Nutrients Assimilation and Chlorophyll Contents for Different Grapevine Varieties in Calcareous Soils in the Somontano DO (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Grapevine Varieties and Rootstock
2.2. Location
2.3. Climatic Conditions
2.4. Soil Analyses
2.5. Petiole Analyses
2.6. Chlorophyll Monitoring
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Petiole Analyses Results
3.2. Chlorophyll Content Monitoring
3.2.1. Temporal Evolution
3.2.2. Correlation of Chlorophyll and Nutrient Contents
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Climatic conditions | June | July | August |
---|---|---|---|
Rainfall (mm) | 30.6 | 77.6 | 39.8 |
Mean maximum temperature (°C) | 39.5 | 42.0 | 36.7 |
Mean minimum temperature (°C) | 10.7 | 11.4 | 10.2 |
Average daily temperature (°C) | 22.9 | 26.3 | 23.7 |
Parameter | Depth | |
---|---|---|
0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | |
Coarse fraction (%) | 2.15 | 0.88 |
pH (H2O) | 8.7 | 8.8 |
pH (KCl) | 7.9 | 8.0 |
Total carbonates (% CaCO3 eq.) | 32.4 | 31.7 |
Active limestone (% CaCO3) | 21.9 | 22.1 |
Bicarbonate (meq/L, saturated paste extract) | 3.15 | 2.86 |
Organic matter (%) | 1.12 | 1.19 |
Total N (%) | 0.089 | 0.079 |
C/N ratio | 7.3 | 8.7 |
ECe (dS/m, 25 °C) | 1.01 | 1.05 |
K (ammonium acetate, mg/kg) | 457.79 | 378.35 |
P (Olsen-Watanabe, mg/kg) | 7.47 | 7.16 |
Mg (ammonium acetate, mg/kg) | 112.11 | 148.62 |
Total Fe (mg/kg) | 10,289.54 | 14,576 |
Fe-EDTA (mg/kg) | 42.64 | 51.76 |
Fe (ammonium oxalate, mg/kg) | 68.43 | 74.99 |
Mn-DTPA (mg/kg) | 1.55 | 2.17 |
K/Mg ratio | 1.27 | 0.78 |
Chlorotic power index | 46.83 | 40.63 |
Variety | N (%) | K (%) | P (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | Fe (mg/kg) | Mn (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Merlot R-12 | 1.25 ± 0.09 a | 3.76 ± 0.72 a | 0.27 ± 0.005 ** c | 1.29 ± 0.08 a | 1.21 ± 0.06 e | 55.33 ± 2.83 ef | 34.55 ± 18.17 bcd |
Merlot R-3 | 1.37 ± 0.01 * abc | 3.84 ± 0.32 a | 0.19 ± 0.020 ** b | 1.48 ± 0.09 ab | 1.05 ± 0.11 de | 51.05 ± 1.16 de | 52.74 ± 10.33 d |
Pinot Noir | 1.32 ± 0.02 * ab | 2.85 ± 0.12 a | 0.07 ± 0.010 a | 1.21 ± 0.11 a | 1.03 ± 0.16 cde | 83.38 ± 4.00 i | 40.01 ± 9.58 cd |
Cabernet S. | 1.82 ± 0.09 * de | 2.73 ± 0.12 a | 0.14 ± 0.005 b | 1.76 ± 0.03 b | 0.83 ± 0.03 abcd | 28.63 ± 7.04 ab | 37.28 ± 4.16 cd |
Tempranillo | 1.55 ± 0.05 * bcd | 3.47 ± 0.88 a | 0.09 ± 0.020 ** a | 1.06 ± 0.25 a | 0.76 ± 0.14 ab | 19.96 ± 2.89 a | 7.95 ± 1.03 a |
Parraleta | 2.74 ± 0.01 * h | 3.34 ± 0.87 a | 0.38 ± 0.000 ** fg | 1.49 ± 0.08 ab | 0.81 ± 0.01 abcd | 74.53 ± 1.86 hi | 12.61 ± 1.44 ab |
Moristel | 1.79 ± 0.07 * de | 5.81 ± 0.47 b | 0.24 ± 0.005 ** c | 1.30 ± 0.16 a | 0.80 ± 0.01 abcd | 57.51 ± 4.78 efg | 16.82 ± 1.04 abc |
Aglianico | 1.90 ± 0.15 * ef | 4.00 ± 0.35 a | 0.32 ± 0.005 ** de | 1.51 ± 0.08 ab | 0.78 ± 0.02 abc | 43.72 ± 2.40 cd | 35.46 ± 7.21 bcd |
Macabeo | 2.14 ± 0.10 * fg | 3.47 ± 0.12 a | 0.36 ± 0.005 ** ef | 1.75 ± 0.05 b | 0.91 ± 0 06 bcd | 34.25 ± 3.00 bc | 12.95 ± 0.68 ab |
Sauvignon | 2.32 ± 0.07 * g | 3.27 ± 0.28 a | 0.45 ± 0.005 ** h | 1.77 ± 0.27 b | 0.71 ± 0.06 ab | 77.62 ± 3.12 hi | 17.73 ± 2.97 abc |
Chardonnay | 1.62 ± 0.12 * cde | 2.69 ± 0.06 a | 0.28 ± 0.040 ** cd | 1.26 ± 0.17 a | 0.63 ± 0.02 a | 67.89 ± 2.57 gh | 19.77 ± 3.12 abc |
Riesling | 1.76 ± 0.22 * de | 3.10 ± 1.04 a | 0.43 ± 0.007 ** gh | 1.15 ± 0.18 a | 0.91 ± 0.02 abcd | 65.32 ± 5.52 fgh | 7.50 ± 0.96 a |
Variety | N (%) | K (%) | P (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | Fe (mg/kg) | Mn (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Merlot R-12 | 0.57 ± 0.02 a | 3.80 ± 0.25 bc | 0.10 ± 0.01 ** abc | 2.91 ± 0.18 a | 1.42 ± 0.07 a | 57.61 ± 3.87 d | 93.67 ± 11.36 a |
Merlot R-3 | 0.70 ± 0.03 ab | 3.27 ± 0.72 ab | 0.15 ± 0.005 de | 3.22 ± 0.17 a | 1.41 ± 0.07 a | 55.10 ± 1.94 d | 452.93 ± 109.24 c |
Pinot Noir | 0.76 ± 0.03 ab | 2.37 ± 0.75 ab | 0.15 ± 0.01 de | 2.73 ± 0.34 a | 1.59 ± 0.11 a | 92.65 ± 1.23 g | 242.83 ± 69.61 abc |
Cabernet S. | 0.82 ± 0.17 ab | 2.73 ± 0.32 ab | 0.12 ± 0.00 ** bcd | 3.63 ± 0.78 ab | 1.40 ± 0.13 a | 31.52 ± 1.63 ab | 398.35 ± 87.44 bc |
Tempranillo | 1.02 ± 0.06 * bc | 3.31 ± 0.25 abc | 0.08 ± 0.03 ** ab | 3.08 ± 0.55 a | 1.00 ± 0.03 ** a | 23.61 ± 1.96 ** a | 14.09 ± 6.86 ** a |
Parraleta | 1.69 ± 0.45 * d | 2.43 ± 0.26 ab | 0.27 ± 0.000 f | 5.55 ± 2.31 b | 2.79 ± 0.78 b | 83.73 ± 3.66 fg | 271.48 ± 198.72 abc |
Moristel | 1.04 ± 0.07 * bc | 2.86 ± 1.24 ab | 0.06 ± 0.03 ** a | 2.77 ± 0.52 a | 1.13 ± 0.23 ** a | 72.02 ± 0.40 e | 102.77 ± 15.98 a |
Aglianico | 1.21 ± 0.10 * c | 5.04 ± 0.91 c | 0.18 ± 0.005 e | 2.91 ± 0.05 a | 1.05 ± 0.10 ** a | 36.83 ± 5.14 bc | 351.97 ± 89.83 bc |
Macabeo | 1.25 ± 0.04 * c | 1.83 ± 0.39 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 ** cd | 3.35 ± 0.64 a | 1.49 ± 0.42 a | 45.55 ± 3.04 c | 199.17 ± 71.56 ab |
Sauvignon | 1.05 ± 0.01 * bc | 3.92 ± 0.07 bc | 0.09 ± 0.005 ** ab | 3.64 ± 0.21 ab | 1.05 ± 0.03 ** a | 75.94 ± 4.97 ef | 231.01 ± 13.99 abc |
Chardonnay | 1.05 ± 0.03 * bc | 2.74 ± 0.12 ab | 0.24 ± 0.005 f | 3.80 ± 0.13 ab | 1.45 ± 0.05 a | 86.36 ± 2.58 g | 346.51 ± 94.40 bc |
Riesling | 1.23 ± 0.03 * c | 2.24 ± 0.18 ab | 0.11 ± 0.007 ** bcd | 2.98 ± 0.37 a | 1.45 ± 0.14 a | 68.76 ± 0 63 e | 72.30 ± 21.22 a |
Kf | Kv | Caf | Cav | Mgf | Mgv | Nf | Nv | Pf | Pv | Fef | Fev | Mnf | Mnv | Chlf | Chlv | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kf | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Kv | 0.25 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Caf | 0.06 | −0.07 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Cav | −0.26 | −0.48 | 0.12 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Mgf | −0.10 | 0.08 | −0.14 | 0.07 | 1 | |||||||||||
Mgv | −0.31 | −0.24 | −0.34 | 0.81 | 0.33 | 1 | ||||||||||
Nf | −0.02 | −0.12 | −0.52 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 1 | |||||||||
Nv | 0.00 | −0.22 | −0.55 | 0.52 | 0.14 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 1 | ||||||||
Pf | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.23 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 1 | |||||||
Pv | −0.35 | −0.07 | −0.29 | 0.68 | 0.15 | 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.29 | 1 | ||||||
Fef | 0.03 | −0.07 | 0.24 | 0.39 | −0.03 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.01 | 1 | |||||
Fev | −0.08 | −0.33 | −0.01 | 0.45 | −0.18 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.80 | 1 | ||||
Mnf | −0.04 | 0.34 | 0.52 | −0.11 | 0.19 | −0.27 | −0.52 | −0.67 | −0.47 | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.07 | 1 | |||
Mnv | −0.28 | 0.15 | −0.11 | 0.18 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.09 | −0.08 | −0.08 | 0.54 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.67 | 1 | ||
Chlf | 0.19 | 0.11 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.14 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.41 | −0.19 | −0.47 | −0.55 | −0.22 | −0.41 | 1 | |
Chlv | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.22 | −0.25 | −0.41 | −0.41 | −0.53 | −0.30 | −0.74 | −0.24 | −0.66 | −0.65 | 0.12 | −0.23 | 0.61 | 1 |
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Casanova-Gascón, J.; Martín-Ramos, P.; Martí-Dalmau, C.; Badía-Villas, D. Nutrients Assimilation and Chlorophyll Contents for Different Grapevine Varieties in Calcareous Soils in the Somontano DO (Spain). Beverages 2018, 4, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040090
Casanova-Gascón J, Martín-Ramos P, Martí-Dalmau C, Badía-Villas D. Nutrients Assimilation and Chlorophyll Contents for Different Grapevine Varieties in Calcareous Soils in the Somontano DO (Spain). Beverages. 2018; 4(4):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040090
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasanova-Gascón, José, Pablo Martín-Ramos, Clara Martí-Dalmau, and David Badía-Villas. 2018. "Nutrients Assimilation and Chlorophyll Contents for Different Grapevine Varieties in Calcareous Soils in the Somontano DO (Spain)" Beverages 4, no. 4: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040090