The Lift Effects of Chordwise Wing Deformation and Body Angle on Low-Speed Flying Butterflies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Flow Visualization
2.3. Simulation Scheme and Wing Model
2.4. Kinematics and Deformation of the Wing Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biological Observation
3.2. Experimental Results of Particle-Image Velocimetry on a Low-Speed Butterfly
3.3. Simulation Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Simulation | Experiment (Average ± SEM) | |
---|---|---|
Total mass (g) | 0.35 | 0.36 ± 0.04 |
Flapping frequency (Hz) | 11.00 | 10.77 ± 0.38 |
Wingspan (mm) | 48.00 | 47.50 ± 0.63 |
Mean wing chord (mm) | 20.11 | 19.79 ± 0.14 |
Aspect ratio | 2.4 | 2.40 ± 0.03 |
Wing Flexibility | Mean Lift (mN) | Mean Thrust (mN) | Total Force (mN) | Power (mW) | L/P (N/W) | T/P (N/W) | F/P (N/W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K = 0 | 1.48 | 0.449 | 5.73 | 7.44 | 0.198 | 0.060 | 0.770 |
(−6.9%) | (−45.6%) | (4.2%) | (6.6%) | (−13.2%) | (−49.2%) | (−2.3%) | |
K = 1 | 1.59 | 0.825 | 5.50 | 6.98 | 0.228 | 0.118 | 0.788 |
K = 2 | 1.67 | 0.892 | 5.22 | 6.30 | 0.265 | 0.141 | 0.829 |
(5.0%) | (8.1%) | (−5.1%) | (−9.7%) | (16.2%) | (19.5%) | (5.2%) | |
K = 3 | 1.81 | 0.839 | 4.92 | 5.90 | 0.307 | 0.142 | 0.834 |
(13.8%) | (1.7%) | (−10.5%) | (−15.5%) | (34.6%) | (20.3%) | (5.8%) |
Body Angle | Mean Lift (mN) | Mean Thrust (mN) | Total Force (mN) | Power (mW) | L/P (N/W) | T/P (N/W) | F/P (N/W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
39.41° | 1.30 | 1.19 | 5.56 | 6.92 | 0.188 | 0.172 | 0.305 |
(−18.2%) | (44.2%) | (1.1%) | (−0.9%) | (−17.5%) | (45.8%) | (0.3%) | |
55.01° | 1.59 | 0.825 | 5.50 | 6.98 | 0.228 | 0.118 | 0.304 |
75.41° | 1.77 | 0.224 | 5.59 | 6.94 | 0.255 | 0.032 | 0.307 |
(11.3%) | (−72.9%) | (1.6%) | (−0.6%) | (11.8%) | (−72.9%) | (1.0%) |
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Fang, Y.-H.; Tang, C.-H.; Lin, Y.-J.; Yeh, S.-I.; Yang, J.-T. The Lift Effects of Chordwise Wing Deformation and Body Angle on Low-Speed Flying Butterflies. Biomimetics 2023, 8, 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8030287
Fang Y-H, Tang C-H, Lin Y-J, Yeh S-I, Yang J-T. The Lift Effects of Chordwise Wing Deformation and Body Angle on Low-Speed Flying Butterflies. Biomimetics. 2023; 8(3):287. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8030287
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Yan-Hung, Chia-Hung Tang, You-Jun Lin, Szu-I Yeh, and Jing-Tang Yang. 2023. "The Lift Effects of Chordwise Wing Deformation and Body Angle on Low-Speed Flying Butterflies" Biomimetics 8, no. 3: 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8030287