C | December 2023 - Browse Articles

11 pages, 19089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes Derived from Waste Tire Pyrolytic Carbon and Their Application in the Dehydrogenation of Methylcyclohexane to Produce Hydrogen

by Hongli Ye, Shuangxi Liu, Dongmei Huang, Chaojun Jiang, Rui Yuan and Cui Zhang

C 2023, 9(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040121 - 16 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1969

Abstract

The accumulation of waste tires has resulted in very urgent environmental problems. Pyrolysis has been regarded as a green eco-friendly technology to deal with waste tires, and it is vital to make use of the pyrolysis carbon. Herein, we propose a new way [...] Read more.

The accumulation of waste tires has resulted in very urgent environmental problems. Pyrolysis has been regarded as a green eco-friendly technology to deal with waste tires, and it is vital to make use of the pyrolysis carbon. Herein, we propose a new way to utilize pyrolysis carbon, to prepare carbon nanotubes with the help of ferrocene. The optimal preparation processes were determined by optimizing the parameters including the solvent, temperature, time, etc. The results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy evidenced the successful formation of carbon nanotubes. Meanwhile, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and N₂-adsorption showed that the yielded carbon nanotubes featured a large surface area and abundant pore structure in comparison with the pyrolytic carbon. Finally, the as-prepared carbon nanotubes were applied as the supports for Pt-based catalysts for the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane to produce hydrogen. The results showed that the Pt/carbon-nanotubes catalyst exhibited the highest conversion of methylcyclohexane (28.6%), stability, and hydrogen evolution rate (336.9 mmol/g_Pt/min) compared to the resulting Pt/commercial-activated-carbon (13.6% and 160.2 mmol/g_Pt/min) and Pt/pyrolytic-carbon catalysts (0.19% and 2.23 mmol/g_Pt/min). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Carbon Materials and Their Composites)

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27 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carbon Footprint Reduction and Climate Change Mitigation: A Review of the Approaches, Technologies, and Implementation Challenges

by Nikolay V. Lobus, Maria A. Knyazeva, Anna F. Popova and Maxim S. Kulikovskiy

C 2023, 9(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040120 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4614

Abstract

Since the Industrial Revolution, human economic activity and the global development of society in general have been heavily dependent on the exploitation of natural resources. The use of fossil fuels, deforestation, the drainage of wetlands, the transformation of coastal marine ecosystems, unsustainable land [...] Read more.

Since the Industrial Revolution, human economic activity and the global development of society in general have been heavily dependent on the exploitation of natural resources. The use of fossil fuels, deforestation, the drainage of wetlands, the transformation of coastal marine ecosystems, unsustainable land use, and many other unbalanced processes of human activity have led to an increase both in the anthropogenic emissions of climate-active gases and in their concentration in the atmosphere. It is believed that over the past ~150 years these phenomena have contributed to an increase in the global average temperature in the near-surface layer of the atmosphere by ~1 °C. Currently, the most pressing tasks facing states and scientific and civil societies are to reduce anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and to limit the global air temperature increase. In this regard, there is an urgent need to change existing production systems in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to sequester them. In this review, we consider up-to-date scientific approaches and innovative technologies, which may help in developing roadmaps to reduce the emissions of climate-active gases, control rising temperatures, decarbonize economies, and promote the sustainable development of society in general. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic CO₂ Emission Reduction Concepts and Zero-to-Low Carbon Technologies)

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21 pages, 8435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Processing of Near Infrared—Activated Vitrimer Nanocomposite Films Modified with β-Hydroxyester-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

by Tomás E. Byrne Prudente, Diandra Mauro, Julieta Puig, Facundo I. Altuna, Tatiana Da Ros and Cristina E. Hoppe

C 2023, 9(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040119 - 8 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

Films of a vitrimer based on the reaction between diglycidylether of bisphenol A and glutaric acid in the presence of 1-methylimidazole were processed using a solvent-based technique. The curing schedule was divided into two steps: first, a soluble linear polymer was formed through [...] Read more.

Films of a vitrimer based on the reaction between diglycidylether of bisphenol A and glutaric acid in the presence of 1-methylimidazole were processed using a solvent-based technique. The curing schedule was divided into two steps: first, a soluble linear polymer was formed through the reaction of the diacid and the diepoxide, and then the crosslinking was induced at a higher temperature via transesterification reactions. This epoxy–acid vitrimer was modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with β-hydroxyesters, produced by a robust and straightforward strategy based on a two-phase reaction between oxidized MWCNTs and phenylglycidylether. Nanocomposite vitrimer films were obtained by drop casting a dispersion of the functionalized MWCNTs in the linear polymer/cyclohexanone solution, followed by a thermal treatment. A high degree of dispersion of the carbon nanostructures was attained thanks to the β-hydroxyester functionalization when compared with oxidized MWCNTs. Nanocomposite films showed a significant photothermal effect (reaching 200 °C or above in 30 s) upon NIR light irradiation (850 nm) from a single LED (500 mW/cm²). The released heat was used to activate the shape memory effect and weld and heal the vitrimer matrix, proving the success of this easy strategy for the generation of remotely activated carbon-based vitrimer nanocomposites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Novel Applications of Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials)

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14 pages, 3179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles Embedded Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) Electrode for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

by Deepak Deepak, Vennela Vuruputuri, Gourav Bhattacharya, James A. McLaughlin and Susanta Sinha Roy

C 2023, 9(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040118 - 7 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2457

Abstract

The advancement of renewable energy technologies like water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cells relies on the fabrication of effective and reliable catalysts for the hydrogen evolution process (HER). In this regard, we report gold nanoparticles embedded in laser-induced graphene electrodes for regulation of [...] Read more.

The advancement of renewable energy technologies like water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cells relies on the fabrication of effective and reliable catalysts for the hydrogen evolution process (HER). In this regard, we report gold nanoparticles embedded in laser-induced graphene electrodes for regulation of overpotential and electrocatalytic performance of hydrogen evolution reaction. Gold nanoparticles were deposited onto the LIG surface using electrode deposition via cyclic voltammetry (CV) at different cycle lengths. The catalyst fabrication technique enables the manipulation of many electrochemical parameters, such as overpotential value, charge transfer resistance, electrochemical active surface area, and tafel slope, through the adjustment of cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles. The LIG-Au@50 sample demonstrates remarkable electrocatalytic characteristics, as evidenced by its low overpotential of 141 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm² and reduced tafel slope of 131 mV/decade in an acidic environment. Furthermore, the presence of an augmented electrochemical active surface area, a mass activity of 8.80 A/g, and a high turnover frequency of 0.0091 s⁻¹ suggest elevated and significant accessibility to plentiful active sites. A significant decrease in charge transfer resistance resulted in an enhanced rate of the water-splitting reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Conversion)

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10 pages, 3062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes of C, H, and N Elements of Corn Straw during the Microwave Heating Process

by Zhihong Liu, Weitao Cao, Man Zhang, Wenke Zhao and Yaning Zhang

C 2023, 9(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040117 - 5 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1778

Abstract

Due to the rapid growth of the global economy, energy consumption has been steadily increasing, leading to increasing issues such as energy shortages and environmental concerns. Biomass energy, a critical renewable energy source, plays a vital role in advancing low-carbon energy development and [...] Read more.

Due to the rapid growth of the global economy, energy consumption has been steadily increasing, leading to increasing issues such as energy shortages and environmental concerns. Biomass energy, a critical renewable energy source, plays a vital role in advancing low-carbon energy development and resource sustainability. In this study, experiments were conducted to study the migration of C, H, and N elements of corn straw during the microwave heating process, and the effects of residence time, heating temperature, and microwave power were also investigated. The results showed that when the temperature rose, both the proportion of C and H elements fluctuated slightly. Specifically, when the temperature rose from 75 °C to 275 °C, there was a 1.02% increase in the proportion of the C element and a 0.25% decrease in the proportion of the H element. Residence time appeared to be a significant factor influencing the changes in C, H, and N elements. For a 40 min residence time, the proportion of the C element increased from 31.77% to 35.36%, while the proportion of the H element decreased from 4.50% to 3.83%. When there was an increase in the microwave power between 160 W and 200 W, higher temperatures were reached in the samples, leading to the carbonization process of corn straw being more complete. Consequently, the proportion of the C element rose with extended residence time, whereas the proportion of the H element decreased as the residence time increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass—a Renewable Resource for Carbon Materials (2nd Edition))

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12 pages, 5163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethane-CO₂ Mixture Adsorption in Silicalite: Influence of Tortuosity and Connectivity of Pores on Selectivity

by Siddharth Gautam and David Cole

C 2023, 9(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040116 - 4 Dec 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2303

Abstract

Selective adsorption using nanoporous materials is an efficient strategy for separating gas mixtures. In a nanoporous material, pores can exist in different shapes and can have different degrees of inter-connectivity. In recent studies, both pore connectivity and tortuosity have been found to affect [...] Read more.

Selective adsorption using nanoporous materials is an efficient strategy for separating gas mixtures. In a nanoporous material, pores can exist in different shapes and can have different degrees of inter-connectivity. In recent studies, both pore connectivity and tortuosity have been found to affect the adsorption and dynamical properties of ethane and CO₂ in silicalite differently. Here, using Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate if these two attributes can affect the selective adsorption of one component from a mixture of ethane and CO₂ in silicalite. For this, the adsorption of an equimolar mixture of ethane and CO₂ is simulated in 12 models of silicalite—SnZm (n, m = 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; with n and m denoting, respectively, the fraction (out of 4) of straight and zigzag channels of silicalite that are available for adsorption)—differing in degrees of pore connectivity and tortuosity. The adsorption selectivity in this system is found to exhibit a reversal with the adsorption dominated by ethane at low pressures (below ~1 atm) and by CO₂ at higher pressures (above ~10 atm). Pore connectivity is found to suppress the selective adsorption of CO₂ at higher pressures and also shifts the selectivity reversal to higher pressures. The selectivity reversal results from a competition between the polarizability-affected adsorption at lower pressures and efficient packing at higher pressures. The efficient packing of CO₂ is a compounded effect resulting from the larger effective pore volume available for CO₂ due to its stronger interaction with the pore surface and smaller molecular volume. CO₂ molecules show a preference to adsorb in non-tortuous pores, and this preference is found to be stronger in the presence of ethane. The effects of pore connectivity and tortuosity elucidated here should be applicable to a wide range of natural and engineered nanoporous materials, and this knowledge could be used to identify materials with better capability for separating and storing CO₂ based on their pore attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Cycle, Capture and Storage)

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14 pages, 2653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eliminating Luck and Chance in the Reactivation Process: A Systematic and Quantitative Study of the Thermal Reactivation of Activated Carbons

by Karthik Rathinam, Volker Mauer, Christian Bläker, Christoph Pasel, Lucas Landwehrkamp, Dieter Bathen and Stefan Panglisch

C 2023, 9(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040115 - 2 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1965

Abstract

Increasing environmental concerns, stricter legal requirements, and a wide range of industrial applications have led to growing demand for activated carbon worldwide. The energy-intensive production of fresh activated carbon causes significant CO₂ emissions and contributes to global competition for renewable carbon-based raw [...] Read more.

Increasing environmental concerns, stricter legal requirements, and a wide range of industrial applications have led to growing demand for activated carbon worldwide. The energy-intensive production of fresh activated carbon causes significant CO₂ emissions and contributes to global competition for renewable carbon-based raw materials. Although (thermal) reactivation of spent activated carbon can drastically reduce the demand for fresh material, the reactivation process itself is still mostly based on experience and empirical knowledge locked into activated carbon companies. Despite the vast number of papers published in the field, practically relevant, systematic, and quantitative knowledge on the thermal reactivation process is barely available. This paper presents a simple and robust methodology for the development of a predictive model for the production of reactivated carbon with a defined product quality under energetically optimized conditions. An exhausted activated carbon sample was subjected to 26 reactivation experiments in a specially designed laboratory rotary kiln, whereas the experiments were planned and evaluated with statistical design of experiments. The influence of the reactivation conditions (heating rate, heating time, H₂O/N₂ volume ratio, and CO₂/N₂ volume ratio) on the specific surface area, energy consumption, yield, and adsorption capacity for diatrizoic acid were evaluated. The BET surface of the reactivated carbons ranged between 590 m²/g and 769 m²/g, whereas the respective fresh carbon had a BET surface of 843 m²/g. The adsorption capacity for diatrizoic acid measured as the maximum solid phase concentration q_m derived from the Langmuir equation varied between 24.4 g/kg and 69.7 g/kg (fresh carbon: 59.6 g/kg). It was possible to describe the dependency of the quality criteria on different reactivation parameters using mathematical expressions, whereas the response surface methodology with nonlinear regression was applied to build the models. A reactivation experiment under statistically optimized conditions resulted in energy savings up to 65%, whereas the properties of the reactivated sample were close to the predicted values. Full article

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15 pages, 11747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Silicon Oxide-Carbon Composite with Tailored Electrochemical Properties for Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Sang Jin Kim, Seung-Jae Ha, Jea Uk Lee, Young-Pyo Jeon and Jin-Yong Hong

C 2023, 9(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040114 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2596

Abstract

For high-efficiency and high-stability lithium ion batteries, a silicon oxide-based carbon composite has been developed as an anode material. To minimize structural defects (cracking and pulverization) due to volumetric contraction/expansion during charge/discharge, silicon oxide (SiO_x) is adopted. A pitch—a carbon precursor—is [...] Read more.

For high-efficiency and high-stability lithium ion batteries, a silicon oxide-based carbon composite has been developed as an anode material. To minimize structural defects (cracking and pulverization) due to volumetric contraction/expansion during charge/discharge, silicon oxide (SiO_x) is adopted. A pitch—a carbon precursor—is introduced to the surface of SiO_x using the mechanofusion method. The introduced pitch precursor can be readily transformed into a carbon layer through stabilization and carbonization processes, resulting in SiO_x@C. This carbon layer plays a crucial role in buffering the volume expansion of SiO_x during lithiation/delithiation processes, enhancing electrical conductivity, and preventing direct contact with the electrolyte. In order to improve the capacity and cycle stability of SiO_x, the electrochemical performances of SiO_x@C composites are comparatively analyzed according to the mixing ratio of SiO_x and pitch, as well as the loading amount in the anode material. Compared to pristine SiO_x, the SiO_x@C composite prepared through the optimization of the experimental conditions exhibits approximately 1.6 and 1.8 times higher discharge capacity and initial coulombic efficiency, respectively. In addition, it shows excellent capacity retention and cycle stability, even after more than 300 charge and discharge tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials and Hybrids)

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13 pages, 5253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement of the Diffusion Coefficient of Xenon in Self-Sintered Nanopore Graphite for Molten Salt Reactor

by Pengda Li, Qiantao Lei, Heyao Zhang, Mingbo Qi, Jinliang Song, Pengfei Lian, Jinxing Cheng, Qingbo Wang, Zhongfeng Tang and Zhanjun Liu

C 2023, 9(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040113 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

The economics and safety of reactors can be affected by the diffusion of fission products into graphite. Xenon (Xe) fission products diffusing into graphite is the most critical neutron absorber and poison that can slow down or stop the chain reaction. The transport [...] Read more.

The economics and safety of reactors can be affected by the diffusion of fission products into graphite. Xenon (Xe) fission products diffusing into graphite is the most critical neutron absorber and poison that can slow down or stop the chain reaction. The transport parameters for inhibiting the xenon diffusion in graphite are therefore an important scientific problem. Self-sintered nanopore-isotropic (~40 nm) graphite (SSNG) derived from green pitch coke can decrease Xe diffusion into graphite. In this study, the surface morphology and microstructural evolution in graphite before and after irradiation, as well as after annealing, were studied with different characterization methods. A method for the measurement of diffusion coefficients of fission products’ diffusion in graphite using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was also reported. The SSNG substrates were implanted with Xe at a dose of 4.8 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm² and energy of 7 MeV. The RT-implanted samples were annealed in a vacuum at 650 °C for 9 h. The implanted and annealed samples were characterized using RBS. The diffusion coefficient D (Xe, 650 °C) was 6.49 × 10⁻²⁰ m²/s. The results indicate SSNG’s excellent ability to inhibit Xe diffusion and are significant for designing and evaluating the safety of nuclear reactors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Carbon Materials and Their Composites)

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23 pages, 6557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FeS₂ Nanoparticles in S-Doped Carbon: Ageing Effects on Performance as a Supercapacitor Electrode

by Sirine Zallouz, Bénédicte Réty, Jean-Marc Le Meins, Mame Youssou Ndiaye, Philippe Fioux and Camélia Matei Ghimbeu

C 2023, 9(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040112 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

Although transition metal sulfides have prodigious potential for use as electrode materials because of their low electronegativities, their large volume changes inhibit broad application. Moreover, there is only limited knowledge of the ageing processes of these materials at the nanoscale. Herein, nano-C/FeS₂ [...] Read more.

Although transition metal sulfides have prodigious potential for use as electrode materials because of their low electronegativities, their large volume changes inhibit broad application. Moreover, there is only limited knowledge of the ageing processes of these materials at the nanoscale. Herein, nano-C/FeS₂ materials were prepared via one-pot syntheses from green biodegradable carbon precursors, followed by activation and sulfidation. The increased activation/sulfidation time led to an increase in the size of the nanoparticles (7 to 17 nm) and their aggregation, as well as in an increase in the specific surface area. The materials were then used as electrodes in 2-electrode symmetric supercapacitors with 2 M KOH. The activation process resulted in improved capacitance (60 F g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹) and rate capability (36%) depending on the composite porosity, conductivity, and size of the FeS₂ particles. The ageing of the FeS₂ nanoparticles was investigated under air, and a progressive transformation of the nano-FeS₂ into hydrated iron hydroxy sulfate with a significant morphological modification was observed, resulting in drastic decreases in the capacitance (70%) and retention. In contrast, the ageing of nano-FeS₂ during cycling led to the formation of a supplementary iron oxyhydroxide phase, which contributed to the enhanced capacitance (57%) and long-term cycling (132% up to 10,000 cycles) of the device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Related Composites for Sensors and Energy Storage: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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19 pages, 9149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of CNT-Based Nanocomposites with Ohmic Heating Capability towards Self-Healing Applications in Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Technologies

by Niki Loura, Eleni Gkartzou, Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta, Georgios Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis A. Klonos, Apostolos Kyritsis and Costas A. Charitidis

C 2023, 9(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040111 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

In the present study, a series of carbon-based nanocomposites based on recycled thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix and MWCNT fillers synthesized in a laboratory environment were prepared at various loadings and assessed in terms of their functional thermal, dielectric, and rheological properties, as well [...] Read more.

In the present study, a series of carbon-based nanocomposites based on recycled thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix and MWCNT fillers synthesized in a laboratory environment were prepared at various loadings and assessed in terms of their functional thermal, dielectric, and rheological properties, as well as their ohmic heating capability, for self-healing applications in extrusion-based 3D printing technologies. The synthesis of nanomaterials focused on the production of two different types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. A comparative assessment and benchmarking were conducted with nanocomposite filaments obtained from commercial nanomaterials and masterbatches with MWCNTs. For all the polymer nanocomposites, samples were prepared at additive contents up to 15 wt.% and filament feedstock was produced via the melt-extrusion process for 3D printing; these were previously characterized by rheological tests. The measurements of thermal and electrical conductivity resulted in a selected composition with promising ohmic heating capability. As a preliminary assessment of the self-healing ability of the above samples, artificial cracks were introduced on the surface of the samples and SEM analysis took place at the crack location before and after applying voltage as a measure of the effectiveness of the material remelting due to the Joule effect. Results indicate a promising material response with a partial restoration of artificial cracks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Novel Applications of Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials)

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12 pages, 9356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanomechanical Behavior of Pentagraphyne-Based Single-Layer and Nanotubes through Reactive Classical Molecular Dynamics

by José Moreira de Sousa, Wjefferson Henrique da Silva Brandão, Weverson Lucas Aguiar Paula Silva, Luiz Antônio Ribeiro Júnior, Douglas Soares Galvão and Marcelo Lopes Pereira Júnior

C 2023, 9(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040110 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1994

Abstract

A novel 2D carbon allotrope, pentagraphyne (PG-yne), was introduced in a recent theoretical study. This unique structure is derived from pentagraphene by incorporating acetylenic linkages between sp

^{3}

and sp

^{2}

hybridized carbon atoms. Given its intriguing electronic and structural properties, it is [...] Read more.

A novel 2D carbon allotrope, pentagraphyne (PG-yne), was introduced in a recent theoretical study. This unique structure is derived from pentagraphene by incorporating acetylenic linkages between sp

^{3}

and sp

^{2}

hybridized carbon atoms. Given its intriguing electronic and structural properties, it is imperative to investigate the mechanical characteristics and thermal responses of PG-yne in both monolayer and nanotube configurations, which encompass different chiralities and diameters. We conducted fully atomistic reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employing the ReaxFF potential to address these aspects. Our findings reveal that Young’s modulus of PG-yne monolayers stands at approximately 51 GPa at room temperature. In contrast, for the studied nanotubes, regardless of their chirality, it hovers around 45 GPa. Furthermore, our observations indicate that PG-yne-based systems feature an extensive and relatively flat plastic region before reaching the point of total fracture, irrespective of their topology. Regarding their thermal properties, we identified a melting point at approximately 3600 K, accompanied by a phase transition around 1100 K. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials and Hybrids)

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15 pages, 6557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoporous Activated Carbon Material from Terminalia chebula Seed for Supercapacitor Application

by Chhabi Lal Gnawali, Lok Kumar Shrestha, Jonathan P. Hill, Renzhi Ma, Katsuhiko Ariga, Mandira Pradhananga Adhikari, Rinita Rajbhandari and Bhadra P. Pokharel

C 2023, 9(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040109 - 14 Nov 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2460

Abstract

High-surface-area porous carbon materials with high porosity and well-defined pore structures are the preferred advanced supercapacitors electrode materials. Here, we report the electrochemical supercapacitive performance of novel high-porosity activated carbon materials prepared from biowaste Terminalia chebula (Harro) seed stones involving zinc chloride (ZnCl [...] Read more.

High-surface-area porous carbon materials with high porosity and well-defined pore structures are the preferred advanced supercapacitors electrode materials. Here, we report the electrochemical supercapacitive performance of novel high-porosity activated carbon materials prepared from biowaste Terminalia chebula (Harro) seed stones involving zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) activation. Activation is achieved by mixing ZnCl₂ with Harro seed powder (1:1 w/w) followed by carbonization at 400–700 °C under a nitrogen gas atmosphere. The amorphous carbon materials obtained exhibit excellent performance as electrical double-layer capacitor electrodes in aqueous electrolyte (1 M sulfuric acid) due to high specific surface areas (as high as 1382.6 m² g⁻¹) based on well-developed micropore and mesopore structures, and partial graphitic structure containing oxygenated surface functional groups. An electrode prepared using material having the optimal surface textural properties achieved a large specific capacitance of 328.6 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ in a three-electrode cell setup. The electrode achieved a good capacitance retention of 44.7% at a high 50 A g⁻¹ current density and outstanding cycling performance of 98.2% even following 10,000 successive charge/discharge cycles. Electrochemical data indicate the significant potential of Terminalia chebula seed-derived porous carbons as high-performance electrode materials for high-energy-storage supercapacitor applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nanoporous Carbon Materials for Advanced Technological Applications)

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37 pages, 5769 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene and Nanodiamond Based Strain Sensor in Harsh Environments

by Xiaoyan Wang, Eng Gee Lim, Kai Hoettges and Pengfei Song

C 2023, 9(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040108 - 14 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3791

Abstract

Flexible and wearable electronics have attracted significant attention for their potential applications in wearable human health monitoring, care systems, and various industrial sectors. The exploration of wearable strain sensors in diverse application scenarios is a global issue, shaping the future of our intelligent [...] Read more.

Flexible and wearable electronics have attracted significant attention for their potential applications in wearable human health monitoring, care systems, and various industrial sectors. The exploration of wearable strain sensors in diverse application scenarios is a global issue, shaping the future of our intelligent community. However, current state-of-the-art strain sensors still encounter challenges, such as susceptibility to interference under humid conditions and vulnerability to chemical and mechanical fragility. Carbon materials offer a promising solution due to their unique advantages, including excellent electrical conductivity, intrinsic and structural flexibility, lightweight nature, high chemical and thermal stability, ease of chemical functionalization, and potential for mass production. Carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanodiamond, have been introduced as strain sensors with mechanical and chemical robustness, as well as water repellency functionality. This review reviewed the ability of carbon nanotubes-, graphene-, and nanodiamond-based strain sensors to withstand extreme conditions, their sensitivity, durability, response time, and diverse applications, including strain/pressure sensors, temperature/humidity sensors, and power devices. The discussion highlights the promising features and potential advantages offered by these carbon materials in strain sensing applications. Additionally, this review outlines the existing challenges in the field and identifies future opportunities for further advancement and innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Related Composites for Sensors and Energy Storage: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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20 pages, 7961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Carbon Foam Adorned with Co/Fe Nanoneedles as an Efficient Activator of Oxone for Oxidative Environmental Remediation: Roles of Surficial and Chemical Enhancement

by Yi-Chun Chen, Xin-Yu Jiang, Bui Xuan Thanh, Jia-Yin Lin, Haitao Wang, Chao-Wei Huang, Hongta Yang, Afshin Ebrahimi, Sanya Sirivithayapakorn and Kun-Yi (Andrew) Lin

C 2023, 9(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040107 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

As heterogeneous catalysis is a practical method for activating Oxone, the immobilization of transition metals (e.g., Co, Fe) on carbonaceous supports is a promising platform. Thus, this study attempts to develop a carbon-supported metallic catalyst by growing Co/Fe on carbon foam (CF) via [...] Read more.

As heterogeneous catalysis is a practical method for activating Oxone, the immobilization of transition metals (e.g., Co, Fe) on carbonaceous supports is a promising platform. Thus, this study attempts to develop a carbon-supported metallic catalyst by growing Co/Fe on carbon foam (CF) via adopting melamine foam as a readily available template which could be transferred to nitrogen-doped CF with marcoporous structures. Specifically, a unique adornment of Co/Fe species on this CF is facilely fabricated through a complexation of Co/Fe with a plant extract, tannic acid, on melamine foam, followed by carbonization to produce nano-needle-like Co/Fe on N-doped CF, forming a magnetic CF (MCF). This resultant MCF exhibits a much higher surface area of 54.6 m²/g than CF (9.5 m²/g), and possesses a much larger specific capacitance of 9.7 F/g, than that of CF as 4.0 F/g. These superior features of MCF enable it to accelerate Oxone activation in order to degrade an emerging contaminant, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (BHPM). Furthermore, MCF + Oxone exhibits a lower activation energy as 18.6 kJ/mol for BHPM elimination and retains its effectiveness in eliminating BHPM over multiple rounds. More importantly, the CF is also prepared and directly compared with the MCF to study the composition-structure-property relationship to provide valuable insights for further understanding of catalytic behaviors, surficial characteristics, and application of such a functional carbon material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Catalyst (2nd Edition))

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10 pages, 2316 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Electrocatalytic Enhancement of CO Methanation at the Metal–Electrolyte Interface Studied Using In Situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

by Christoph W. Thurner, Leander Haug, Daniel Winkler, Christoph Griesser, Matthias Leitner, Toni Moser, Daniel Werner, Marco Thaler, Lucas A. Scheibel, Thomas Götsch, Emilia Carbonio, Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser, Engelbert Portenkirchner, Simon Penner and Bernhard Klötzer

C 2023, 9(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040106 - 8 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1853

Abstract

For the direct reduction of CO₂ and H₂O in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with cermet electrodes toward methane, a fundamental understanding of the role of elemental carbon as a key intermediate within the reaction pathway is of eminent interest. [...] Read more.

For the direct reduction of CO₂ and H₂O in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with cermet electrodes toward methane, a fundamental understanding of the role of elemental carbon as a key intermediate within the reaction pathway is of eminent interest. The present synchrotron-based in situ near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) study shows that alloying of Ni/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) cermet electrodes with Cu can be used to control the electrochemical accumulation of interfacial carbon and to optimize its reactivity toward CO₂. In the presence of syngas, sufficiently high cathodic potentials induce excess methane on the studied Ni/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ)-, NiCu/YSZ- and Pt/gadolinium-doped-ceria (GDC) cermet systems. The hydrogenation of carbon, resulting from CO activation at the triple-phase boundary of Pt/GDC, is most efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection CO₂ Electrochemical Reduction and Conversion)

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13 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of DAHP Impregnation on Activated Carbon Fibers for Efficient Charge Storage and Selective O₂ Reduction to Peroxide

by Nemanja Gavrilov, Stefan Breitenbach, Christoph Unterweger, Christian Fürst and Igor A. Pašti

C 2023, 9(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040105 - 6 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1598

Abstract

Understanding the properties and behavior of carbon materials is of paramount importance in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions and technological advancements. As versatile and abundant resources, carbon materials play a central role in various energy conversion and storage applications, making them essential [...] Read more.

Understanding the properties and behavior of carbon materials is of paramount importance in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions and technological advancements. As versatile and abundant resources, carbon materials play a central role in various energy conversion and storage applications, making them essential components in the transition toward a greener and more efficient future. This study explores the impact of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) impregnation on activated carbon fibers (ACFs) for efficient energy storage and conversion applications. The viscose fibers were impregnated with varying DAHP concentrations, followed by carbonization and activation processes. The capacitance measurements were conducted in 6 mol dm⁻³ KOH, 0.5 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄, and 2 mol dm⁻³ KNO₃ solutions, while the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) measurements were performed in O₂-saturated 0.1 mol dm⁻³ KOH solution. We find that the presented materials display specific capacitances up to 160 F g⁻¹ when the DAHP concentration is in the range of 1.0 to 2.5%. Moreover, for the samples with lower DAHP concentrations, highly selective O₂ reduction to peroxide was achieved while maintaining low ORR onset potentials. Thus, by impregnating viscose fibers with DAHP, it is possible to tune their electrochemical properties while increasing the yield, enabling the more sustainable and energy-efficient synthesis of advanced materials for energy conversion applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Carbons for Hydrogen Sorption and Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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13 pages, 2999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Adsorption Kinetics on the Surface of a Copper-Containing Silicon–Carbon Gas Sensor: Gas Identification

by Nina K. Plugotarenko, Sergey P. Novikov, Tatiana N. Myasoedova and Tatiana S. Mikhailova

C 2023, 9(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040104 - 3 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1579

Abstract

The low selectivity of materials to gases of a similar nature may limit their use as sensors. Knowledge of the adsorption kinetic characteristics of each gas on the surface of the material may enable the ability to identify them. In this work, copper-containing [...] Read more.

The low selectivity of materials to gases of a similar nature may limit their use as sensors. Knowledge of the adsorption kinetic characteristics of each gas on the surface of the material may enable the ability to identify them. In this work, copper-containing silicon–carbon films were formed using electrochemical deposition on the Al₂O₃ substrate with interdigitated Cr/Cu/Cr electrodes. These films showed good adsorption characteristics with several different gases. The adsorption kinetics of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide on the film surface were investigated by the change in the resistivity of the material. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, Elovich, Ritchie, and Webber intraparticle diffusion models were applied. It was found that the largest approximation factor and the lowest Root-Mean-Square Error and Mean Bias Error for all three gases were for the Elovich model. The advantages of silicon–carbon copper-containing films for gas sensor applications were shown. An algorithm for gas recognition was proposed based on the dependence of the change in the resistivity of the material under stepwise gas exposure. It was found that parameters such as the values of the extrema of the first and second derivatives of the R vs. t dependence during adsorption and the slope of R vs. t dependence in the Elovich coordinates are responsible for gas identification among several one-nature gases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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15 pages, 2642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Adsorption Kinetics of Dimethoate, Malathion and Chlorpyrifos on Cellulose-Derived Activated Carbons: Understanding the Influence of Physicochemical Properties

by Tamara Lazarević-Pašti, Ana Jocić, Vedran Milanković, Tamara Tasić, Katarina Batalović, Stefan Breitenbach, Christoph Unterweger, Christian Fürst and Igor A. Pašti

C 2023, 9(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040103 - 3 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1882

Abstract

In light of the escalating environmental concerns regarding pesticide accumulation, it is imperative to devise efficient strategies for their removal. Among the various options, activated carbons have emerged as promising candidates for adsorptive pesticide removal due to their many advantages, such as large [...] Read more.

In light of the escalating environmental concerns regarding pesticide accumulation, it is imperative to devise efficient strategies for their removal. Among the various options, activated carbons have emerged as promising candidates for adsorptive pesticide removal due to their many advantages, such as large surface area, well-developed porosity, and cost-effectiveness. However, the intricate relationship between the properties of these materials and their performance in pesticide adsorption remains largely unexplored. This study primarily focuses on examining the adsorption kinetics of three organophosphate pesticides: dimethoate, malathion (aliphatic), and chlorpyrifos (aromatic), using a range of cellulose-based activated carbon fibers with diverse specific surface areas, pore size distributions, and elemental compositions. By employing sophisticated data analysis tools, principal component analysis, and semi-empirical quantum chemical calculations, this study uncovers the importance of these distinct properties in efficiently removing structurally diverse pesticides. The results of the adsorption experiments suggested that these processes can be described using a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which is confirmed via multiple linear regression. The obtained data suggest that the most effective carbon material for pesticide removal should have a pore diameter of approximately 4 nm, low oxygen content, a unimodal pore size distribution, and a high presence of sp² domains. The insights from this research have the potential to guide the development of improved adsorbents and facilitate the rational selection of adsorbents tailored to specific pollutants based on their physicochemical properties and the pollutants’ chemical structure. By shedding light on the vital connection between adsorbent properties and performance, our findings significantly advance sustainable and effective pesticide removal, thereby fostering a cleaner and healthier environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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14 pages, 3633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Curauá Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Composites

by Jorge S. S. Neto, Daniel K. K. Cavalcanti, Luiz E. da Cunha Ferro, Henrique F. M. de Queiroz, Ricardo A. A. Aguiar and Mariana D. Banea

C 2023, 9(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040102 - 3 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

The main objective of this research centered on investigating the effect of the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical and thermal properties of curauá-fiber-reinforced composites. The MWCNTs were added either to the fiber surface or into the resin matrix as [...] Read more.

The main objective of this research centered on investigating the effect of the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical and thermal properties of curauá-fiber-reinforced composites. The MWCNTs were added either to the fiber surface or into the resin matrix as the second reinforcing phase. The MWCNT-modified curauá fibers as well as raw fibers were characterized using a single-fiber tensile test, TGA, and FTIR analysis. Further, different composite samples, namely, pure curauá, (curauá + MWCNTs) + resin and curauá+ (resin + MWCNTs), were manufactured via compression molding and tested to determine their mechanical and thermal properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to examine the surfaces of the tested fibers. It was found that the addition of MWCNTs to the curauá fibers resulted in positive effects (an enhancement in properties was found for the MWCNT-modified fibers and their composites). The addition of MWCNTs also increased the thermal stability of the natural fibers and composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Novel Applications of Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials)

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12 pages, 3855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni–Co–O Nanosheets on Silicon Carbide Microspheres/Graphite Composite for Supercapacitor Applications

by Han-Wei Chang, Zong-Ying Tsai, Jia-Jun Ye, Kuo-Chuang Chiu, Tzu-Yu Liu and Yu-Chen Tsai

C 2023, 9(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040101 - 29 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1805

Abstract

The well-interconnected ternary Ni–Co–O nanosheets were grown on silicon carbide microspheres/graphite composite (gra@SiC/Ni–Co–O) by optimizing the electrodeposition method. Silicon carbide microspheres/graphite composite (gra@SiC) serves as a conductive template for the growth of Ni–Co–O nanosheets to form a binder-free 3D well-designed hierarchical interconnected network [...] Read more.

The well-interconnected ternary Ni–Co–O nanosheets were grown on silicon carbide microspheres/graphite composite (gra@SiC/Ni–Co–O) by optimizing the electrodeposition method. Silicon carbide microspheres/graphite composite (gra@SiC) serves as a conductive template for the growth of Ni–Co–O nanosheets to form a binder-free 3D well-designed hierarchical interconnected network between the Ni–Co–O nanosheets and SiC microspheres. The obtained gra@SiC/Ni–Co–O is proposed as a great capacitance performance for supercapacitors. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis were employed to investigate the morphology and structural and electrochemical characteristics. The synergistic effects of EDLC (SiC microspheres) and pseudo-capacitance (Ni–Co–O nanosheets) can effectively improve the supercapacitive performance. It is also worth mentioning that after electrochemical testing, the redox reaction of Ni–Co–O nanosheets greatly promoted the faradic pseudo-capacitance contribution, and silicon carbide microspheres/graphite composite contributed to the formation of a 3D interconnected network, improving the cycling stability during the charging/discharging processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Related Composites for Sensors and Energy Storage: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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17 pages, 2687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Customised Microporous Carbon 3D Structures with Good Mechanical Properties and High Nitrogen Content Obtained from Whey Powders

by Raúl Llamas-Unzueta, Luis A. Ramírez-Montoya, J. Angel Menéndez and Miguel A. Montes-Morán

C 2023, 9(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040100 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1982

Abstract

Novel customised carbon monoliths with a high specific surface area were synthesised by carbonisation plus activation of dehydrated whey powders, a biomass byproduct of the dairy industry. The whey powders were casted directly by pouring them into a desired mould. After a pseudo-sintering [...] Read more.

Novel customised carbon monoliths with a high specific surface area were synthesised by carbonisation plus activation of dehydrated whey powders, a biomass byproduct of the dairy industry. The whey powders were casted directly by pouring them into a desired mould. After a pseudo-sintering process promoted by the self-reaction of the whey components (mostly lactose and whey proteins) at moderate temperatures (ca. 250 °C), 3D porous carbons were obtained. The process did not require any binder or external overpressure to prepare the 3D porous carbons. Upon thermal activation with CO₂ or chemical activation with H₃PO₄ and KOH, the shape of the monolithic structure was preserved after the development of a microporous network (S_BET up to 2400 m²/g). Both thermal and chemical activation had little effect on the macroporosity of the monoliths. Activation of these 3D carbons had to be performed with care to avoid heterogeneous skin/core activation and/or overactivation. Highly porous monoliths (S_BET of 980 m²/g; open porosity of 70%) with outstanding compressive strength (10 MPa) could be obtained by thermal activation (CO₂) of whey monoliths at 850 °C for 1.5 h. Additionally, the use of whey as a precursor provided the carbon monolith with a relatively high nitrogen content (ca. 3 wt.%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass—a Renewable Resource for Carbon Materials (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 7400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified NiCo₂S₄ for the Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium

by Qiu Jin, Ziye Zheng, Yuxiao Feng, Shuang Tian and Zuoli He

C 2023, 9(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040099 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1826

Abstract

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are considered to be occupational carcinogens, which can be transferred from the environment to the human body and pose a significant threat to human health. It is particularly urgent to explore a more efficient catalyst for removing Cr(VI) to [...] Read more.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are considered to be occupational carcinogens, which can be transferred from the environment to the human body and pose a significant threat to human health. It is particularly urgent to explore a more efficient catalyst for removing Cr(VI) to comply with discharge standards. The addition of CNTs enables the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges. Thus, we synthesized a range of NiCo₂S₄ hybrid materials with different multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) contents using a two-step hydrothermal method. The composites had significant advantages compared to pure NiCo₂S₄, such as an enhanced visible light absorption, increased specific surface area, high electron–hole pair separation, and fast electron transport. Thus, MWCNT addition enabled efficient photocatalytic performances in terms of reducing hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). Among all the composite samples, the MWCNT/NiCo₂S₄ with 0.050 g of MWCNTs achieved the highest efficiency in reducing Cr(VI) under light irradiation, which showed a removal rate close to 100% within 40 min. Such CNT-based composite photocatalysts could be used to reduce the highly toxic Cr(VI) in environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Catalyst (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 8699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Adsorption of 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic Acid on Carbon Nanofibers Produced by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Trichloroethylene and Acetonitrile

by Anna M. Ozerova, Elena S. Tayban, Inna L. Lipatnikova, Arina R. Potylitsyna, Yury I. Bauman, Igor P. Prosvirin, Yury V. Shubin, Aleksey A. Vedyagin, Ilya V. Mishakov and Olga V. Netskina

C 2023, 9(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040098 - 11 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1629

Abstract

In this study, carbon nanofibers were synthesized by the catalytic pyrolysis of trichloroethylene (CNF-Cl) and its mixture with acetonitrile (CNF-Cl-N). The addition of acetonitrile resulted in the incorporation of nitrogen in the CNF (0.33 at%), the removal of chlorine, an increase in oxygen-containing [...] Read more.

In this study, carbon nanofibers were synthesized by the catalytic pyrolysis of trichloroethylene (CNF-Cl) and its mixture with acetonitrile (CNF-Cl-N). The addition of acetonitrile resulted in the incorporation of nitrogen in the CNF (0.33 at%), the removal of chlorine, an increase in oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface (from 1.6 to 3.6 at%), and an increase in the volume of mesopores (from 0.35 to 0.41 cm³·g⁻¹) and macropores (from 0.115 to 0.393 cm³·g⁻¹). The study of 2,4-DCBA adsorption on both CNFs revealed that the adsorption capacity showed dependence with a maximum on the 2,4-DCBA concentration in the solution, which was attributed to the electrostatic interactions of adsorbate with adsorbent at various pHs. The adsorption forces were effective over distances greater than the size of the 2,4-DCBA molecule, indicating volume pore filling. The maximum adsorption capacity occurred at 0.7–1.2 mM and a pH of 3.4 ± 0.1. CNF-Cl-N exhibited lower 2,4-DCBA adsorption than CNF-Cl-N due to its lower specific surface area, lower micropore volume, and higher concentration of oxygen-containing groups on the surface. However, these differences were not significant, suggesting that CNFs produced from both chlorine-containing wastes and their mixtures with nitrogen-containing compounds can be effectively used for water treatment to remove 2,4-DCBA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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19 pages, 2523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Potential of Greener-Porous Graphene for the Treatment of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater

by Bhavya Joshi, Ahmed M. E. Khalil, Shaowei Zhang and Fayyaz A. Memon

C 2023, 9(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040097 - 7 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals have emerged as a new class of ecological pollutants and have majorly contributed to harmful effects on the environment and human health. The presence of these pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants, ground, and seawater has been reported widely. Organic dyes and other [...] Read more.

Pharmaceuticals have emerged as a new class of ecological pollutants and have majorly contributed to harmful effects on the environment and human health. The presence of these pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants, ground, and seawater has been reported widely. Organic dyes and other organic contaminants which are being considered as emerging contaminants are now in the race among the top organic pollutants that need effective treatment. Removal of these contaminants via green adsorbents has become an essential requirement towards a green and cleaner environment. Herein, we report the efficacy of the novel greener porous graphene obtained via the near-green synthesis method as an adsorbent material for treating seven organic pollutants: Methyl orange, Methyl red, Rhodamine-B, Ciprofloxacin, Atenolol, Ibuprofen, and Carbamazepine. Batch tests were conducted to investigate the effect of adsorption time and varying adsorbent dosages. The obtained greener porous graphene showed fast kinetics, which was determined to be guided by pseudo second-order kinetics and the maximum pollutant removal efficiency (>80%) was seen at a high adsorbent dosage (2 mL injected from a 5 g/L solution). Furthermore, the nonlinear adsorption modeling confirmed that the greener porous graphene followed the Langmuir model for the dye rhodamine-B sorption and the Freundlich model for all the other six contaminants. This greener porous graphene can be considered an effective adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants in wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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17 pages, 7719 KiB

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Graphene and Nanoclay as Processing Aid Agents: A Study on Rheological Behavior in Polystyrene

by Julie Genoyer, Emna Helal, Giovanna Gutierrez, Nima Moghimian, Eric David and Nicole R. Demarquette

C 2023, 9(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040096 - 7 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1722

Abstract

The effectiveness of layered particles as processing aid agents in molten polystyrene was studied. Three graphene grades and two clays of different lateral size were selected for this purpose. The morphologies of the composites were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Steady shear measurements [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of layered particles as processing aid agents in molten polystyrene was studied. Three graphene grades and two clays of different lateral size were selected for this purpose. The morphologies of the composites were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Steady shear measurements were carried out and the Carreau–Yasuda model with yield stress was applied to the experimental results. A decrease in viscosity was observed at 2 wt.% of particle content for almost all composites. The most efficient particle for reducing viscosity was found to be graphene in a loose agglomerated configuration. Graphene and clay particles with similar dispersion states had a similar effect on the viscosity, inducing a decrease by 29% and 22%, respectively, suggesting comparable efficiency as processing aid agents. The observed decrease in viscosity is attributed to the phenomenon of superlubricity, which is a lubricating mechanism that is closely linked to the atomic structure of the particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nanocarbon-Based Composites and Their Thermal, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties)

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10 pages, 2468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electronic and Magnetic Properties of FeCl₃ Intercalated Bilayer Graphene

by Jiajun Dai, Shilpa Yadav and Beate Paulus

C 2023, 9(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040095 - 3 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1982

Abstract

Graphene has gained significant attention since its discovery in 2004, and the modification of few-layer graphene provides a platform to tailor its physical and electronic properties. In this study, we employed unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) with the PBE+U functional to investigate the [...] Read more.

Graphene has gained significant attention since its discovery in 2004, and the modification of few-layer graphene provides a platform to tailor its physical and electronic properties. In this study, we employed unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) with the PBE+U functional to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of FeCl₃-intercalated bilayer graphene (BLG). Both in BLG and stage-2 intercalated graphite, a distinct localization of electrons on a specific Fe atom is evident, gaining approximately 0.245 electrons evaluated with Bader analysis, while the holes are delocalized within the graphene layers. This results in p-doped graphene, characterized by a shift of the Dirac cone by 0.74 eV for BLG and 0.70 eV for stage-2 intercalated graphite. Ferromagnetic ordering is observed within the plane of FeCl₃-intercalated BLG, whereas the FeCl₃ layers exhibit antiferromagnetic coupling in stage-2 intercalated graphite. The ferromagnetic nature and electronic structure of the FeCl₃-intercalated BLG is retained under pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bilayer Graphene)

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13 pages, 6342 KiB

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Highly Effective Electrochemical Water Splitting with Enhanced Electron Transfer between Ni₂Co Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets Dispersed on Carbon Substrate

by Ziyi Wan, Ping Tang, Luwei Dai, Yao Yang, Lu Li, Jun Liu, Min Yang and Guowei Deng

C 2023, 9(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040094 - 3 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1944

Abstract

A reasonable design of nickel-based catalysts is key to efficient and sustainable energy conversion. For electrocatalytic materials in alkaline electrolytes, however, atomic-level control of the active sites is essential. Moreover, the well-defined surface structure contributes to a deeper understanding of the catalytic mechanism. [...] Read more.

A reasonable design of nickel-based catalysts is key to efficient and sustainable energy conversion. For electrocatalytic materials in alkaline electrolytes, however, atomic-level control of the active sites is essential. Moreover, the well-defined surface structure contributes to a deeper understanding of the catalytic mechanism. Here, we report the loading of defective nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxide nanosheets (Ni₂Co-LDH@C) after carbonization of silk. Under the precise regulation of the local coordination environment of the catalytic active site and the presence of defects, Ni₂Co-LDH@C can provide an ultra-low overpotential of 164.8 mV for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) at 10 mA cm⁻², exceeding that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Density functional theory calculations show that Ni₂Co-LDH@C optimizes the adsorption energy of the intermediate and promotes the O-O coupling of the active site in the oxygen evolution reaction. When using Ni₂Co-LDH@Cs as cathodes and anodes to achieve overall water splitting, a low voltage of 1.63 V is required to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm⁻². As an ideal model, Ni₂Co-LDH@C has excellent water splitting properties and has the potential to develop water–alkali electrocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Carbons for Hydrogen Sorption and Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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17 pages, 6900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Activation of Apricot Pit-Derived Carbon Sorbents for the Effective Removal of Dyes in Environmental Remediation

by Vitalii Vashchynskyi, Olena Okhay and Tetiana Boychuk

C 2023, 9(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040093 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study the properties of carbon materials prepared from apricot stones by carbonization at 300–900 °C and chemical activation by KOH with different ratios between components. It was found that increasing the carbonization temperature to 800–900 °C [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to study the properties of carbon materials prepared from apricot stones by carbonization at 300–900 °C and chemical activation by KOH with different ratios between components. It was found that increasing the carbonization temperature to 800–900 °C leads to the degradation of narrow micropores and the carbon matrix. The adsorbent materials were characterized with FTIR and SEM, and a specific surface area was calculated. Moreover, additional activation by HNO₃ and annealing at 450 °C led to an increase in surface area up to 1300 m²/g. The obtained N-enriched sorbents show adsorption activities of 190–235 mg/g for methylene blue and 210–260 mg/g for methyl orange. The results of this study can be useful for future scale-up using the apricot material as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of dyes in environmental remediation production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Related Composites for Sensors and Energy Storage: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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16 pages, 4645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Density Functional Theory Analysis of the Impact of Boron Concentration and Surface Oxidation in Boron-Doped Graphene for Sodium and Aluminum Storage

by Milica S. Ritopečki, Natalia V. Skorodumova, Ana S. Dobrota and Igor A. Pašti

C 2023, 9(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9040092 - 28 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1711

Abstract

Graphene is thought to be a promising material for many applications. However, pristine graphene is not suitable for most electrochemical devices, where defect engineering is crucial for its performance. We demonstrate how the boron doping of graphene can alter its reactivity, electrical conductivity [...] Read more.

Graphene is thought to be a promising material for many applications. However, pristine graphene is not suitable for most electrochemical devices, where defect engineering is crucial for its performance. We demonstrate how the boron doping of graphene can alter its reactivity, electrical conductivity and potential application for sodium and aluminum storage, with an emphasis on novel metal-ion batteries. Using Density Functional Theory calculations, we investigate both the influence of boron concentration and the oxidation of the material on the mentioned properties. It is demonstrated that the presence of boron in graphene increases its reactivity towards atomic hydrogen and oxygen-containing species; in other words, it makes B-doped graphene more prone to oxidation. Additionally, the presence of these surface functional groups significantly alters the type and strength of the interaction of Na and Al with the given materials. Boron-doping and the oxidation of graphene is found to increase the Na storage capacity of graphene by a factor of up to four, and the calculated sodiation potentials indicate the possibility of using these materials as electrode materials in high-voltage Na-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Carbons for Hydrogen Sorption and Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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