Evaluation of Nitrogen and Water Management Strategies to Optimize Yield in Open Field Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Location
2.2. Soil Properties, Land Preparation, and Seeding Transplanting
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Growth, Fruit, and Yield Parameters
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil of the Cultivated Plot and Irrigation Water
3.2. Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Cucumber Growth Parameters and SPAD Index
3.3. Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Fruit Yield
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Treatment Designation |
---|---|
Irrigation method (independent) | |
Deficit irrigation–50% | W1 |
Full irrigation–100% | W2 |
50 kg N ha−1 (50% of recommended N1) | N1 |
70 kg N ha−1 (70% of recommended N2) | N2 |
100 kg N ha−1 (100% of recommended N3) | N3 |
Interaction | |
Full irrigation, 100% nitrogen (W2N3) | T1 |
Full irrigation, 70% nitrogen (W2N2) | T2 |
Full irrigation, 50% nitrogen (W2N1) | T3 |
Deficit irrigation, 100% nitrogen (W1N3) | T4 |
Deficit irrigation, 70% nitrogen (W1N2) | T5 |
Deficit irrigation, 50% nitrogen (W1N1) | T6 |
N Fertilizer Application | Seedling | Flowering | Fruit Enlarging | Fruit Maturity |
---|---|---|---|---|
N1 50 kg N ha−1 (50%) | 5 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
N2 70 kg N ha−1 (70%) | 7 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
N3 100 kg N ha−1 (100%) | 10 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Treatments | Shoot Height (cm) | SPAD Index | Stem Width (mm) | Root Length (cm) | Fruit Length (mm) | Fruit Width (mm) | Number of Fruit/Unit | Fruit Weight (g) | Yield (ton/ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drip irrigation levels | |||||||||
W50 | 18.58 ± 0.15 a | 37.42 ± 0.92 a | 7.78 ± 0.13 a | 20.2 ± 0.29 a | 150.98 ± 3.91 a | 39.09 ± 0.56 a | 48 ± 0.84 a | 196.01 ± 2.68 a | 29.58 ± 1.41 a |
W100 | 18.23 ± 0.12 b | 34.07 ± 0.39 b | 7.25 ± 0.05 b | 18.5 ± 0.52 b | 143.77 ± 3.16 b | 36.86 ± 0.33 b | 43 ± 0.58 b | 178.36 ± 1.23 b | 24.58 ± 1.13 b |
Nitrogen treatments | |||||||||
N50 | 18.67 ± 0.07 a | 35.60 ± 1.20 b | 7.63 ± 0.17 a | 19.32 ± 0.60 b | 149.87 ± 2.84 a | 37.58 ± 0.22 b | 45 ± 0.26 a | 192.46 ± 5.79 a | 27.47 ± 0.78 a |
N70 | 18.54 ± 0.20 a | 37.02 ± 1.35 a | 7.61 ± 0.20 a | 20.63 ± 0.24 a | 156.56 ± 2.77 a | 38.70 ± 0.93 a | 53 ± 0.76 b | 185.91 ± 2.26 b | 31.05 ± 1.68 b |
N100 | 18 ± 0.11 b | 34.61 ± 0.44 c | 7.31 ± 0.07 b | 18.10 ± 0.46 c | 135.7 ± 2.7 b | 37.64 ± 0.83 b | 39 ± 0.37 c | 183.18 ± 4.45 b | 22.73 ± 1.08 c |
Interaction | |||||||||
T1 | 17.99 ± 0.24 c | 35.28 ± 0.63 c | 7.29 ± 0.04 b | 17.1 ± 0.17 c | 131.45 ± 0.36 c | 35.84 ± 0.19 d | 37 ± 0.33 d | 173.60 ± 0.75 a | 20.39 ± 0.55 d |
T2 | 18.10 ± 0.05 bc | 34.00 ± 0.11 cd | 7.16 ± 0.02 b | 20.4 ± 0.47 a | 150.85 ± 0.83 ab | 36.73 ± 0.22 cd | 48 ± 0.58 b | 180.89 ± 0.27 c | 27.56 ± 0.96 bc |
T3 | 18.58 ± 0.04 ab | 32.93 ± 0.12 d | 7.29 ± 0.15 b | 18 ± 0.27 bc | 149.00 ± 2.13 ab | 38.00 ± 0.13 bc | 45 ± 0.00 bc | 180.59 ± 0.63 cd | 25.80 ± 0.09 c |
T4 | 18.00 ± 0.02 c | 33.94 ± 0.35 cd | 7.32 ± 0.16 b | 19.1 ± 0.17 bc | 139.95 ± 4.28 cb | 39.44 ± 0.39 ab | 41 ± 0.33 cd | 192.76 ± 2.60 b | 25.07 ± 0.28 c |
T5 | 18.99 ± 0.09 a | 40.04 ± 0.11 a | 8.05 ± 0.05 a | 20.87 ± 0.15 a | 162.27 ± 2.27 a | 40.67 ± 0.65 a | 57 ± 0.58 a | 190.92 ± 0.62 bc | 34.54 ± 0.97 a |
T6 | 18.75 ± 0.12 a | 38.27 ± 0.26 b | 7.97 ± 0.07 a | 20.63 ± 0.15 a | 150.73 ± 5.93 ab | 37.16 ± 0.23 cd | 45 ± 0.58 bc | 204.34 ± 5.12 a | 29.14 ± 0.45 b |
Source of Variation | Adjusted Mean Square | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot Height (cm) | SPAD Index | Stem Width (mm) | Root Length (cm) | Fruit Length (mm) | Fruit Width (mm) | Number of Fruit/Plant | Fruit Weight (g) | Yield (ton/ha) | |
N treatment | 0.76 * | 8.83 * | 0.20 * | 9.64 * | 680.36 * | 2.36 * | 30.50 * | 136.54 * | 104.50 * |
Drip irrigation levels | 0.56 * | 50.41 * | 1.28 * | 13.01 * | 234.43 * | 22.49 * | 9.39 * | 1400.79 * | 112.51 * |
N × W levels | 0.33 * | 24.90 * | 0.29 * | 1.87 * | 37.07 ns | 10.68 * | 3.39 * | 73.21 * | 5.09 * |
SE | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 31.97 | 0.37 | 0.61 | 17.17 | 1.24 |
SD | 0.17 | 1.33 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 135.55 | 1.55 | 2.59 | 72.8 | 5.25 |
Chemical Constituents | Analytical Method | Soil Sample (depth 0–30 cm)(mg kg−1 DW) | Water Sample (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Sodium (Na) | Ion chromatography (IC)andInductively coupled plasma–optical Emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) | 10,294 ± 97.4 | 274.5 ± 8.7 |
Magnesium (Mg) | 32,031 ± 134.7 | 98.5 ± 2.2 | |
Potassium (K) | 13,445 ± 40.5 | 24.5 ± 1.7 | |
Calcium (Ca) | 62,330 ± 126.6 | 297.7 ± 4.7 | |
Boron (B) | 3849 ± 31.7 | nd | |
Copper (Cu) | 30 ± 0.1 | nd | |
Iron (Fe) | 26,378 ± 129.4 | nd | |
Manganese (Mn) | 585 ± 2.8 | nd | |
Zinc (Zn) | 76 ± 0.5 | nd | |
Phosphorus (P) | 1223 ± 11.4 | nd | |
Chlorine (Cl) | nd | 433.5 ± 10.6 | |
Sulfate (SO4) | nd | 422.5 ± 11.8 | |
EC (mS/cm) | YSI Meter | 2.25 ± 1.4 | 3.01 ± 0.5 |
pH | 7.82 ± 0.2 | 7.07 ± 0.4 | |
TOM (%) | MOOPAM | 0.5 ± 0.2 | nd |
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Bello, A.S.; Huda, S.; Chen, Z.-H.; Khalid, M.F.; Alsafran, M.; Ahmed, T. Evaluation of Nitrogen and Water Management Strategies to Optimize Yield in Open Field Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Production. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121336
Bello AS, Huda S, Chen Z-H, Khalid MF, Alsafran M, Ahmed T. Evaluation of Nitrogen and Water Management Strategies to Optimize Yield in Open Field Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Production. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(12):1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121336
Chicago/Turabian StyleBello, Adewale Suraj, Samsul Huda, Zhong-Hua Chen, Muhammad Fasih Khalid, Mohammed Alsafran, and Talaat Ahmed. 2023. "Evaluation of Nitrogen and Water Management Strategies to Optimize Yield in Open Field Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Production" Horticulturae 9, no. 12: 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121336