The Genes Associated with Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Are Induced in Tropical Chili Pepper against Ralstonia solanacearum by Applying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chili Pepper Genotypes, Mycorrhizae, and the Ralstonia solanacearum Isolates
2.2. Procedure of Experiments
2.3. Isolation of Leaf RNA
2.4. qRT-PCR for GAPDH-cp and Genes of Interest
2.5. Phenotypic Response of the Genotypes to Mycorrhizae and R. solanacearum
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of the Growth Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Resistance to R. solanacearum
3.2. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on the Relative Gene Expression of JA
3.3. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on the Relative Gene Expression of SA
3.4. Structural Equation Modeling-PLS and Standardized Stepwise Regression
3.5. Clustering of the Genotypes Based on the Responsiveness to Mycorrhizae, Resistance to R. solanacearum, and the Relative Gene Expression of JA and SA
3.6. Phenotypic Response Based on the Responsiveness to Mycorrhizae and Resistance to R. solanacearum
4. Discussion
4.1. Responsiveness to Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and the Resistance to R. solanacearum
4.2. Interaction between the Genotypes of Tropical Chili Pepper, the Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, and R. solanacearum on the Relative Gene Expression of JA and SA, and Phenotypic Response
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Primer ID | Sequence (5′–3′) | Ta (°C) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jasmonic acid | OPR3 Forward | CTTCTCATGCAGTGTATCAAC | 46.4 | [46] |
OPR3 Reverse | CGTCCAAGTGATCTATAGCTG | |||
Salicylic acid | ICL Forward | GCGTCGGAGGAAGTCAAGAA | 50.5 | [47] |
ICL Reverse | GGATTGGAACTTGGAGCCGA | |||
Reference gene | GAPDH-Cp Forward | ATGATGATGTGAAAGCAGCG | 46.4/50.5 | - |
GAPDH-Cp Reverse | TTTCAACTGGTGGCTGCTAC |
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Ambarwati, E.; Arwiyanto, T.; Widada, J.; Alam, T.; Andika, I.P.; Taryono. The Genes Associated with Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Are Induced in Tropical Chili Pepper against Ralstonia solanacearum by Applying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100876
Ambarwati E, Arwiyanto T, Widada J, Alam T, Andika IP, Taryono. The Genes Associated with Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Are Induced in Tropical Chili Pepper against Ralstonia solanacearum by Applying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(10):876. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100876
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmbarwati, Erlina, Triwidodo Arwiyanto, Jaka Widada, Taufan Alam, Ignatius Putra Andika, and Taryono. 2022. "The Genes Associated with Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Are Induced in Tropical Chili Pepper against Ralstonia solanacearum by Applying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi" Horticulturae 8, no. 10: 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100876