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Int. J. Neonatal Screen., Volume 3, Issue 1 (March 2017) – 5 articles

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306 KiB  
Case Report
A Rare Case of Malonic Aciduria Diagnosed by Newborn Screening in Qatar
by Mamatha Ramaswamy, Victor Anthony Skrinska, Ghassan Abdoh, Laila Mahmoud Ahmed, Rola Fayez Mitri and Ravi Joshi
Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2017, 3(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns3010005 - 09 Mar 2017
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 6596
Abstract
Malonic aciduria is a rare autosomal recessive organic acid disorder. With the widespread use of tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of the amino acid/acylcarnitine profile on dried blood spots for newborn screening (NBS), this condition can be readily diagnosed and can be included [...] Read more.
Malonic aciduria is a rare autosomal recessive organic acid disorder. With the widespread use of tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of the amino acid/acylcarnitine profile on dried blood spots for newborn screening (NBS), this condition can be readily diagnosed and can be included in the organic acid screen in NBS programs. In Qatar, we report the first case of an asymptomatic baby screened and diagnosed with malonic aciduria through NBS. This patient has a genetic variant of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase that has not been previously reported in the literature. This condition should be differentiated from a similar disorder, combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria. The clinical phenotype of malonic aciduria is variable and the pathophysiology is not fully understood. There is no established guidance or recommendations regarding the appropriate treatment regimen, dietary therapy or regular follow-up of these patients. Most available evidence for treatment is based on a single study or case report. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newborn Screening-Past, Present and Future)
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180 KiB  
Case Report
The Risk from Anti-Thyroid Hormone Antibody Interference in Neonatal Congenital Hypothyroidism Screening
by Ian Brincat and Gerald Buhagiar
Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2017, 3(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns3010004 - 02 Mar 2017
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3111
Abstract
Neonatal congenital hypothyroidism screening is considered to be one of the most effective newborn screening strategies. Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism involves the analysis of thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels using an immunoassay based technique. Immunoassays are also prone to analytical problems such [...] Read more.
Neonatal congenital hypothyroidism screening is considered to be one of the most effective newborn screening strategies. Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism involves the analysis of thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels using an immunoassay based technique. Immunoassays are also prone to analytical problems such as assay interference. Immunoassays used for thyroid hormone measurement are known to be affected from anti-thyroid hormone antibody interference. This is the first reported case of interference presumably caused by anti-thyroid hormone antibodies transferred from mother to child during pregnancy, affecting the measurement of free-thyroxine in a cord-blood sample. We report a case of a full-term newborn with presumed anti-thyroid hormone antibody interference present in both cord blood and subsequent venous blood samples. In the context of a newborn screening programme based solely on thyroxine measurement, this is an important finding, since it has the potential to cause false negative screening results. Full article
246 KiB  
Review
Newborn Screening for Krabbe Disease and Other Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Broad Lessons Learned
by Joseph J. Orsini and Michele Caggana
Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2017, 3(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns3010003 - 01 Mar 2017
Cited by 85 | Viewed by 5082
Abstract
Newborn screening (NBS) for Krabbe disease (KD) began in New York (NY) in August 2006. In summary, after eight years of screening there were five infants identified with early-onset Krabbe disease. Four underwent transplant, two are surviving with moderate to severe handicaps, and [...] Read more.
Newborn screening (NBS) for Krabbe disease (KD) began in New York (NY) in August 2006. In summary, after eight years of screening there were five infants identified with early-onset Krabbe disease. Four underwent transplant, two are surviving with moderate to severe handicaps, and two died from transplant-related complications. An additional forty-six asymptomatic infants were found to be at moderate or high risk for disease. Screening for KD is both analytically and medically challenging; since screening for KD possesses both of these challenges, and many more, the lessons learned thus far could be used to predict the challenges that may be faced when screening for other lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). This paper briefly reviews reports of NBS for LSDs from varied world programs. The challenges encountered in screening for KD in NY will be highlighted, and this experience, combined with hindsight, will inform what may be expected in the future as screening for LSDs expands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newborn Screening-Past, Present and Future)
1104 KiB  
Article
Fibroblast Fatty-Acid Oxidation Flux Assays Stratify Risk in Newborns with Presumptive-Positive Results on Screening for Very-Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
by Simon E. Olpin, Shirley Clark, Jane Dalley, Brage S. Andresen, Joanne Croft, Camilla A. Scott, Aneal Khan, Richard J. Kirk, Rebecca Sparkes, Marisa Chard, Alicia Chan, Emma Glamuzina, Jean Bastin, Nigel J. Manning and Rodney J. Pollitt
Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2017, 3(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns3010002 - 24 Feb 2017
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5693
Abstract
Very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder with three major phenotypes: severe neonatal/infantile, milder childhood and late onset myopathic. VLCADD is genetically heterogeneous with numerous pathogenic mutations and variants of uncertain significance. VLCADD is included in many newborn screening [...] Read more.
Very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder with three major phenotypes: severe neonatal/infantile, milder childhood and late onset myopathic. VLCADD is genetically heterogeneous with numerous pathogenic mutations and variants of uncertain significance. VLCADD is included in many newborn screening programs but these suffer from high false positive rates, primarily due to positive screens in heterozygotes. Separating these and newborns with two low-risk “mild” variants from clinically at risk patients can be problematic, as clinical and biochemical markers are often unreliable, particularly in stable neonates. We have measured fibroblast fatty acid oxidation flux using [9,10-H3]myristic acid and [9,10-H3]oleic acid from 69 clinically presenting VLCADD patients including myopathic and infantile phenotypes and 13 positive newborn screened patients. We also measured fibroblast VLCADD enzyme activity by UV-HPLC detection of product in a sub-set of patients and compared these results to oleate FAO-flux. Fibroblast enzyme assay by UV-HPLC detection failed to clearly discriminate between some clinically presenting VLCADD patient cell lines and cell lines from some simple heterozygotes. FAO-flux clearly discriminated between clinically presenting VLCADD patients and the false positive screened patients. FAO-flux at 37 °C provides information as to the likely clinical phenotype but FAO-flux at 41 °C is the best discriminator for identifying clinically at risk patients. Full article
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872 KiB  
Review
Neonatal Screening for Primary Carnitine Deficiency: Lessons Learned from the Faroe Islands
by Ulrike Steuerwald, Allan M. Lund, Jan Rasmussen, Nils Janzen, David M. Hougaard and Nicola Longo
Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2017, 3(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns3010001 - 04 Feb 2017
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8228
Abstract
Primary carnitine deficiency is caused by the defective OCTN2 carnitine transporter encoded by the SLC22A5 gene. A lack of carnitine impairs fatty acid oxidation resulting in hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatic encephalopathy, skeletal and cardiac myopathy, and arrhythmia. This condition can be detected by finding [...] Read more.
Primary carnitine deficiency is caused by the defective OCTN2 carnitine transporter encoded by the SLC22A5 gene. A lack of carnitine impairs fatty acid oxidation resulting in hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatic encephalopathy, skeletal and cardiac myopathy, and arrhythmia. This condition can be detected by finding low levels of free carnitine (C0) in neonatal screening. Mothers with primary carnitine deficiency can also be identified by low carnitine levels in their infant by newborn screening. Primary carnitine deficiency is rare (1:40,000–1:140,000 newborns) except in the Faroe Islands (1:300) due to a founder effect. A specific mutation (c.95A>G, p.N32S) is prevalent, but not unique, with three additional mutations (c.131C>T/p.A44V, a splice mutation c.825-52G>A, and a risk-haplotype) recently identified in the Faroese population. In the Faroe Islands, several adult patients suffered sudden death from primary carnitine deficiency leading to the implementation of a nationwide population screening (performed after 2 months of age) in addition to universal neonatal screening. While most affected infants can be identified at birth, some patients with primary carnitine deficiency might be missed by the current neonatal screening and could be better identified with a repeated test performed after 2 months of age. Full article
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