Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus among Equids in Bulgaria in 2022 and Assessment of Some Risk Factors
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Serological Study
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Province | cELISA | VNT-WNV |
---|---|---|
Stara Zagora | 3/34 (8.82% [1.82–25.79]) | 0/34 (0%) |
Burgas | 3/40 (7.5% [1.55–21.92]) | 0/40 (0%) |
Haskovo | 1/66 (1.52% [0.04–8.44]) | 1/66 (1.52% [0.04–8.44]) |
Plovdiv | 1/1 (100%) | 0/1 (0%) |
Smolyan | 1/18 (5.56% [0.14–30.95]) | 0/18 (0%) |
Blagoevgrad | 1/39 (2.56% [0.07–14.29]) | 1/39 (2.56% [0.07–14.29]) |
Pernik | 0/5 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
Sofia city | 4/26 (15.38% [4.19–39.39]) | 1/26 (3.85% [0.097–21.43]) |
Sofia Province | 3/74 (4.05% [0.84–11.85]) | 1/74 (1.35% [0.03–7.53]) |
Montana | 17/39 (43.59% [25.39–69.79]) | 11/39 (28.21% [14.08–50.47]) |
Vratsa | 0/11 (0%) | 0/11 (0%) |
Pleven | 0/1 (0%) | 0/1 (0%) |
Gabrovo | 1/3 (33.33% [0.84–185]) | 0/3 (0%) |
Dobrich | 0/11 (0%) | 0/11 (0%) |
Varna | 0/10 (0%) | 0/10 (0%) |
Total | 35/378 (9.26% [6.45–12.88]) | 15/378 (3.97% [2.22–6.55]) |
Parameter | WNV Neg (n = 363) Median (IQR) or Percentage (%) | WNV Pos (n = 15) Median (IQR) or Percentage (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Northwestern | 39 (78.0) | 11 (22.0) | <0.0001 |
North Central | 4 (100.0) | − | ||
Northeastern | 21 (100.0) | − | ||
Southwestern | 141 (97.9) | 3 (2.1) | ||
South Central | 84 (98.8) | 1 (1.2) | ||
Southeastern | 74 (100.0) | − | ||
Age, years | 9 (5–14) | 10 (7.25–10) | 0.9125 | |
Altitude, m | 407 (217–764.75) | 77 (31–190) | <0.0001 | |
Species | donkeys | 62 (96.9) | 2 (3.1) | 0.9778 |
horses | 301 (95.9) | 13 (4.1) | ||
Breed | mixed | 203 (94.0) | 13 (6.0) | 0.0365 |
purebred | 160 (98.8) | 2 (1.2) | ||
Sex | female | 231 (95.5) | 11 (4.5) | 0.6417 |
male | 130 (97.0) | 4 (3.0) | ||
Type of housing | outdoor | 126 (95.5) | 2 (4.5) | <0.0001 |
shelter | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | ||
indoor (stable) | 222 (96.5) | 8 (3.5) | ||
Month | July | 58 (98.3) | 1 (1.7) | 0.0150 |
August | 163 (92.6) | 13 (7.4) | ||
September | 58 (98.3) | 1 (1.7) | ||
October | 84 (100.0) | − |
Variable | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% CI of OR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Southwestern | − | ||
South Central | 0.5595 | 0.0573 to 5.4663 | 0.6175 | |
Southeastern | 0.0000 | 0.9940 | ||
Northwestern | 13.2564 | 3.5237 to 49.8711 | 0.0001 | |
North Central | 0.0000 | 0.9986 | ||
Northeastern | 0.0000 | 0.9972 | ||
Altitude | ≤109 m | 16.4474 | 5.0454 to 53.4759 | <0.0001 |
>109 m | − | |||
Breed | mixed | − | ||
purebred | 0.1952 | 0.0434 to 0.8775 | 0.0331 | |
Type of housing | outdoor | − | ||
shelter | 21.0000 | 3.7415 to 117.8660 | 0.0005 | |
indoor (stable) | 2.2703 | 0.4748 to 10.8565 | 0.3045 |
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Rusenova, N.; Rusenov, A.; Chervenkov, M.; Sirakov, I. Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus among Equids in Bulgaria in 2022 and Assessment of Some Risk Factors. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11050209
Rusenova N, Rusenov A, Chervenkov M, Sirakov I. Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus among Equids in Bulgaria in 2022 and Assessment of Some Risk Factors. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(5):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11050209
Chicago/Turabian StyleRusenova, Nikolina, Anton Rusenov, Mihail Chervenkov, and Ivo Sirakov. 2024. "Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus among Equids in Bulgaria in 2022 and Assessment of Some Risk Factors" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 5: 209. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11050209