Assessment of Run-Off Waters Resulting from Lithium-Ion Battery Fire-Fighting Operations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Samples
2.2. Abuse Tests Set Up
2.3. Water Sampling
2.4. Water Analysis
2.4.1. Inductively Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy
2.4.2. Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry
2.4.3. Ion Chromatography
2.4.4. Liquid Chromatography
2.4.5. Gas Chromatography
2.5. Particle Morphology Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Test Conditions and TR Characteristics
3.2. Characterization of Water Contamination
3.2.1. Halogens and Metals
3.2.2. Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
3.2.3. Organic Carbonates
3.2.4. Particle Size Analysis
3.2.5. pH Measurement
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Module Type | Module Energy | Heating Method | Reaction | Module State after Test | Sprinkler Flow | Amount of Water Delivered | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test 1 | Prismatic cell assembly NMC (module A) | 500 Wh | Gas burner | Venting + moderate fire | Upper plastic burnt Mechanical integrity conserved No module casing opening | 10 L/m2/min | 7 L |
Test 2 | Prismatic cell assembly NMC (module A) | 500 Wh | Gas burner | Jet fire + explosion | Module casing ejected All cells fully burnt with casing damaged | 10 L/m2/min | 7 L |
Test 3 | Cylindrical cell assembly NMC (module B) | 900 Wh | Thermal pad | Jet fire + explosion | All cells burnt Some jelly rolls visible | 10 L/m2/min | 9 L |
QL | Uncertainty | Reference | Test 1 (Module A) | Test 2 (Module A) | Test 3 (Module B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ions | ||||||
F− (mg/L) | 0.05 | 8% | 0.25 | 142 | 91.6 | 93.7 |
Cl− (mg/L) | 0.01 | 3% | 24.9 | 33.4 | 36.5 | 203 |
Metals | ||||||
Al (mg/L) | 0.17 | 15% | 0.91 | 74.2 | 29.3 | 73.9 |
Co (mg/L) | 0.03 | 10% | <LQ | 0.42 | 12.8 | 7.07 |
Cu (mg/L) | 0.03 | 10% | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 4.18 |
Fe (mg/L) | 0.08 | 9% | 0.30 | 5.92 | 4.59 | 0.30 |
Li (mg/L) | 1.67 | 15% | <LQ | 44.5 | 27.8 | 360 |
Mn (mg/L) | 0.03 | 10% | <LQ | 1.22 | 17.0 | 5.82 |
Na (mg/L) | 1.67 | 14% | 13.0 | 15.6 | 16.3 | 26.2 |
Ni (mg/L) | 0.08 | 12% | <LQ | 3.25 | 49.0 | 40.1 |
P (mg/L) | 0.17 | 17% | <LQ | 201 | 113 | 5.80 |
PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
QL | Reference | Test 1 (Module A) | Test 2 (Module A) | Test 3 (Module B) | |
Naphtalène (ng/L) | 10.0 | <LQ | 1279.2 | 2792.2 | 3114.6 |
Acénaphtylène (ng/L) | 40.0 | <LQ | 2421.7 | 2405.1 | 1193.4 |
méthyl-1.naphtalène (ng/L) | 10.0 | <LQ | 26.8 | 459.4 | 667.1 |
méthyl-2.naphtalène (ng/L) | 10.0 | <LQ | 203.2 | <LQ | 2058.4 |
Acénaphtène (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 34.1 | 110.6 | 275.7 |
Fluorene (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 74.1 | 752.3 | 1055.0 |
Phénanthrène (ng/L) | 4.0 | 5.7 | 360.9 | 3026.8 | 2581.6 |
Anthracène (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 10.6 | 330.5 | 303.3 |
Fluoranthène (ng/L) | 2.0 | 10.8 | 57.7 | 1280.9 | 349.8 |
Pyrène (ng/L) | 2.0 | 7.2 | 45.1 | 1279.8 | 20.5 |
méthyl-2.fluoranthène (ng/L) | 4.0 | <LQ | 7.3 | 45.1 | 21.3 |
B(a)A (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 24.8 | 185.7 | 131.8 |
Chrysene (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 32.5 | 212.3 | 40.8 |
Retene (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 104.9 | 170.7 | 19.8 |
B(e)P (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 7.5 | 306.3 | 50.4 |
B(j)F (ng/L) | 20.0 | <LQ | <LQ | 106.3 | <LQ |
B(b)F (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 34.6 | 259.6 | 5.8 |
B(k)F (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 8.3 | 81.0 | 8.2 |
B(a)P (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 13.0 | 163.9 | 20.8 |
D(a.h)A (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | <LQ | 36.7 | 4.5 |
benzo(ghi)P (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 13.3 | 169.6 | 4.1 |
Indèno (ng/L) | 4.0 | <LQ | 35.2 | 162.1 | 11.8 |
Coronene (ng/L) | 2.0 | <LQ | 4.0 | 54.0 | <LQ |
Species | QL | Reference | Test 1 (Module A) | Test 2 (Module A) | Test 3 (Module B) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DMC (µg/mL) | 8.8 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
EMC (µg/mL) | 8.3 | n/a | 138 | 59 | n/a |
VC (µg/mL) | 9.4 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
DEC (µg/mL) | 8.1 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
FEC (µg/mL) | 10.2 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
EC (µg/mL) | 7.7 | n/a | 1082 | 461 | n/a |
PC (µg/mL) | 10 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Test 1 (Module A) | Test 2 (Module A) | Test 3 (Module B) | |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.2 | 5.9 | 11 |
pH Limit Values | Drinkable Water | Industrial Effluent Value for Discharge in Sewage Systems |
---|---|---|
EPA [27] (USA) | 6.5 to 9 | |
Canada [28,29] | 7 to 10.5 | 6–9 |
Switzerland [16,17] | 6.8 to 8.2 | 6.5 to 9 |
Substance | Test 1 (Module A) | Test 2 (Module A) | Test 3 (Module B) | PNEC Freshwater |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al (mg/L) | 8.7 | 5.9 | 6.2 | - |
Co (mg/L) | 0.05 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.00106 |
Cu (mg/L) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.0063 |
Fe (mg/L) | Test 1 (module A) | Test 2 (module A) | Test 3 (module B) | |
Li (mg/L) | pH | 5.2 | 5.9 | 11 |
Mn (mg/L) | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 0.034 |
Na (mg/L) | 1.8 | 3.3 | 2.2 | - |
Ni (mg/L) | 0.4 | 9.8 | 3.3 | - |
P (mg/L) | 23.5 | 22.6 | 0.5 | - |
Fluorides (mg/L) | 16.6 | 18.3 | 7.8 | 0.89 |
Chlorides (mg/L) | 3.9 | 7.3 | 16.9 | - |
EMC (mg/L) | 16.1 | 11.8 | n/a | 0.062 |
EC (mg/L) | 126.2 | 92.2 | n/a | 5.9 |
Naphthalene (mg/L) | 0.00015 | 0.00056 | 0.00026 | 0.0024 |
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Bordes, A.; Papin, A.; Marlair, G.; Claude, T.; El-Masri, A.; Durussel, T.; Bertrand, J.-P.; Truchot, B.; Lecocq, A. Assessment of Run-Off Waters Resulting from Lithium-Ion Battery Fire-Fighting Operations. Batteries 2024, 10, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040118
Bordes A, Papin A, Marlair G, Claude T, El-Masri A, Durussel T, Bertrand J-P, Truchot B, Lecocq A. Assessment of Run-Off Waters Resulting from Lithium-Ion Battery Fire-Fighting Operations. Batteries. 2024; 10(4):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040118
Chicago/Turabian StyleBordes, Arnaud, Arnaud Papin, Guy Marlair, Théo Claude, Ahmad El-Masri, Thierry Durussel, Jean-Pierre Bertrand, Benjamin Truchot, and Amandine Lecocq. 2024. "Assessment of Run-Off Waters Resulting from Lithium-Ion Battery Fire-Fighting Operations" Batteries 10, no. 4: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040118