Dataset: Fauna of Adult Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the National Park “Smolny” (Russia)
by
, ,
Alexander B. Ruchin
1
,
Sergei K. Alekseev
2,
Oleg N. Artaev
3,
Anatoliy A. Khapugin
1,4,*
,
Evgeniy A. Lobachev
5,
Sergei V. Lukiyanov
5 and
Gennadiy B. Semishin
1 1
Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny», Saransk 430007, Russia
2
Ecological Club “Stenus”, Kaluga 248600, Russia
3
Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Russia
4
Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, Tyumen 625003, Russia
5
Faculty of Biotechnology and Biology, National Research Mordovia State University, Saransk 430007, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Data 2022, 7(7), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/data7070084
Submission received: 13 May 2022
/
Revised: 6 June 2022
/
Accepted: 21 June 2022
/
Published: 23 June 2022
Abstract
:(1) Background: Protected areas are “hotspots” of biodiversity in many countries. In such areas, ecological systems are preserved in their natural state, which allows them to protect animal populations. In several protected areas, the Coleoptera biodiversity is studied as an integral part of the ecological monitoring of the ecosystem state. This study was aimed to describe the Carabidae fauna in one of the largest protected areas of European Russia, namely National Park “Smolny”. (2) Methods: The study was conducted in April–September 2008, 2009, 2017–2021. A variety of ways was used to collect beetles (by hand, caught in light traps, pitfall traps, and others). Seasonal dynamics of the beetle abundance were studied in various biotopes. Coordinates were fixed for each observation. (3) Results: The dataset contains 1994 occurrences. In total, 32,464 specimens of Carabidae have been studied. The dataset contains information about 131 species of Carabidae beetles. In this study, we have not found two species (Carabus estreicheri and Calathus ambiguus), previously reported in the fauna of National Park “Smolny”. (4) Conclusions: The Carabidae diversity in the National Park “Smolny” is represented by 133 species from 10 subfamilies. Ten species (Carabus cancellatus, Harpalus laevipes, Carabus hortensis, Pterostichus niger, Poecilus versicolor, Pterostichus melanarius, Carabus glabratus, Carabus granulatus, Carabus arvensis baschkiricus, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus) constitute the majority of the Carabidae fauna. Seasonal dynamics are maximal in spring; the number of ground beetles decreases in biotopes by autumn.
Dataset License: Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License.
1. Summary
Protected areas are currently considered the main tool for counteracting the biodiversity loss and habitat destruction around the world. Their establishment and maintenance of their functioning contribute to the preservation of species diversity [1,2], the improvement of the environmental status of previously disturbed habitats [3,4], and the counteracting of illegal poaching [5]. On the regional scale, protected areas are recognized as local biodiversity hotspots of plants [6], and animals [7]. To date, the global network of protected areas covers about 15% of the global land surface [8]. Nevertheless, to justify the protected area establishment, the insect diversity is rarely applied, with rare exceptions. This is caused mainly by difficulties in obtaining the taxonomic and distribution knowledge about various taxonomic insect groups [9]. Therefore, in many regions of the world, the insect diversity is still largely unexplored in protected areas, with rare exceptions [10,11]. This condition highlights a need for the study of the effectiveness of protected areas in preserving the insect diversity in various regions of the world.
The Carabidae family is the most studied group of Coleoptera in forest habitats. Due to their high plasticity, Carabidae beetles are found in a variety of biotopes. Carabidae play a considerable role in ecosystems as entomophages regulating the number of terrestrial vertebrates, and are considered economically useful [12,13]. This group is a bioindicator of the ecosystem state [14,15,16,17,18,19]. The Carabidae family includes eurytopic beetles (found in various biotopes), and species inhabiting forest (found in woodland ecosystems), open (found in fields and meadows), and coastal (associated with wetlands and water banks) biotopes, and peatlands [20,21,22,23]. As inhabitants of the ground layer of ecosystems, Carabidae species are found in a sufficient number in a wide variety of habitats, including areas suffering from anthropogenic impacts [24,25,26]. There are many reasons leading to recent changes in ecosystems. Urbanization, pollution with various toxic chemicals, regular fires, deforestation, climate changes, and biological invasions have recently had a considerable impact on biodiversity [11,27,28,29,30,31,32,33].
The aim of this study was to describe a set of recent data on the occurrence of Carabidae (Coleoptera) in the National Park “Smolny”. This dataset was recently published in GBIF as the Darwin Core Archive [34]. This is the first complete description of the Carabidae fauna of a large, protected area located in the center of European Russia.
2. Data Description
2.1. Dataset Name
Each observation includes basic information such as location (latitude/longitude), date of observation, observer name, and identifier name (Table 1). The coordinates were determined on the studied site using a GPS device, or after special investigation using Google Maps. A total of 32,464 specimens were studied.
2.2. Figures, Tables, and Schemes
The dataset contains information about 131 species of Carabidae beetles from ten subfamilies found during our field studies (Table 2). In addition, Table 2 includes two Carabidae species (Carabus estreicheri and Calathus ambiguus) that were not found by us but reported previously in the National Park “Smolny” in the literature. Thus, in total, the Carabidae fauna of the National Park “Smolny” includes 133 species.
Figure 1 shows the abundance (in an absolute number) of the most numerous Carabidae species. These ten species represent 95.9% of all studied individuals.
In nature, several factors influence the activity of Carabidae species, including temperature, humidity, microclimatic conditions, age groups, and others [35]. Temperature has long been considered the most important abiotic factor affecting the activity of Carabidae [36,37]. The seasonal and life-history fluctuations strongly influence both the abundance and distribution of Carabidae species in natural biotopes [38]. Figure 2 shows the seasonal dynamics of Carabidae beetles in three habitats in 2018. In all biotopes, in April–May, the maximum abundance of Carabidae beetles was observed. By autumn, there was a decrease in the beetle abundance in traps. Noteworthy, in spring, the dynamic density of Carabidae beetles in the mixed forest was considerably higher than in other habitats. However, by autumn, there was a sharp decrease in the number of individuals. This is probably caused by migration processes that are constantly observed in populations of beetles. Similar patterns of abundance dynamics were observed in 2019 in other mixed forests in the National Park “Smolny”.
Before our studies, 89 species were known in the Carabidae fauna of the National Park “Smolny” [39,40,41]. These were mainly common and eurybiont species. Such a low level of the revealed beetle diversity was primarily caused by the small number of special studies of the wide habitat diversity, and the variability of the time of the conducted studies. The higher diversity of Carabidae fauna was found because in 2017–2021, research tasks were clearly established, and insect collections were abundant and seasonality-based. To date, the Carabidae fauna of the National Park “Smolny” includes 133 species, which belong to ten subfamilies.
For comparison, the Carabidae diversity of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, the most closely located to the National Park “Smolny”, accounts for 241 species [42,43]. At the same time, the largest number of species was identified as a result of continuous long-term research programs in 2008–2020. However, it is worth it to note that the mentioned Mordovia State Nature Reserve is a unique forest area with a considerable variety of ecosystems, where fauna and flora have been preserved for more than 85 years. The National Park “Smolny” is a younger forest system formed after the cutting of pine forests, deciduous forests, and mixed forests in the early 1990s. Therefore, the biodiversity level is expectedly lower in this protected area.
3. Methods
3.1. Study Area
National Park “Smolny” is situated in the northeastern part of the Republic of Mordovia (center of European Russia), 54.72–54.88° N, 45.07–45.62° E. Its area is 363.86 km2 (Figure 3). The pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the main forest-forming tree species in the south of the area of the National Park “Smolny”. Broadleaf forests predominate in the northern part of the protected area, where the main forest-forming species are oak (Quercus robur L.), linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), maple (Acer platanoides L.), rarer ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), and elm (Ulmus spp.). Secondary (appeared after cut or burnt pine forests) forest communities are formed by the birch (Betula pendula Roth). They are situated mainly in the southern part of the National Park “Smolny”. Secondary (appeared after cut oak and lime forests) forests formed by the aspen (Populus tremula L.) are distributed in the northern part of the protected area. The spruce (Picea abies L.) does not form self-sustainable forests by occurring rarely in pine or mixed forests. In the floodplain areas of the Alatyr River and its main tributaries, the black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forms small forest areas nearby of eutrophic mires, and water bodies [44,45].
3.2. Research Design, Identification, and Taxonomic Position of Insects
We used traditional methods of collecting Carabidae beetles, including manual collection, light traps, pitfall traps, and partial beer traps [46,47]. Pitfall traps were installed during April–September 2008, 2009, 2017–2021. The traps were 0.5 L plastic cups containing 200 mL of a 4% formalin solution. We installed ten traps in each study site. The distance between the traps was 2 m. The selected material was identified by S.K. Alekseev. The identification was carried out according to Müller-Motzfeld [48] and Isaev [49]. We followed the nomenclature proposed by Kryzhanovskii et al. [50], and Lobl and Lobl [51]. To approximately estimate the species abundance, we used the following definitions. Single individual means that the solitary specimens of a species were found in 1–2 locations. Rare species refers to Carabidae beetles with an abundance of ten or less specimens found in 3–5 localities. Common species are Carabidae beetles with an abundance of 300 or a lower number of specimens found in 6–10 localities. Numerous species are beetles with an abundance of higher than 300 specimens found in at least 50% of the studied localities.
The assessment of the seasonal abundance of Carabidae species was carried out in several biotopes. The description of the studied biotopes is present below. In the linden forest, the first layer of the forest community was formed by Tilia cordata (70%), Betula pendula (10%), Populus tremula (10%), and Quercus robur (10%). The second layer was weakly expressed and formed by several undergrowth species. The shrub layer was sparse. The herb layer was represented by various species of Poaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, and ferns. In the mixed forest, the first layer was formed by Pinus sylvestris (40%), Tilia cordata (20%), Betula pendula (20%), Populus tremula (5%), and Quercus robur (15%). The second layer was well expressed, represented by trees from the first forest layer. The shrub layer consisted of Acer platanoides L., Euonymus verrucosus Scop., Sorbus aucuparia L. The herb layer was represented by Asteraceae, and Apiaceae plants. In the broad-leaved forest, the first layer was formed by Quercus robur (60%), Tilia cordata (20%), Betula pendula (5%), Populus tremula (10%), and Ulmus glabra Huds. (5%). The second layer was less expressed. The shrub layer was sparse. The herb layer was not well-developed; it is represented by various Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae plants. Insects have been collected from May to September. Dynamic density was expressed as the number of specimens per 100 trap days (ex./100 trap days).
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, A.B.R.; methodology, A.B.R., S.K.A., S.V.L., E.A.L. and G.B.S.; software, O.N.A.; validation, A.B.R.; formal analysis, A.B.R. and S.K.A.; investigation, A.B.R. and A.A.K.; resources, A.B.R., S.V.L., E.A.L. and G.B.S.; data curation, O.N.A.; writing—original draft preparation, A.B.R. and A.A.K.; writing—review and editing, A.B.R.; visualization, A.B.R.; supervision, A.B.R.; project administration, A.B.R.; funding acquisition, A.B.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 22-14-00026.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are openly available in https://www.gbif.org/dataset/0d66d2e0-9d2a-46c6-a136-1ddb669396e6 (accessed on 12 May 2022).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
The total abundance of ten Carabidae species collected during the conducted study in the National Park “Smolny”.
Figure 1.
The total abundance of ten Carabidae species collected during the conducted study in the National Park “Smolny”.
Figure 2.
Seasonal dynamics of the abundance of Carabidae beetles in various biotopes of the National Park “Smolny”: (a) 2018; (b) 2019.
Figure 2.
Seasonal dynamics of the abundance of Carabidae beetles in various biotopes of the National Park “Smolny”: (a) 2018; (b) 2019.
Figure 3.
The location of the Republic of Mordovia and the area of obtaining information for the dataset (National Park “Smolny”).
Figure 3.
The location of the Republic of Mordovia and the area of obtaining information for the dataset (National Park “Smolny”).
Table 1.
Description of the data in the dataset.
| Column Label | Column Description |
|---|---|
| eventID | An identifier for the set of information associated with an event (occurs in one place in one time). |
| occurrenceID | An identifier for the occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the occurrence). |
| basisOfRecord | The specific nature of the data record: HumanObservation. |
| scientificName | The full scientific name including the genus name and the lowest level oftaxonomic rank with the authority. |
| kingdom | The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified. |
| taxonRank | The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName. |
| decimalLatitude | The geographic latitude of location in decimal degree. |
| decimalLongitude | The geographic longitude of location in decimal degrees. |
| geodeticDatum | The ellipsoid, geodetic datum, or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude as based. |
| country | The name of the country in which the location occurs. |
| countryCode | The standard code for the country in which the location occurs. |
| individualCount | The number of individuals represented present at the time of the occurrence. |
| eventDate | The date when material from the trap was collected or the range of dates during which the trap collected material. |
| year | The integer day of the month on which the event occurred. |
| month | The ordinal month in which the event occurred. |
| day | The integer day of the month on which the event occurred. |
| samplingProtocol | The names of, references to, or descriptions of the methods or protocols used during an event. |
| recordedBy | A person, group, or organization responsible for recording the original occurrence. |
| identifiedBy | A list of names of people who assigned the taxon to the subject. |
Table 2.
Diversity of Carabidae species in the National Park “Smolny”.
| Subfamily, Species | Approximate Estimate of the Species Abundance |
|---|---|
| Carabinae | |
| Calosoma inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) | common species |
| Calosoma sycophanta (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Carabus arvensis baschkiricus (Breuning, 1932) | numerous species |
| Carabus cancellatus (Illiger, 1798) | numerous species |
| Carabus coriaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) | numerous species |
| Carabus estreicheri (Fischer von Waldheim, 1820) | |
| Carabus glabratus (Paykull, 1790) | numerous species |
| Carabus granulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | numerous species |
| Carabus hortensis (Linnaeus, 1758) | numerous species |
| Carabus convexus (Fabricius, 1775) | common species |
| Carabus schoenherri (Fischer von Waldheim, 1820) | single individual |
| Carabus stscheglowi (Mannerheim, 1827) | common species |
| Cychrus caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758) | common species |
| Cicindelinae | |
| Cicindela campestris (Linnaeus, 1758) | common species |
| Cicindela hybrida (Linnaeus, 1758) | common species |
| Cylindera germanica (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Broscinae | |
| Broscus cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Elaphrinae | |
| Elaphrus cupreus (Duftschmid, 1812) | common species |
| Harpalinae | |
| Agonum duftschmidi (J. Schmidt, 1994) | rare species |
| Agonum fuliginosum (Panzer, 1809) | common species |
| Agonum gracilipes (Duftschmid, 1812) | common species |
| Agonum micans (Nicolai, 1822) | single individual |
| Agonum piceum (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Agonum sexpunctatum (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Agonum viduum (Panzer, 1796) | rare species |
| Amara aenea (De Geer, 1774) | common species |
| Amara aulica (Panzer, 1796) | single individual |
| Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal, 1810) | common species |
| Amara communis (Panzer, 1797) | numerous species |
| Amara consularis (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Amara convexior (Stephens, 1828) | single individual |
| Amara eurynota (Panzer, 1796) | single individual |
| Amara famelica (C.C.A. Zimmermann, 1832) | rare species |
| Amara familiaris (Duftschmid, 1812) | rare species |
| Amara fulva (O.F. Müller, 1776) | numerous species |
| Amara gebleri (Dejean, 1831) | single individual |
| Amara ingenua (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Amara lunicollis (Schiødte, 1837) | common species |
| Amara majuscula (Chaudoir, 1850) | single individual |
| Amara nitida (Sturm, 1825) | common species |
| Amara ovata (Fabricius, 1792) | common species |
| Amara plebeja (Gyllenhal, 1810) | single individual |
| Amara praetermissa (C.R. Sahlberg, 1827) | single individual |
| Amara similata (Gyllenhal, 1810) | rare species |
| Amara spreta (Dejean, 1831) | single individual |
| Amara tibialis (Paykull, 1798) | single individual |
| Anisodactylus binotatus (Fabricius, 1787) | rare species |
| Anisodactylus nemorivagus (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Anisodactylus signatus (Panzer, 1796) | rare species |
| Badister bullatus (Schrank, 1798) | single individual |
| Badister dilatatus (Chaudoir, 1837) | single individual |
| Badister lacertosus (Sturm, 1815) | common species |
| Badister sodalis (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Calathus ambiguus (Paykull, 1790) | single individual |
| Calathus erratus (C.R. Sahlberg, 1827) | common species |
| Calathus fuscipes (Goeze, 1777) | single individual |
| Calathus melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) | common species |
| Calathus micropterus (Duftschmid, 1812) | numerous species |
| Chlaenius tristis (Schaller, 1783) | single individual |
| Cymindis vaporariorum (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Dolichus halensis (Schaller, 1783) | single individual |
| Harpalus affinis (Schrank, 1781) | rare species |
| Harpalus autumnalis (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Harpalus distinguendus (Duftschmid, 1812) | rare species |
| Harpalus griseus (Panzer, 1796) | rare species |
| Harpalus hirtipes (Panzer, 1796) | single individual |
| Harpalus laevipes (Zetterstedt, 1828) | numerous species |
| Harpalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) | numerous species |
| Harpalus luteicornis (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Harpalus picipennis (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Harpalus progrediens (Schauberger, 1922) | common species |
| Harpalus pygmaeus (Dejean, 1829) | single individual |
| Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid, 1812) | common species |
| Harpalus rufipes (De Geer, 1774) | numerous species |
| Harpalus signaticornis (Duftschmid, 1812) | single individual |
| Harpalus smaragdinus (Duftschmid, 1812) | rare species |
| Harpalus tardus (Panzer, 1796) | numerous species |
| Harpalus xanthopus winkleri (Schauberger, 1923) | common species |
| Lebia chlorocephala (J.J. Hoffmann, 1803) | single individual |
| Lebia cruxminor (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Lebia cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Licinus depressus (Paykull, 1790) | single individual |
| Limodromus assimilis (Paykull, 1790) | numerous species |
| Limodromus krynickii (Sperk, 1835) | common species |
| Microlestes minutulus (Goeze, 1777) | single individual |
| Oodes helopioides (Fabricius, 1792) | rare species |
| Ophonus azureus (Fabricius, 1775) | single individual |
| Ophonus puncticeps (Stephens, 1828) | single individual |
| Ophonus rufibarbis (Fabricius, 1792) | single individual |
| Oxypselaphus obscurus (Herbst, 1784) | common species |
| Panagaeus bipustulatus (Fabricius, 1775) | rare species |
| Panagaeus cruxmajor (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus, 1758) | numerous species |
| Poecilus lepidus (Leske, 1785) | common species |
| Poecilus versicolor (Sturm, 1824) | numerous species |
| Polystichus connexus (Fourcroy, 1785) | single individual |
| Pterostichus aethiops (Panzer, 1796) | single individual |
| Pterostichus anthracinus (Illiger, 1798) | common species |
| Pterostichus diligens (Sturm, 1824) | rare species |
| Pterostichus mannerheimii (Dejean, 1831) | common species |
| Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger, 1798) | numerous species |
| Pterostichus minor (Gyllenhal, 1827) | common species |
| Pterostichus niger (Schaller, 1783) | numerous species |
| Pterostichus nigrita (Paykull, 1790) | numerous species |
| Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Fabricius, 1787) | numerous species |
| Pterostichus ovoideus (Sturm, 1824) | single individual |
| Pterostichus quadrifoveolatus (Letzner, 1852) | common species |
| Pterostichus rhaeticus (Heer, 1837) | common species |
| Pterostichus strenuus (Panzer, 1796) | common species |
| Pterostichus uralensis (Motschulsky, 1850) | common species |
| Pterostichus vernalis (Panzer, 1796) | rare species |
| Stomis pumicatus (Panzer, 1796) | rare species |
| Syntomus truncatellus (Linnaeus, 1760) | single individual |
| Synuchus vivalis (Illiger, 1798) | common species |
| Loricerinae | |
| Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius, 1775) | rare species |
| Nebriinae | |
| Leistus ferrugineus (Linnaeus, 1758) | rare species |
| Leistus terminatus (Panzer, 1793) | common species |
| Notiophilus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Notiophilus germinyi (Fauvel, 1863) | single individual |
| Notiophilus palustris (Duftschmid, 1812) | common species |
| Patrobinae | |
| Patrobus atrorufus (Strøm, 1768) | numerous species |
| Patrobus septentrionis (Dejean, 1828) | single individual |
| Scaritinae | |
| Clivina fossor (Linnaeus, 1758) | single individual |
| Dyschirius globosus (Herbst, 1784) | single individual |
| Trechinae | |
| Bembidion biguttatum (Fabricius, 1779) | single individual |
| Bembidion guttula (Fabricius, 1792) | single individual |
| Bembidion lampros (Herbst, 1784) | single individual |
| Bembidion mannerheimii (C.R. Sahlberg, 1827) | single individual |
| Bembidion properans (Stephens, 1828) | single individual |
| Bembidion quadrimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1760) | common species |
| Bembidion varium (G.-A. Olivier, 1795) | single individual |
| Trechus rivularis (Gyllenhal, 1810) | single individual |
| Trechus secalis (Paykull, 1790) | common species |
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MDPI and ACS Style
Ruchin, A.B.; Alekseev, S.K.; Artaev, O.N.; Khapugin, A.A.; Lobachev, E.A.; Lukiyanov, S.V.; Semishin, G.B. Dataset: Fauna of Adult Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the National Park “Smolny” (Russia). Data 2022, 7, 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7070084
AMA Style
Ruchin AB, Alekseev SK, Artaev ON, Khapugin AA, Lobachev EA, Lukiyanov SV, Semishin GB. Dataset: Fauna of Adult Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the National Park “Smolny” (Russia). Data. 2022; 7(7):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7070084
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuchin, Alexander B., Sergei K. Alekseev, Oleg N. Artaev, Anatoliy A. Khapugin, Evgeniy A. Lobachev, Sergei V. Lukiyanov, and Gennadiy B. Semishin. 2022. "Dataset: Fauna of Adult Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the National Park “Smolny” (Russia)" Data 7, no. 7: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/data7070084
