Recent Findings on Spawning Patterns and Recommendations for the Fishery Management of the Southern Red Snapper—Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1866)—On the Amazon Continental Shelf of Brazil †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Collection and Laboratory Screening of the Biological Samples
2.3. Histology and Reproductive Indicators
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Previous Terminology | Macroscopic and Histological Features |
---|---|---|
Immature (never spawned) | Immature, virgin | Small ovaries, often transparent, with indistinct blood vessels. Only oogonia and PG oocytes present. No atresia or muscle bundles. Thin ovarian wall and little space between the oocytes |
Developing (ovaries beginning to develop, but not ready to spawn) | Maturing, early developing, early maturation, mid-maturation, ripening, previtellogenic | Enlarging ovaries, blood vessels becoming more distinct. PG, CA, Vtg1, and Vtg2 oocytes present. No evidence of POFs or Vtg3 oocytes. Some atresia may be present. Only PG and CA oocytes are present in the early developing subphase. |
Spawning capable (fish are developmentally and physiologically able to spawn) | Mature, late developing, late maturation, late ripening, total maturation, gravid, vitellogenic, ripe, partially spent, fully developed, prespawning, running ripe, final MO, spawning, gravid, ovulated | Large ovaries, blood vessels prominent. Individual oocytes visible macroscopically. Vtg3 oocytes or POFs present in batchers. Atresia of vitellogenic and/or hydrated oocytes may be present. Early stages of MO may be present. Actively spawning subphase: oocytes undergoing late GVM, GVBD, hydration or ovulation. |
Regressing (spawning ceased) | Spent, regression, postspawning, recovering | Flaccid ovaries, blood vessels prominent. Atresia (any stage) and POFs present. Some CA and/or vitellogenic (Vtg1, Vtg2) oocytes present. |
Regenerating (sexually mature, reproductively inactive) | Resting, regressed, recovering, inactive | Small ovaries. Blood vessels reduced, but present. Only oogonia and PG oocytes present. Muscle bundles, enlarged blood vessels, thick ovarian wall and/or gamma/delta atresia or old, degenerating POFs may be present. |
Structure | Duration | Description |
---|---|---|
Recent POF | 6 h | The remaining membranes (theca and granulosa) are easily distinguished from each other, with the basal membrane still intact. The follicular cells are shaped like a twisted cord. The lumen is clearly visible. |
Intermediate POF | 12 h | Advanced degenerative process in the follicular cap, sinusoidal alignment still present, but with a considerable reduction of the lumen. Granulosa minor. |
Old POF | 24 h | Lumen not visible, smaller follicles, absence of the sinusoidal alignment, follicular layers loosened. |
Year | TL Class (cm) | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 27–28 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
28–29 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
31–32 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
32–33 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
34–35 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
35–36 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
36–37 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
37–38 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
38–39 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | ||||||
39–40 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | ||||||
40–41 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||||||
41–42 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||||
42–43 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 10 | |||||
43–44 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | ||||
44–45 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 | ||||||
45–46 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||||
47–48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||||
48–49 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
49–50 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
50–51 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
54–55 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
2017 | 27–28 | |||||||||
28–29 | ||||||||||
31–32 | ||||||||||
32–33 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
33–34 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
34–35 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
35–36 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
36–37 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
37–38 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
38–39 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
39–40 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||||
40–41 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
41–42 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 7 | ||||
42–43 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | |||
43–44 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||
45–46 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
46–47 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
47–48 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
49–50 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
50–51 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Total | 13 | 3 | 7 | 19 | 21 | 14 | 17 | 27 | 120 |
Dependent Variable | Factor | DF | SQ | H | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HO | TLC | 3 | 642.1 | 31.883 | 0.3635 |
Month | 7 | 1815.8 | 9.016 | 0.25151 | |
TLC:Month | 17 | 5778.4 | 286.919 | 0.03748 | |
Residual | 93 | 16,233.0 | |||
ATY | TLC | 3 | 1562 | 17.818 | 0.6189 |
Month | 7 | 3419 | 38.994 | 0.79129 | |
TLC:Month | 171.243 | 14.175 | 0.65468 | 0.65438 | |
Residual | 93 | 88,104 | |||
POF | TLC | 3 | -- | 5.4868 | 0.1394 |
Month | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
TLC:Month | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
ATP | TLC | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Month | 7 | -- | 5.9117 | 0.5501 | |
TLC:Month | -- | -- | -- | -- |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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da Costa Pinheiro, L.; Ferreira, B.P.; Santos, P.E.; Peixoto, U.; Bentes, B. Recent Findings on Spawning Patterns and Recommendations for the Fishery Management of the Southern Red Snapper—Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1866)—On the Amazon Continental Shelf of Brazil. Fishes 2024, 9, 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040136
da Costa Pinheiro L, Ferreira BP, Santos PE, Peixoto U, Bentes B. Recent Findings on Spawning Patterns and Recommendations for the Fishery Management of the Southern Red Snapper—Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1866)—On the Amazon Continental Shelf of Brazil. Fishes. 2024; 9(4):136. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040136
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Costa Pinheiro, Larissa, Beatrice Padovani Ferreira, Paulo Emílio Santos, Ualerson Peixoto, and Bianca Bentes. 2024. "Recent Findings on Spawning Patterns and Recommendations for the Fishery Management of the Southern Red Snapper—Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1866)—On the Amazon Continental Shelf of Brazil" Fishes 9, no. 4: 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040136