Family History in the Iberian Peninsula during Chalcolithic and Bronze Age: An Interpretation through the Genetic Analysis of Plural Burials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material
- El Tomillar: two different plural burials were found. The first, burial 1, was a collective secondary burial. The second, burial 13, was a multiple primary burial. In this case, we analyzed the eight individuals buried in the multiple primary burial site (Robledo and Trancho 2001; Fabián-García 2001).
- Los Areneros: a multiple secondary burial was analyzed, revealing nine individuals who had first been buried or laid exposed elsewhere. This was identified as a secondary burial site due to the fact that the individuals found were missing a series of bones. The final burial was performed all together, and it is impossible to know whether they all came from the same primary grave or site (Delibes de Castro et al. 2007).
- Los Cercados: the three individuals buried in the same multiple simultaneous primary burial were analyzed (García Barrios 2007; Palomo-Díez et al. 2017).
- Aldeagordillo: a collective burial was found, composed of several successive burials in a cist (Fabián-García 1991).
- Cueva de la Revilla: like at Aldeagrodillo, a collective burial site used over a long period was found in La Revilla Cave (Abarquero et al. 2005; Abarquero Moras 2005).
- El Cerro de la Horra: an apparently triple burial was later identified as a simultaneous double burial, with two primary burials (the two smaller graves), and a short time later, a primary individual burial in a hole above the previous grave (Palomino Lázaro et al. 1999; Palomo-Díez et al. 2019).
- Los Rompizales: quadruple simultaneous burial and an individual burial (Antequem 2009; Velasco Vázquez and Arroyo 2016).
- Los Tolmos: triple simultaneous burial composed of two adult individuals and a perinatal individual (fetus or newborn). It was probably a double inhumation, where one of the adults was a pregnant woman (Esparza-Arroyo et al. 2017; Palomo-Díez et al. 2018).
- Tordillos: secondary burials of incomplete remains were found in several pits, which seem to come from only two related primary burial sites (Tejeda et al. 2012; Esparza Arroyo et al. 2012). Some remains may already have been buried in Cogotas I.
- La Requejada: triple (multiple) simultaneous burial (Delibes de Castro 1978; Esparza-Arroyo et al. 2012; Palomo Díez et al. 2011).
2.2. Methods
- -
- Fragment 1 of HVI on Sample 1 of individual X
- -
- Fragment 2 of HVI on sample 1 of individual X
- -
- Fragment 1 of HVI on Sample 2 of individual X
- -
- Fragment 2 of HVI on sample 2 of individual X
- -
- Fragment 1 of HVII on Sample 1 of individual X
- -
- Fragment 2 of HVII on sample 1 of individual X
- -
- Fragment 1 of HVII on Sample 2 of individual X
- -
- Fragment 2 of HVII on sample 2 of individual X
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chronological/Cultural Period | Archaeological Site | Localization | Kind of Burial | Number of Individuals |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Bell Beaker | El Tomillar | Bercial de Zapardiel, Ávila, Spain | Multiple primary | 8 |
Los Areneros | La Lastrilla, Segovia, Spain | Multiple secondary | 9 | |
Los Cercados | Mucientes, Valladolid, Spain | Multiple primary | 3 | |
Bell Beaker | Aldeagordillo | Aldeagordillo, Ávila, Spain | Collective | 4 |
Middle Bronze Age | Cueva de la Revilla | Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain | Collective | 8 |
Proto-Cogotas I | El Cerro de la Horra | La Horra, Burgos, Spain | Multiple | 3 |
Los Rompizales | Quintanadueñas, Burgos, Spain | Multiple primary | 5 | |
Los Tolmos | Caracena, Burgos, Spain | Multiple primary | 3 | |
Tordillos | Aldeaseca de la Frontera, Salamanca, Spain | Collective secondary | 12 | |
Cogotas I | La Requejada | San Román de Hornija, Valladolid, Spain | Multiple primary | 3 |
Total number of individuals | 58 |
Chronological/Cultural Period | Archaeological Site | # Inhumed Individuals | # Partial STR Profiles Obtained | # mtDNA Haplotype Obtained |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Bell Beaker | El Tomillar | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Los Areneros | 9 | 4 | 7 | |
Los Cercados | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Bell Beaker | Aldeagordillo | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Middle Bronze Age | Cueva de la Revilla | 8 | 1 | 8 |
Proto-Cogotas I | El Cerro de la Horra | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Los Rompizales | 5 | 3 | 5 | |
Los Tolmos | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Cogotas I | Tordillos | 12 | 3 | 9 |
La Requejada | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
Total number of individuals | 58 | 19 | 40 |
Chronological Period | Person 1 | Person 2 | Relationship | Number of Markers Employed | LR | mtDNA Shared |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Bell Beaker period | 1ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Parent–child | 1 | 142.986 | No |
6ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Parent–child | 1 | 142.986 | No | |
1ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Half-siblings | 1 | 71.9928 | No | |
6ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Half-siblings | 1 | 71.9928 | No | |
1ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Siblings | 1 | 71.7428 | No | |
6ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Siblings | 1 | 71.7428 | No | |
1ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Cousins | 1 | 36.4964 | No | |
6ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | Cousins | 1 | 36.4964 | No | |
1ARE ♂ | 6ARE ♂ | Cousins | 11 | 16.7206 | No | |
1ARE ♂ | 6ARE ♂ | Half-siblings | 11 | 13.5692 | No | |
1ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | 2nd Cousins | 1 | 9.87411 | No | |
6ARE ♂ | 8ARE ♀ | 2nd Cousins | 1 | 9.87411 | No | |
1CER ♀ | 3CER (♀) | Siblings | 1 | 4.66881 | No | |
1CER ♀ | 3CER (♀) | Parent–child | 1 | 3.32149 | No | |
1CER ♀ | 3CER (♀) | Half-siblings | 1 | 2.16074 | No | |
1CER ♀ | 3CER (♀) | Cousins | 1 | 1.58037 | No | |
1CER ♀ | 3CER (♀) | 2nd Cousins | 1 | 1.14509 | No | |
Middle Bronze Age period | 1REV ♂ | 2REV - | Half-siblings | 3 | 1.65641 | No |
1REV ♂ | 2REV - | Siblings | 3 | 1.63107 | No | |
1REV ♂ | 2REV - | Cousins | 3 | 1.51798 | No | |
1REV ♂ | 2REV - | 2nd Cousins | 3 | 1.15421 | No | |
Proto-Cogotas I culture period | 2RPZ ♀ | 5RPZ ♀ | Half-siblings | 2 | 2.22181 | No |
2RPZ ♀ | 5RPZ ♀ | Cousins | 2 | 2.04135 | No | |
2RPZ ♀ | 4RPZ ♂ | Cousins | 7 | 1.80764 | No | |
2RPZ ♀ | 4RPZ ♂ | Half-siblings | 7 | 1.52991 | No | |
2RPZ ♀ | 5RPZ ♀ | 2nd Cousins | 2 | 1.34105 | No | |
1RPZ ♂ | 4RPZ ♂ | Cousins | 6 | 1.04812 | No | |
LTB1 ♀ | LTB3 ♀ | Siblings | 10 | 1.47734 × 106 | Yes | |
LTB1 ♀ | LTB3 ♀ | Parent–child | 10 | 1.27541 × 106 | Yes | |
LTB1 ♀ | LTB3 ♀ | Half-siblings | 10 | 43677.3 | Yes | |
LTB1 ♀ | LTB3 ♀ | Cousins | 10 | 2399.52 | Yes | |
LTB1 ♀ | LTB3 ♀ | 2nd Cousins | 10 | 40.0288 | Yes | |
9TOR - | 12TOR ♂ | Parent–child | 1 | 143.129 | - | |
9TOR - | 12TOR ♂ | Half-siblings | 1 | 72.0643 | - | |
9TOR - | 12TOR ♂ | Siblings | 1 | 71.8143 | - | |
9TOR - | 12TOR ♂ | Cousins | 1 | 36.5321 | - | |
2TOR ♂ | 7TOR ♂ | Siblings | 2 | 34.8663 | Yes | |
1TOR ♂ | 2TOR ♂ | Siblings | 3 | 12.6649 | No | |
2TOR ♂ | 7TOR ♂ | Parent–child | 2 | 11.6005 | Yes | |
9TOR - | 12TOR ♂ | 2nd Cousins | 3 | 9.88303 | - | |
2TOR ♂ | 7TOR ♂ | Half-siblings | 2 | 6.67802 | Yes | |
1TOR ♂ | 10TOR - | Siblings | 3 | 4.81948 | No | |
2TOR ♂ | 7TOR ♂ | Cousins | 2 | 3.93346 | Yes | |
3TOR ♂ | 10TOR - | Parent–child | 1 | 3.89066 | - | |
6TOR ♂ | 7TOR ♂ | Parent–child | 2 | 3.66156 | No | |
1TOR ♂ | 2TOR ♂ | Half-siblings | 2 | 3.55878 | No | |
8TOR - | 10TOR - | Siblings | 1 | 3.3252 | No | |
1TOR ♂ | 7TOR ♂ | Siblings | 3 | 3.16624 | No | |
1TOR ♂ | 2TOR ♂ | Cousins | 2 | 3.04409 | No | |
Cogotas I culure period | 1LR (♀) | 3LR ♀ | Parent–child | 2 | 14.0675 | - |
1LR (♀) | 3LR ♀ | Siblings | 2 | 11.4268 | - | |
1LR (♀) | 3LR ♀ | Half siblings | 6.18456 | - |
Chronological/Cultural Period | Archaeological Site (Individuals Number) | Kind of Burial | Close Kinship | Maternal Kinship |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Bell Beaker | El Tomillar (0) | Multiple primary | No results | No results |
Los Areneros (7) | Multiple secondary | No | Yes | |
Los Cercados (3) | Multiple primary | No | No | |
Bell Beaker | Aldeagordillo (0) | Collective | No results | No results |
Middle Bronze Age | Cueva de la Revilla (8) | Collective | No results | No |
Proto-Cogotas I | El Cerro de la Horra (3) | Multiple primary | No results | Yes |
Los Rompizales (5) | Multiple primary | No | Yes | |
Los Tolmos (3) | Multiple primary | Yes | Yes | |
Tordillos (9) | Some multiple secondaries pits | Yes | Yes | |
Cogotas I | La Requejada (3) | Multiple primary | No results | No |
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Palomo-Díez, S.; Esparza-Arroyo, Á.; Gomes, C.; Rickards, O.; Labajo-González, E.; Perea-Pérez, B.; Martínez-Labarga, C.; Arroyo-Pardo, E. Family History in the Iberian Peninsula during Chalcolithic and Bronze Age: An Interpretation through the Genetic Analysis of Plural Burials. Genealogy 2024, 8, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8010025
Palomo-Díez S, Esparza-Arroyo Á, Gomes C, Rickards O, Labajo-González E, Perea-Pérez B, Martínez-Labarga C, Arroyo-Pardo E. Family History in the Iberian Peninsula during Chalcolithic and Bronze Age: An Interpretation through the Genetic Analysis of Plural Burials. Genealogy. 2024; 8(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8010025
Chicago/Turabian StylePalomo-Díez, Sara, Ángel Esparza-Arroyo, Cláudia Gomes, Olga Rickards, Elena Labajo-González, Bernardo Perea-Pérez, Cristina Martínez-Labarga, and Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo. 2024. "Family History in the Iberian Peninsula during Chalcolithic and Bronze Age: An Interpretation through the Genetic Analysis of Plural Burials" Genealogy 8, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8010025