Effect on Muscle Cellularity of Diet Supplementation with Nannochloropsis gaditana Microalgae in the Final Fattening Phase of Gilthead Seabream Culture up to Commercial Size
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Rearing Conditions
2.2. Experimental Diets
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Analysis of Muscle Growth
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Growth and Survival
- R2.5 versus R5 groups: When comparing raw diets of N. gaditana at different concentrations, the body values were similar in both groups (p > 0.05) (Table 2);
- R2.5 versus H2.5 groups: When comparing diets at 2.5% of raw versus hydrolyzed N. gaditana, the body weight showed similar values in both groups (p > 0.05) (Table 2);
- H2.5 versus H5 groups: When comparing hydrolyzed diets at different concentrations, the highest values of the body weight were reached at highest concentration, even though it was not significant (p > 0.05) (Table 2);
- R5 versus H5 groups: H5 showed the highest values of the body weight, even though it was not significant (p > 0.05) (Table 2);
- C group: The lowest body weight values were observed in this group, but it was not significant (p > 0.05) (Table 2).
3.2. Muscle Growth
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Enriched diets with N. gaditana did not significantly influence body growth (length and weight) or the transverse area of the white muscle in the final phase of fattening of gilthead seabream specimens.
- The form of N. gaditana (raw versus hydrolyzed) in the diet significantly influenced the muscle cellularity of gilthead seabream adults at commercial size, in such a way that the hypertrophy was higher in fish fed with hydrolyzed microalgae than in fish fed with raw microalgae.
- The enzymatic treatment of N. gaditana did not enhance the generation of new fibers, so that the greatest hyperplasia was reached by the fish fed with raw microalgae and it was correlated with the highest fillet hardness values previously found by other authors in these specimens [26].
- No significant differences attributable to the concentration levels of N. gaditana were observed. This result, together with the fact that the greatest generation of fibers was found in the diets of raw N. gaditana, allows us to conclude that the R2.5 diet could be the most optimal for this phase in sea bream.
- The short-term effect of the microalgae-enriched diets used in the final phase of fattening of sea breams of this study should be considered by farmers to optimize culture and to improve the quality of fillet meat.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diets | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient Composition (g kg−1 Dry Matter) | C | R2.5 | R5 | H2.5 | H5 |
Fish meal LT94 1 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 |
Raw N. gaditana 2 | - | 25 | 50 | - | - |
Hydrolysed N. gaditana | - | - | - | 25 | 50 |
Squid meal 3 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
CPSP90 4 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Krill meal 5 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Gluten meal 6 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150 |
Soybean protein concentrate 7 | 400 | 388 | 373 | 388 | 373 |
Fish oil 8 | 114 | 110 | 105 | 110 | 105 |
Soybean lecithin 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Wheat meal 10 | 54 | 45 | 40 | 45 | 40 |
Choline chloride 11 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Betain 12 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Lysine 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Methionine 14 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Vitamin and mineral premix 15 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Vitamin C 16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Guar gum 17 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Crude protein | 452 | 461 | 464 | 454 | 459 |
Crude lipid | 158 | 151 | 155 | 154 | 151 |
Ash | 71 | 79 | 83 | 76 | 85 |
Moisture | 61 | 58 | 53 | 59 | 49 |
Groups | C | R2.5 | R5 | H2.5 | H5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL (cm) | 31.19 a ± 0.13 | 31.29 a ± 0.16 | 31.37 a ± 0.12 | 31.27 a ± 0.11 | 31.27 a ± 0.12 |
BW (g) | 487.38 a ± 5.48 | 494.74 a ± 5.61 | 494.51 a ± 5.00 | 492.79 a ± 5.08 | 502.31 a ± 5.79 |
Groups | C | R2.5 | R5 | H2.5 | H5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W (mm2) | 2265.29 a ± 58.5 | 2247.61 a ± 39.4 | 2388.56 a ± 40.5 | 2347.68 a ± 87.1 | 2472.26 a ± 63.2 |
D (µm) | 56.69 a ± 2.32 | 39.93 b ± 5.31 | 36.98 b ± 1.80 | 65.16 a ± 5.89 | 48.95 ab ± 2.32 |
Dens | 167.14 a ± 8.95 | 285.35 b ± 31.21 | 286.04 b ± 15.84 | 151.14 a ± 20.59 | 199.31 ab ± 17.51 |
G | C | R2.5 | R5 | H2.5 | H5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | Area | D | Area | D | Area | D | Area | D | Area | D |
5 | 50.23 | 5.76 | 7.75 | 1.89 | 7.35 | 1.79 | 36.38 | 5.19 | 10.73 | 2.47 |
10 | 165.61 | 10.20 | 9.74 | 2.39 | 9.14 | 2.28 | 97.37 | 8.39 | 13.52 | 2.99 |
20 | 588.11 | 20.85 | 12.72 | 2.99 | 11.93 | 2.84 | 578.97 | 21.78 | 19.88 | 3.79 |
25 | 1011.98 | 26.46 | 14.91 | 3.31 | 13.32 | 3.08 | 1398.81 | 33.45 | 24.05 | 4.32 |
30 | 1437.19 | 32.90 | 17.29 | 3.64 | 14.71 | 3.42 | 2093.45 | 42.12 | 31.41 | 5.10 |
40 | 2607.08 | 43.89 | 29.82 | 4.96 | 20.67 | 4.19 | 3452.80 | 54.69 | 258.25 | 13.39 |
50 | 4167.69 | 54.85 | 395.43 | 17.42 | 367.19 | 15.73 | 5088.07 | 66.86 | 1680.52 | 36.08 |
60 | 6033.88 | 63.81 | 2089.30 | 41.73 | 1907.63 | 39.96 | 7759.92 | 77.72 | 3991.25 | 56.70 |
70 | 8076.40 | 72.49 | 4973.99 | 62.70 | 4207.55 | 58.41 | 10,267.34 | 91.19 | 6452.29 | 72.87 |
75 | 9388.52 | 78.17 | 6357.26 | 71.61 | 5634.99 | 68.02 | 11,428.18 | 98.88 | 7970.48 | 80.89 |
80 | 10,750.09 | 84.30 | 7886.20 | 79.99 | 7616.89 | 77.91 | 13,131.05 | 105.03 | 9763.42 | 89.24 |
90 | 14,134.55 | 101.16 | 11,873.16 | 99.40 | 11,908.83 | 99.30 | 17,302.84 | 123.35 | 13,648.51 | 108.61 |
95 | 17,056.17 | 116.78 | 15,153.39 | 114.80 | 14,877.44 | 114.95 | 21,566.41 | 139.69 | 17,056.76 | 122.93 |
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Ayala, M.D.; Chaves-Pozo, E.; Sáez, M.I.; Galafat, A.; Alarcón, F.J.; Martínez, T.F.; Arizcun, M. Effect on Muscle Cellularity of Diet Supplementation with Nannochloropsis gaditana Microalgae in the Final Fattening Phase of Gilthead Seabream Culture up to Commercial Size. Fishes 2023, 8, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110532
Ayala MD, Chaves-Pozo E, Sáez MI, Galafat A, Alarcón FJ, Martínez TF, Arizcun M. Effect on Muscle Cellularity of Diet Supplementation with Nannochloropsis gaditana Microalgae in the Final Fattening Phase of Gilthead Seabream Culture up to Commercial Size. Fishes. 2023; 8(11):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110532
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyala, María Dolores, Elena Chaves-Pozo, María Isabel Sáez, Alba Galafat, Francisco Javier Alarcón, Tomás Francisco Martínez, and Marta Arizcun. 2023. "Effect on Muscle Cellularity of Diet Supplementation with Nannochloropsis gaditana Microalgae in the Final Fattening Phase of Gilthead Seabream Culture up to Commercial Size" Fishes 8, no. 11: 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110532