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, and ORAC). The composition of the samples was assessed by HPLC-DAD. Some 99 compounds were tentatively identified by HPLC-MSⁿ. The main phenolics were quantified using calibration curves with reference compounds. Relevant differences exist in the ratio of constituents in infusions compared to hydroalcoholic extracts. The samples were inactive towards α-amylase and pancreatic lipase at 100 and 50 µg/mL, respectively. Assay-guided isolation of α-glucosidase inhibitors led to fractions with high activity (IC₅₀: 0.02–0.05 µg/mL). The strong inhibition of α-glucosidase and antioxidant capacity of the infusion and extracts of R. magellanicum leaves support its traditional use in southern Patagonia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Quality, Nutrition, and Chemistry of Beverages)

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20 pages, 627 KB

Open AccessReview

Childhood Obesity and Its Physiological Association with Sugar-Sweetened, Free-Sugar Juice, and Artificially Sweetened Beverages

by Meryem El Ouardi, Guillem Garcia-Llorens and Victoria Valls-Belles

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050137 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Childhood obesity represents a growing global public health crisis, strongly driven by the widespread consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and, increasingly, artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs). SSB intake drives excessive calorie consumption, reduces satiety, and disrupts hormones, leading to metabolic dysfunction such as insulin [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity represents a growing global public health crisis, strongly driven by the widespread consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and, increasingly, artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs). SSB intake drives excessive calorie consumption, reduces satiety, and disrupts hormones, leading to metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Despite some regional declines, global consumption of SSBs remains high, with persistent socioeconomic disparities. Concurrently, ASBs, marketed as healthier alternatives, pose emerging metabolic and behavioral risks, such as gut microbiota disruption and altered appetite regulation, raising concerns about their long-term safety. Both beverage types displace nutritionally balanced food options in children’s diets and foster enduring preferences for sweetness, exacerbating poor dietary quality. Public health interventions targeting SSB reduction have demonstrated modest success; however, rising ASB use complicates prevention strategies. Effective mitigation of childhood obesity requires comprehensive approaches that emphasize reducing all sweetened beverage consumption, promoting water and whole-food hydration, and addressing the behavioral and environmental factors underlying unhealthy beverage choices to improve lifelong health outcomes. Full article

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25 pages, 1399 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Wine Reaches Consumers: Channel Relevance and a Typology of Multichannel Strategies

by Marc Dressler and Katharina Kleiner

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050136 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

The beverage industry is undergoing a dynamic transition in terms of how and where consumers buy products. In an era of rapid digitalization and shifting consumer behaviors, this study investigates how Germany’s wine producers reach consumers and how the distribution landscape of German [...] Read more.

The beverage industry is undergoing a dynamic transition in terms of how and where consumers buy products. In an era of rapid digitalization and shifting consumer behaviors, this study investigates how Germany’s wine producers reach consumers and how the distribution landscape of German wine has transformed. A survey of more than 1000 German wine producers allowed us to explore multichannel strategies. Home-country distribution stands for 84% of the production, while export represents 16% of sales. Indirect sales via food retail safeguard a large portion of distribution, but direct sales to consumers matter in value-driven sales. The findings confirm the continued dominance of indirect retail, particularly food retail, while also highlighting a rebound in direct-to-consumer sales, value market approaches, and on-premises distribution. The results of this study contribute to closing data gaps by underlining that gastronomy has been re-established as a relevant distribution channel and that German wine has not profited from global growth in wine trading. Multichannel strategies are increasingly common, but they vary significantly in their depth and reach depending on different business models. We conducted a cluster analysis and identified three strategic groups: (1) consumer-centric, predominantly direct-to-consumer-oriented estates (63%); (2) industrial, multichannel producers with a strong presence in food retail and export (8%); and (3) hybrid operators balancing value and volume strategies (29%). This study contributes to the development of a more nuanced understanding of multichannel distribution in the wine sector and provides empirical insights into the strategic implications of firm heterogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wine, Spirits and Oenological Products)

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22 pages, 3244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Potential of Distinctive Greek White Cultivars in Winemaking: Relationship Between Sensory Sorting Tasks and GC-MS Data

by Evangelia Anastasia Tsapou, George Ntourtoglou, Vassilis Dourtoglou and Elisabeth Koussissi

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050135 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study explores the chemical and sensory differentiation of Greek white wines produced from five indigenous grape varieties—Savvatiano, Vidiano, Moschofilero, Assyrtiko, and Malagouzia—across diverse terroirs in Greece. A targeted analytical approach was employed to quantify 12 key volatile aroma compounds derived primarily from [...] Read more.

This study explores the chemical and sensory differentiation of Greek white wines produced from five indigenous grape varieties—Savvatiano, Vidiano, Moschofilero, Assyrtiko, and Malagouzia—across diverse terroirs in Greece. A targeted analytical approach was employed to quantify 12 key volatile aroma compounds derived primarily from amino acid metabolism and lipid degradation, using GC-MS and GC-FID. The selected volatiles, including isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, tyrosol, and hexanoic acid ethyl ester, were chosen for their sensory relevance and their biosynthetic linkage to nitrogenous precursors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of wines from the 2019 and 2020 vintages revealed clear varietal clustering, under standardized winemaking conditions. Malagouzia wines were characterized by rich and diverse volatile profiles, particularly long-chain fatty acids and esters, while Vidiano exhibited a consistently restrained aromatic expression. Sensory analysis using sorting and ultra-flash profiling confirmed the chemical clustering, with Moschofilero, Vidiano and Malagouzia wines forming distinct sensory groups. The findings demonstrate that key amino acid-derived volatiles can serve as biochemical markers of varietal typicity and support the use of volatile profiling as a tool for terroir-driven wine classification and quality assessment in Greek white wines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Characterization of Alcoholic Beverages: Sensory, Chemical and Terroir Insights)

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27 pages, 2402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Grape (Caulerpa racemosa) Kombucha: A Comprehensive Study of Metagenomic and Metabolomic Profiling, Its Molecular Mechanism of Action as an Antioxidative Agent, and the Impact of Fermentation Time

by Dian Aruni Kumalawati, Reza Sukma Dewi, Noor Rezky Fitriani, Scheirana Zahira Muchtar, Juan Leonardo, Nurpudji Astuti Taslim, Raffaele Romano, Antonello Santini and Fahrul Nurkolis

Beverages 2025, 11(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11050134 - 5 Sep 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Sea grape kombucha has been known to exhibit high antioxidant activity due to its elevated total polyphenol content. This study aims to identify and characterize the active microbial community involved in the fermentation of kombucha using sea grapes (C. racemosa) as [...] Read more.

Sea grape kombucha has been known to exhibit high antioxidant activity due to its elevated total polyphenol content. This study aims to identify and characterize the active microbial community involved in the fermentation of kombucha using sea grapes (C. racemosa) as the primary substrate. Furthermore, it evaluates the effects of different Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) starter concentrations on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of sea grape kombucha. Our results showed that the pH of the kombucha was higher after 7 days of fermentation compared to later time points. The microbial community was composed of 97.08% bacteria and 2.92% eukaryotes, divided into 10 phyla and 69 genera. The dominant genus in all samples was Komagataeibacter. Functional profiling based on 16S rRNA data revealed that metabolic functions accounted for 77.04% of predicted microbial activities during fermentation. The most enriched functional categories were carbohydrate metabolism (15.70%), cofactor and vitamin metabolism (15.54%), and amino acid metabolism (14.24%). At KEGG Level 3, amino acid-associated pathways, particularly alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (4.24%), were predominant. The fermentation process in sea grape kombucha is primarily driven by carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, supported by energy-generating and cofactor biosynthesis pathways. Our findings indicate that different metabolic pathways lead to variations in kombucha components, and distinct fermentation stages result in different metabolic reactions. For instance, early fermentation stages (Day 7) are dominated by amino acid metabolism, whereas the late stages (Day 21) show increased activity in carbohydrate and sulfur metabolism. Metabolomic analysis revealed that increasing the SCOBY starter concentration significantly influenced pH, soluble solid content, vitamin C, tannin, and flavonoid content. These variations suggest that fermentation duration and microbial composition significantly influence the spectrum of bioactive metabolites, which synergistically provide functional benefits such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and metabolic health-promoting activities. For example, sample K1 produced more fatty acids and simple sugar alcohols, sample K2 enriched complex lipid compounds and phytosterols, while sample K3 dominated the production of polyols and terpenoid compounds. Full article

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