Journal Description
Biomimetics
Biomimetics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on biomimicry and bionics, published monthly online by MDPI. The International Society of Bionic Engineering (ISBE) is affiliated with Biomimetics.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Engineering, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q2 (Biomedical Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.1 (2022)
Latest Articles
A Novel Artificial Electric Field Algorithm for Solving Global Optimization and Real-World Engineering Problems
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030186 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
The Artificial Electric Field Algorithm (AEFA) stands out as a physics-inspired metaheuristic, drawing inspiration from Coulomb’s law and electrostatic force; however, while AEFA has demonstrated efficacy, it can face challenges such as convergence issues and suboptimal solutions, especially in high-dimensional problems. To overcome
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The Artificial Electric Field Algorithm (AEFA) stands out as a physics-inspired metaheuristic, drawing inspiration from Coulomb’s law and electrostatic force; however, while AEFA has demonstrated efficacy, it can face challenges such as convergence issues and suboptimal solutions, especially in high-dimensional problems. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a modified version of AEFA, named mAEFA, which leverages the capabilities of Lévy flights, simulated annealing, and the Adaptive s-best Mutation and Natural Survivor Method (NSM) mechanisms. While Lévy flights enhance exploration potential and simulated annealing improves search exploitation, the Adaptive s-best Mutation and Natural Survivor Method (NSM) mechanisms are employed to add more diversity. The integration of these mechanisms in AEFA aims to expand its search space, enhance exploration potential, avoid local optima, and achieve improved performance, robustness, and a more equitable equilibrium between local intensification and global diversification. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of mAEFA is carried out, employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures, on a diverse range of 29 intricate CEC’17 constraint benchmarks that exhibit different characteristics. The practical compatibility of the proposed mAEFA is evaluated on five engineering benchmark problems derived from the civil, mechanical, and industrial engineering domains. Results from the mAEFA algorithm are compared with those from seven recently introduced metaheuristic algorithms using widely adopted statistical metrics. The mAEFA algorithm outperforms the LCA algorithm in all 29 CEC’17 test functions with 100% superiority and shows better results than SAO, GOA, CHIO, PSO, GSA, and AEFA in 96.6%, 96.6%, 93.1%, 86.2%, 82.8%, and 58.6% of test cases, respectively. In three out of five engineering design problems, mAEFA outperforms all the compared algorithms, securing second place in the remaining two problems. Results across all optimization problems highlight the effectiveness and robustness of mAEFA compared to baseline metaheuristics. The suggested enhancements in AEFA have proven effective, establishing competitiveness in diverse optimization problems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Computer Algorithms: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Extension of the Voronoi Diagram Algorithm to Orthotropic Space for Material Structural Design
by
Pavel Bolshakov, Nikita Kharin, Alexander Agathonov, Evgeniy Kalinin and Oskar Sachenkov
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030185 - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
Nowadays, the interaction of additive technologies and methods for designing or optimizing porous structures has yielded good results. Construction with complex microarchitectures can be created using this approach. Varying the microarchitecture leads to changes in weight and mechanical properties. However, there are problems
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Nowadays, the interaction of additive technologies and methods for designing or optimizing porous structures has yielded good results. Construction with complex microarchitectures can be created using this approach. Varying the microarchitecture leads to changes in weight and mechanical properties. However, there are problems with geometry reconstruction when dealing with complex microarchitecture. One approach is to use Voronoi cells for geometry reconstruction. In this article, an extension of the Voronoi diagram algorithm to orthotropic space for material structural design is presented. The inputs for the method include porosity, ellipticity, and ellipticity direction fields. As an example, a beam with fixed end faces and center kinematic loading was used. To estimate robust results for different numbers of clusters, 50, 75, and 100 clusters are presented. The porosity for smoothed structures ranged from 21.5% up to 22.8%. The stress–strain state was determined for the resulting structures. The stiffness for the initial and smoothed structures was the same. However, in the case of 75 and 100 clusters, local stress factors appeared in the smoothed structure. The maximum von Mises stress decreased by 20% for all smoothed structures in the area of kinematic loading and increased by 20% for all smoothed structures in the area of end faces.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Bioinspired Smart Adaptive Structures)
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Analysis of Structure and Function of Ladybird Leg and Subsequent Design and Fabrication of a Simplified Leg Structure for Robotic Applications
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Christopher Mercer and Naoe Hosoda
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030184 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
Many insects are able to walk vertically or upside down on both hard and soft surfaces. In beetles such as the ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata), intermolecular forces between tarsal setae on the footpads of the insects make this movement possible. In prior
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Many insects are able to walk vertically or upside down on both hard and soft surfaces. In beetles such as the ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata), intermolecular forces between tarsal setae on the footpads of the insects make this movement possible. In prior work, adhesion structures made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that mimic the action of the tarsal setae have been developed. It is proposed that these adhesion structures could be attached to a simplified version of the leg of a ladybird and used in practical applications. For example, the leg structures could potentially be employed in small surveillance drones to enable attachment to surfaces during flights, in order to preserve battery power. Alternatively, the structures could be used in small robotic devices to enable walking on steeply inclined surfaces. In this program of work, the morphology and movement of the leg of a ladybird were closely studied using a 3D X-ray microscope and a high-speed microscope. The positions of the tendons that facilitated movement were identified. From this knowledge, a simplified leg structure using pin-joints was designed and then fabricated using 3-D printing. The PDMS adhesion structures were then attached to the leg structure. The tendons in the actual insect leg were replicated using thread. Typical detachment forces of about 4 N indicated that the simplified leg structure was, in principle, more than capable of supporting the weight of a small device and then detach successfully. Attachment/detachment movement operations were performed using a linear actuator and controlled remotely. Therefore, proof of concept has been demonstrated for the use of such a simplified ladybird leg structure for the attachment/detachment of small robotic devices to horizontal, inclined, or vertical surfaces.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Bioinspired Smart Adaptive Structures)
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The Functions of Phasic Wing-Tip Folding on Flapping-Wing Aerodynamics
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Yiming Li, Keyu Li, Fang Fu, Yao Li and Bing Li
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030183 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
Insects produce a variety of highly acrobatic maneuvers in flight owing to their ability to achieve various wing-stroke trajectories. Among them, beetles can quickly change their flight velocities and make agile turns. In this work, we report a newly discovered phasic wing-tip-folding phenomenon
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Insects produce a variety of highly acrobatic maneuvers in flight owing to their ability to achieve various wing-stroke trajectories. Among them, beetles can quickly change their flight velocities and make agile turns. In this work, we report a newly discovered phasic wing-tip-folding phenomenon and its aerodynamic basis in beetles. The wings’ flapping trajectories and aerodynamic forces of the tethered flying beetles were recorded simultaneously via motion capture cameras and a force sensor, respectively. The results verified that phasic active spanwise-folding and deployment (PASFD) can exist during flapping flight. The folding of the wing-tips of beetles significantly decreased aerodynamic forces without any changes in flapping frequency. Specifically, compared with no-folding-and-deployment wings, the lift and forward thrust generated by bilateral-folding-and-deployment wings reduced by 52.2% and 63.0%, respectively. Moreover, unilateral-folding-and-deployment flapping flight was found, which produced a lateral force (8.65 mN). Therefore, a micro-flapping-wing mechanism with PASFD was then designed, fabricated, and tested in a motion capture and force measurement system to validate its phasic folding functions and aerodynamic performance under different operating frequencies. The results successfully demonstrated a significant decrease in flight forces. This work provides valuable insights for the development of flapping-wing micro-air-vehicles with high maneuverability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Fabrication and Control of Bioinspired Soft Robots)
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Effect of Immediate Dentin Sealing on the Bonding Performance of Indirect Restorations: A Systematic Review
by
Fusun Ozer, Zeynep Batu Eken, Jessica Hao, Nuray Tuloglu and Markus B. Blatz
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030182 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
The popular immediate dentin sealing (IDS) technique is used to improve the bond strength of indirect restorations. This systematic review assessed whether bond strength is affected by the type of aging conditions, bonding agents, flowable resin composites, impression materials, temporary materials, and/or resin
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The popular immediate dentin sealing (IDS) technique is used to improve the bond strength of indirect restorations. This systematic review assessed whether bond strength is affected by the type of aging conditions, bonding agents, flowable resin composites, impression materials, temporary materials, and/or resin cement used within the IDS procedure. A comprehensive database search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Ovid Medline, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, and ProQuest was carried out up to 30 January 2024 without publication year or language limitations. Only in vitro full-texts regarding the effect of IDS on bond strength were included, and the quality of their methods was assessed via a Risk of Bias (RoB) test. In total, 1023 pertinent studies were initially found, and 60 articles were selected for review after screening for the title, abstract, and full texts. IDS application improves the bond strength of indirect restorations to dentin and reduces the negative effects of temporary materials on the bond durability of final indirect restorations. Filled dentin bonding agents or combinations with flowable resin composite are preferred to protect the IDS layer from conditioning procedures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomimetic Materials and Devices for Biomedical Applications: 2nd Edition)
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Aerodynamic/Hydrodynamic Investigation of Water Cross-Over for a Bionic Unmanned Aquatic–Aerial Amphibious Vehicle
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Wenbiao Gan, Zhenjie Zuo, Junjie Zhuang, Dawei Bie and Jinwu Xiang
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030181 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
An aerodynamic/hydrodynamic investigation of water cross-over is performed for a bionic unmanned aquatic–aerial amphibious vehicle (bionic UAAV). According to flying fish features and UAAV flight requirements of water cross-over, the bionic conceptual design of crossing over water is described and planned in multiple
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An aerodynamic/hydrodynamic investigation of water cross-over is performed for a bionic unmanned aquatic–aerial amphibious vehicle (bionic UAAV). According to flying fish features and UAAV flight requirements of water cross-over, the bionic conceptual design of crossing over water is described and planned in multiple stages and modes of motion. A solution procedure for the numerical simulation method, based on a modified SST turbulence model and the VOF model, is expressed, and a verification study is presented using a typical case. Longitudinal–lateral numerical simulation analysis investigates the cruise performance underwater and in the air. The numerical simulation and principal experiment verification are conducted for crossing over water and water surface acceleration. The results indicate that the bionic UAAV has an excellent aerodynamic/hydrodynamic performance and variant configuration to adapt to water cross-over. The bionic UAAV has good water and air navigation stability, and the cruise flying lift–drag ratio is greater than 15 at a low Reynolds number. Its pitching moment has the phenomenon of a “water mound” forming and breaking at the water cross-over process. The present method and the bionic variant configuration provide a feasible water cross-over design and analysis strategy for bionic UAAVs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Design and Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs))
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Snake Robot with Motion Based on Shape Memory Alloy Spring-Shaped Actuators
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Ricardo Cortez, Marco Antonio Sandoval-Chileño, Norma Lozada-Castillo and Alberto Luviano-Juárez
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030180 - 16 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study presents the design and evaluation of a prototype snake-like robot that possesses an actuation system based on shape memory alloys (SMAs). The device is constructed based on a modular structure of links connected by two degrees of freedom links utilizing Cardan
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This study presents the design and evaluation of a prototype snake-like robot that possesses an actuation system based on shape memory alloys (SMAs). The device is constructed based on a modular structure of links connected by two degrees of freedom links utilizing Cardan joints, where each degree of freedom is actuated by an agonist–antagonist mechanism using the SMA spring-shaped actuators to generate motion, which can be easily replaced once they reach a degradation point. The methodology for programming the spring shape into the SMA material is described in this work, as well as the instrumentation required for the monitoring and control of the actuators. A simplified design is presented to describe the way in which the motion is performed and the technical difficulties faced in manufacturing. Based on this information, the way in which the design is adapted to generate a feasible robotic system is described, and a mathematical model for the robot is developed to implement an independent joint controller. The feasibility of the implementation of the SMA actuators regarding the motion of the links is verified for the case of a joint, and the change in the shape of the snake robot is verified through the implementation of a set of tracking references based on a central pattern generator. The generated tracking results confirm the feasibility of the proposed mechanism in terms of performing snake gaits, as well as highlighting some of the drawbacks that should be considered in further studies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Robotics and Biomimetics)
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Metaheuristic-Based Feature Selection Methods for Diagnosing Sarcopenia with Machine Learning Algorithms
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Jaehyeong Lee, Yourim Yoon, Jiyoun Kim and Yong-Hyuk Kim
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030179 - 15 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study explores the efficacy of metaheuristic-based feature selection in improving machine learning performance for diagnosing sarcopenia. Extraction and utilization of features significantly impacting diagnosis efficacy emerge as a critical facet when applying machine learning for sarcopenia diagnosis. Using data from the 8th
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This study explores the efficacy of metaheuristic-based feature selection in improving machine learning performance for diagnosing sarcopenia. Extraction and utilization of features significantly impacting diagnosis efficacy emerge as a critical facet when applying machine learning for sarcopenia diagnosis. Using data from the 8th Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (KLoSA), this study examines harmony search (HS) and the genetic algorithm (GA) for feature selection. Evaluation of the resulting feature set involves a decision tree, a random forest, a support vector machine, and naïve bayes algorithms. As a result, the HS-derived feature set trained with a support vector machine yielded an accuracy of 0.785 and a weighted F1 score of 0.782, which outperformed traditional methods. These findings underscore the competitive edge of metaheuristic-based selection, demonstrating its potential in advancing sarcopenia diagnosis. This study advocates for further exploration of metaheuristic-based feature selection’s pivotal role in future sarcopenia research.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Computer Algorithms: 2nd Edition)
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Mandibular Overdenture Supported by Two or Four Unsplinted or Two Splinted Ti-Zr Mini-Implants: In Vitro Study of Peri-Implant and Edentulous Area Strains
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Dario Puljic, Nikola Petricevic, Asja Celebic, Ines Kovacic, Manuela Milos, Dalibor Pavic and Ognjen Milat
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030178 - 15 Mar 2024
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Clinical indications for the newly released Ti-Zr (Roxolid®) alloy mini-implants (MDIs) aimed for overdenture (OD) retention in subjects with narrow alveolar ridges are not fully defined. The aim of this study was to analyze peri-implant and posterior edentulous area microstrains utilizing
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Clinical indications for the newly released Ti-Zr (Roxolid®) alloy mini-implants (MDIs) aimed for overdenture (OD) retention in subjects with narrow alveolar ridges are not fully defined. The aim of this study was to analyze peri-implant and posterior edentulous area microstrains utilizing models of the mandible mimicking a “real” mouth situation with two (splinted with a bar or as single units) or four unsplinted Ti-Zr MDIs. The models were virtually designed from a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan of a convenient patient and printed. The artificial mucosa was two millimeters thick. After MDI insertion, the strain gauges were bonded on the oral and vestibular peri-implant sites, and on distal edentulous areas under a denture. After attaching the ODs to MDIs, the ODs were loaded using a metal plate positioned on the first artificial molars (posterior loadings) bilaterally and unilaterally with 50, 100, and 150 N forces, respectively. During anterior loadings, the plate was positioned on the denture’s incisors and loaded with 50 and 100 N forces. Each loading was repeated 15 times. The means with standard deviations, and the significance of the differences (two- and three-factor MANOVA) were calculated. Variations in the MDI number, location, and splinting status elicited different microstrains. Higher loading forces elicited higher microstrains. Unilateral loadings elicited higher microstrains than bilateral and anterior loadings, especially on the loading side. Peri-implant microstrains were lower in the four-MDI single-unit model than in both two-MDI models (unsplinted and splinted). Posterior implants showed higher peri-implant microstrains than anterior in the four-MDI model. The splinting of the two-MDI did not have a significant effect on peri-implant microstrains but elicited lower microstrains in the posterior edentulous area. The strains did not exceed the bone reparatory mechanisms, although precaution and additional study should be addressed when two Ti-Zr MDIs support mandibular ODs.
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How to Easily Make Self-Sensing Pneumatic Inverse Artificial Muscles
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Valentina Potnik, Gabriele Frediani and Federico Carpi
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030177 - 15 Mar 2024
Abstract
Wearable mechatronics for powered orthoses, exoskeletons and prostheses require improved soft actuation systems acting as ‘artificial muscles’ that are capable of large strains, high stresses, fast response and self-sensing and that show electrically safe operation, low specific weight and large compliance. Among the
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Wearable mechatronics for powered orthoses, exoskeletons and prostheses require improved soft actuation systems acting as ‘artificial muscles’ that are capable of large strains, high stresses, fast response and self-sensing and that show electrically safe operation, low specific weight and large compliance. Among the diversity of soft actuation technologies under investigation, pneumatic devices have been the focus, during the last couple of decades, of renewed interest as an intrinsically soft artificial muscle technology, due to technological advances stimulated by applications in soft robotics. As of today, quite a few solutions are available to endow a pneumatic soft device with linear actuation and self-sensing ability, while also easily achieving these features with off-the-shelf materials and low-cost fabrication processes. Here, we describe a simple process to make self-sensing pneumatic actuators, which may be used as ‘inverse artificial muscles’, as, upon pressurisation, they elongate instead of contracting. They are made of an elastomeric tube surrounded by a plastic coil, which constrains radial expansions. As a novelty relative to the state of the art, the self-sensing ability was obtained with a piezoresistive stretch sensor shaped as a conductive elastomeric body along the tube’s central axis. Moreover, we detail, also by means of video clips, a step-by-step manufacturing process, which uses off-the-shelf materials and simple procedures, so as to facilitate reproducibility.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired and Biomimetic Intelligence in Robotics)
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Open AccessArticle
Bio-Inspired Neural Network for Real-Time Evasion of Multi-Robot Systems in Dynamic Environments
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Junfei Li and Simon X. Yang
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030176 - 15 Mar 2024
Abstract
In complex and dynamic environments, traditional pursuit–evasion studies may face challenges in offering effective solutions to sudden environmental changes. In this paper, a bio-inspired neural network (BINN) is proposed that approximates a pursuit–evasion game from a neurodynamic perspective instead of formulating the problem
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In complex and dynamic environments, traditional pursuit–evasion studies may face challenges in offering effective solutions to sudden environmental changes. In this paper, a bio-inspired neural network (BINN) is proposed that approximates a pursuit–evasion game from a neurodynamic perspective instead of formulating the problem as a differential game. The BINN is topologically organized to represent the environment with only local connections. The dynamics of neural activity, characterized by the neurodynamic shunting model, enable the generation of real-time evasive trajectories with moving or sudden-change obstacles. Several simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed approach is effective and efficient in complex and dynamic environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired and Biomimetic Intelligence in Robotics)
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A Two-Layer Self-Organizing Map with Vector Symbolic Architecture for Spatiotemporal Sequence Learning and Prediction
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Thimal Kempitiya, Damminda Alahakoon, Evgeny Osipov, Sachin Kahawala and Daswin De Silva
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030175 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
We propose a new nature- and neuro-science-inspired algorithm for spatiotemporal learning and prediction based on sequential recall and vector symbolic architecture. A key novelty is the learning of spatial and temporal patterns as decoupled concepts where the temporal pattern sequences are constructed using
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We propose a new nature- and neuro-science-inspired algorithm for spatiotemporal learning and prediction based on sequential recall and vector symbolic architecture. A key novelty is the learning of spatial and temporal patterns as decoupled concepts where the temporal pattern sequences are constructed using the learned spatial patterns as an alphabet of elements. The decoupling, motivated by cognitive neuroscience research, provides the flexibility for fast and adaptive learning with dynamic changes to data and concept drift and as such is better suited for real-time learning and prediction. The algorithm further addresses several key computational requirements for predicting the next occurrences based on real-life spatiotemporal data, which have been found to be challenging with current state-of-the-art algorithms. Firstly, spatial and temporal patterns are detected using unsupervised learning from unlabeled data streams in changing environments; secondly, vector symbolic architecture (VSA) is used to manage variable-length sequences; and thirdly, hyper dimensional (HD) computing-based associative memory is used to facilitate the continuous prediction of the next occurrences in sequential patterns. The algorithm has been empirically evaluated using two benchmark and three time-series datasets to demonstrate its advantages compared to the state-of-the-art in spatiotemporal unsupervised sequence learning where the proposed ST-SOM algorithm is able to achieve 45% error reduction compared to HTM algorithm.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Computer Algorithms: 2nd Edition)
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Size Control of Biomimetic Curved-Edge Vaterite with Chiral Toroid Morphology via Sonochemical Synthesis
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Ki Ha Min, Dong Hyun Kim and Seung Pil Pack
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030174 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
The metastable vaterite polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) holds significant practical importance, particularly in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and various personal care products. Controlling the size and morphology of vaterite particles is crucial for biomedical applications. This study explored the synergistic
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The metastable vaterite polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) holds significant practical importance, particularly in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and various personal care products. Controlling the size and morphology of vaterite particles is crucial for biomedical applications. This study explored the synergistic effect of ultrasonic (US) irradiation and acidic amino acids on CaCO3 synthesis, specifically the size, dispersity, and crystallographic phase of curved-edge vaterite with chiral toroids (chiral-curved vaterite). We employed 40 kHz US irradiation and introduced L- or D-aspartic acid as an additive for the formation of spheroidal chiral-curved vaterite in an aqueous solution of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 at 20 ± 1 °C. Chiral-curved vaterites precipitated through mechanical stirring (without US irradiation) exhibited a particle size of approximately 15 μm, whereas those formed under US irradiation were approximately 6 μm in size and retained their chiral topoid morphology. When a fluorescent dye was used for the analysis of loading efficiency, the size-reduced vaterites with chiral morphology, produced through US irradiation, exhibited a larger loading efficiency than the vaterites produced without US irradiation. These results hold significant value for the preparation of biomimetic chiral-curved CaCO3, specifically size-reduced vaterites, as versatile biomaterials for material filling, drug delivery, and bone regeneration.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Engineering for Boosting Multidisciplinary Integration 2023)
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Development of Quasi-Passive Back-Support Exoskeleton with Compact Variable Gravity Compensation Module and Bio-Inspired Hip Joint Mechanism
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Gijoon Song, Junyoung Moon, Jehyeok Kim and Giuk Lee
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030173 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
The back support exoskeletons have garnered significant attention to alleviate musculoskeletal injuries, prevalent in industrial settings. In this paper, we propose AeBS, a quasi-passive back-support exoskeleton developed to provide variable assistive torque across the entire range of hip joint motion, for tasks with
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The back support exoskeletons have garnered significant attention to alleviate musculoskeletal injuries, prevalent in industrial settings. In this paper, we propose AeBS, a quasi-passive back-support exoskeleton developed to provide variable assistive torque across the entire range of hip joint motion, for tasks with frequent load changes. AeBS can adjust the assistive torque levels while minimizing energy for the torque variation without constraining the range of motion of the hip joint. To match the requisite assistance levels for back support, a compact variable gravity compensation module with reinforced elastic elements is applied to AeBS. Additionally, we devised a bio-inspired hip joint mechanism that mimics the configuration of the human hip axis to ensure the free body motion of the wearer, significantly affecting assistive torque transmission and wearing comfort. Benchtop testing showed that AeBS has a variable assistive torque range of 5.81 Nm (ranging from 1.23 to 7.04 Nm) across a targeted hip flexion range of 135°. Furthermore, a questionnaire survey revealed that the bio-inspired hip joint mechanism effectively facilitates the transmission of the intended assistive torque while enhancing wearer comfort.
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(This article belongs to the Section Locomotion and Bioinspired Robotics)
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Design Optimization of a Soft Robotic Rehabilitation Glove Based on Finger Workspace Analysis
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Yechan Lee and Hyung-Soon Park
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030172 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
The finger workspace is crucial for performing various grasping tasks. Thus, various soft rehabilitation gloves have been developed to assist individuals with paralyzed hands in activities of daily living (ADLs) or rehabilitation training. However, most soft robotic glove designs are insufficient to assist
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The finger workspace is crucial for performing various grasping tasks. Thus, various soft rehabilitation gloves have been developed to assist individuals with paralyzed hands in activities of daily living (ADLs) or rehabilitation training. However, most soft robotic glove designs are insufficient to assist with various hand postures because most of them use an underactuated mechanism for design simplicity. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology for optimizing the design of a high-degree-of-freedom soft robotic glove while not increasing the design complexity. We defined the required functional workspace of the index finger based on ten frequently used grasping postures in ADLs. The design optimization was achieved by simulating the proposed finger–robot model to obtain a comparable workspace to the functional workspace. In particular, the moment arm length for extension was optimized to facilitate the grasping of large objects (precision disk and power sphere), whereas a torque-amplifying routing design was implemented to aid the grasping of small objects (lateral pinch and thumb–two-finger pinch). The effectiveness of the optimized design was validated through testing with a stroke survivor and comparing the assistive workspace. The observed workspace demonstrated that the optimized glove design could assist with nine out of the ten targeted grasping posture functional workspaces. Furthermore, the assessment of the grasping speed and force highlighted the glove’s usability for various rehabilitation activities. We also present and discuss a generalized methodology to optimize the design parameters of a soft robotic glove that uses an underactuated mechanism to assist the targeted workspace. Overall, the proposed design optimization methodology serves as a tool for developing advanced hand rehabilitation robots, as it offers insight regarding the importance of routing optimization in terms of the workspace.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Optimization-Based Soft Robot Design)
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A Fish-like Binocular Vision System for Underwater Perception of Robotic Fish
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Ru Tong, Zhengxing Wu, Jinge Wang, Yupei Huang, Di Chen and Junzhi Yu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030171 - 12 Mar 2024
Abstract
Biological fish exhibit a remarkably broad-spectrum visual perception capability. Inspired by the eye arrangement of biological fish, we design a fish-like binocular vision system, thereby endowing underwater bionic robots with an exceptionally broad visual perception capacity. Firstly, based on the design principles of
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Biological fish exhibit a remarkably broad-spectrum visual perception capability. Inspired by the eye arrangement of biological fish, we design a fish-like binocular vision system, thereby endowing underwater bionic robots with an exceptionally broad visual perception capacity. Firstly, based on the design principles of binocular visual field overlap and tangency to streamlined shapes, a fish-like vision system is developed for underwater robots, enabling wide-field underwater perception without a waterproof cover. Secondly, addressing the significant distortion and parallax of the vision system, a visual field stitching algorithm is proposed to merge the binocular fields of view and obtain a complete perception image. Thirdly, an orientation alignment method is proposed that draws scales for yaw and pitch angles in the stitched images to provide a reference for the orientation of objects of interest within the field of view. Finally, underwater experiments evaluate the perception capabilities of the fish-like vision system, confirming the effectiveness of the visual field stitching algorithm and the orientation alignment method. The results show that the constructed vision system, when used underwater, achieves a horizontal field of view of 306.56°. The conducted work advances the visual perception capabilities of underwater robots and presents a novel approach to and insight for fish-inspired visual systems.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Biomimetic Underwater Devices)
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Open AccessReview
Current Research Status of Respiratory Motion for Thorax and Abdominal Treatment: A Systematic Review
by
Yuwen Wu, Zhisen Wang, Yuyi Chu, Renyuan Peng, Haoran Peng, Hongbo Yang, Kai Guo and Juzhong Zhang
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030170 - 12 Mar 2024
Abstract
Malignant tumors have become one of the serious public health problems in human safety and health, among which the chest and abdomen diseases account for the largest proportion. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively improve the survival rate of patients. However, respiratory motion
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Malignant tumors have become one of the serious public health problems in human safety and health, among which the chest and abdomen diseases account for the largest proportion. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively improve the survival rate of patients. However, respiratory motion in the chest and abdomen can lead to uncertainty in the shape, volume, and location of the tumor, making treatment of the chest and abdomen difficult. Therefore, compensation for respiratory motion is very important in clinical treatment. The purpose of this review was to discuss the research and development of respiratory movement monitoring and prediction in thoracic and abdominal surgery, as well as introduce the current research status. The integration of modern respiratory motion compensation technology with advanced sensor detection technology, medical-image-guided therapy, and artificial intelligence technology is discussed and analyzed. The future research direction of intraoperative thoracic and abdominal respiratory motion compensation should be non-invasive, non-contact, use a low dose, and involve intelligent development. The complexity of the surgical environment, the constraints on the accuracy of existing image guidance devices, and the latency of data transmission are all present technical challenges.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimicry for Optimization, Control, and Automation: 2nd Edition)
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Review of Spider Silk Applications in Biomedical and Tissue Engineering
by
Marija Branković, Fatima Zivic, Nenad Grujovic, Ivan Stojadinovic, Strahinja Milenkovic and Nikola Kotorcevic
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030169 - 11 Mar 2024
Abstract
This review will present the latest research related to the production and application of spider silk and silk-based materials in reconstructive and regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, with a focus on musculoskeletal tissues, and including skin regeneration and tissue repair of bone and
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This review will present the latest research related to the production and application of spider silk and silk-based materials in reconstructive and regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, with a focus on musculoskeletal tissues, and including skin regeneration and tissue repair of bone and cartilage, ligaments, muscle tissue, peripheral nerves, and artificial blood vessels. Natural spider silk synthesis is reviewed, and the further recombinant production of spider silk proteins. Research insights into possible spider silk structures, like fibers (1D), coatings (2D), and 3D constructs, including porous structures, hydrogels, and organ-on-chip designs, have been reviewed considering a design of bioactive materials for smart medical implants and drug delivery systems. Silk is one of the toughest natural materials, with high strain at failure and mechanical strength. Novel biomaterials with silk fibroin can mimic the tissue structure and promote regeneration and new tissue growth. Silk proteins are important in designing tissue-on-chip or organ-on-chip technologies and micro devices for the precise engineering of artificial tissues and organs, disease modeling, and the further selection of adequate medical treatments. Recent research indicates that silk (films, hydrogels, capsules, or liposomes coated with silk proteins) has the potential to provide controlled drug release at the target destination. However, even with clear advantages, there are still challenges that need further research, including clinical trials.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Surgery)
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Simulation Analysis of Frog-Inspired Take-Off Performance Based on Different Structural Models
by
Shuqi Wang, Jizhuang Fan and Yubin Liu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030168 - 11 Mar 2024
Abstract
The frog-inspired jumping robot is an interesting topic in the field of biomechanics and bionics. However, due to the frog’s explosive movement and large range of joint motion, it is very difficult to make their structure completely bionic. To obtain the optimal jumping
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The frog-inspired jumping robot is an interesting topic in the field of biomechanics and bionics. However, due to the frog’s explosive movement and large range of joint motion, it is very difficult to make their structure completely bionic. To obtain the optimal jumping motion model, the musculoskeletal structure, jumping movement mechanism, and characteristics of frogs are first systematically analyzed, and the corresponding structural and kinematic parameters are obtained. Based on biological characteristics, a model of the articular bone structure is created, which can fully describe the features of frog movement. According to the various factors affecting the frog’s jumping movement, mass and constraints are added, and the complex biological joint structure is simplified into four different jumping structure models. The jumping ground reaction force, velocity, and displacement of the center of mass, joint torque, and other motion information of these four models are obtained through ADAMS simulation to reveal the jumping movement mechanism and the influencing factors of frogs. Finally, various motion features are analyzed and compared to determine the optimal structural model of the comprehensive index, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of the frog-inspired jumping robot.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologically Inspired Robotics: From Biolocomotion to Mechanization)
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Distributed State Estimation for Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicles with Information Fusion Correction
by
Xianglin Zhang, Mingqiang Luo, Simeng Guo and Zhiyang Cui
Biomimetics 2024, 9(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030167 - 10 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this paper, we explore a nonlinear interactive network system comprising nodalized flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FMAVs) to address the distributed state estimation problem associated with FMAVs. We enhance the model by introducing an information fusion function, leading to an information-fusionized
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In this paper, we explore a nonlinear interactive network system comprising nodalized flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FMAVs) to address the distributed state estimation problem associated with FMAVs. We enhance the model by introducing an information fusion function, leading to an information-fusionized estimator model. This model ensures both estimation accuracy and the completeness of FMAV topological information within a unified framework. To facilitate the analysis, each FMAV’s received signal is individually sampled using independent and time-varying samplers. Transforming the received signals into equivalent bounded time-varying delays through the input delay method yields a more manageable and analyzable time-varying nonlinear network error system. Subsequently, we construct a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) and integrate it with the refined Wirtinger and relaxed integral inequalities to derive design conditions for the FMAVs’ distributed state estimator, minimizing conservatism. Finally, we validate the effectiveness and superiority of the designed estimator through simulations.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Design and Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs))
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