Skeletal Muscle Discomfort and Lifestyle of Brazilian Military Police Officers of Administrative and Tactical Force
by
, , , , and
Renan Ribeiro de Oliveira
1, 
Jadder Bento da Costa Aquino
1,
Carlos H. O. Reis
1,
Geanderson S. Oliveira
1,
Leonardo A. Vieira
1,
Alexandre F. Machado
1,
Roberta L. Rica
1,2,
Valentina Bullo
3,
Marco Bergamin
3,*,
Stefano Gobbo
3 and
Danilo S. Bocalini
1 1
Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514-Goiabeiras, Vitoria 29075-910, ES, Brazil
2
Department of Physical Education, Center of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514-Goiabeiras, Vitoria 29075-910, ES, Brazil
3
Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, PD, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(4), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040148
Submission received: 15 September 2023
/
Revised: 12 October 2023
/
Accepted: 12 October 2023
/
Published: 25 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Evaluation for Health and Occupational Wellness: Current Trends and Future Directions)
Abstract
:Our aim was to evaluate musculoskeletal discomfort and the lifestyle of military police officers of administrative and tactical force departments. Military police officers were distributed into two groups: administrative (Adm, n = 15) and tactical force (TF, n = 16) departments. Their lifestyle was assessed using the Fantastic Lifestyle questionnaire. Moreover, physical activity quantification was assessed using the International Physical Activity questionnaire, and musculoskeletal discomfort was quantified using the Corlett diagram. The mean total time of physical activity was 546 ± 276 min per week. No differences (p = 0.0832) were found between the Adm (454 ± 217 min) and TF (623 ± 301 min) groups. Concerning lifestyle, in general the sample presented very good (42%) and good (42%) style classification. For this parameter, no significant differences were found, but only a tendency was discovered (x2: 7.437; p = 0.0592); indeed, the TF presented a better classification (63%) of very good, compared to the Adm (53%) of good. No differences (p > 0.05) were found in musculoskeletal perception of discomfort between the right and left sides (p > 0.05) for all police officers and between the Adm and FT groups (p > 0.05). Military police officers showed high and moderate risk for waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, respectively; however, lifestyle and total time of physical activity were considered adequate without differences between military administrative and tactical force sectors.
1. Introduction
The military profession provides to its operating agents tasks of different physical demands on a daily basis, from long periods with less demanding activities (typing occurrences, driving a car), to critical situations, with short periods of physically demanding tasks such as running, crawling, jumping, lifting, pushing, pulling, and transporting objects or people, and controlling uncooperative suspects [1]. Araújo et al. stated that the effectiveness of these tasks is largely determined by the somatic characteristics of the police element that performs them, so a military officer whose body morphology is compromised is much more subject to being attacked and overcome [2]. In addition, these individuals live with stressful, dangerous, and demanding situations in their work shifts; at the same time that they are forced to use heavy clothing and personal protective equipment, increasing physical demands and psychological stressors.
Some military personnel, due to the characteristics of the work, may spend time carrying large amounts of weight (work equipment), but at other times may also remain frequently seated for a long time. This combination of mandatory equipment, such as the ballistic vest, tactical belt, leg holster, weapons with their main chargers and loaded spares, boots, handcuffs, radio communicator, and flashlight, and the large amount of time that military police remain seated, especially for motorized patrols, for example, can impact musculoskeletal health and physical fitness indicators that contribute to performance in operational tasks [3,4,5,6,7,8].
According to Calheiros et al., military police officers in the field, responsible for ostensive patrolling, are more predisposed to problems related to the spine, especially in the thoracic and lumbar regions, due to the maintenance of orthostatic postures for prolonged periods, and the aggravation of the ballistic vest [9]. Therefore, the professional activity of the police officer has characteristics that contribute to the onset of musculoskeletal disorders [10] and a natural predisposition to low back pain, due to the working day, time spent in a standing position, use of equipment, and physical and emotional stress [11].
Because of these well-known conditions, assessing the risk of incurring musculoskeletal disorders and injuries for these particular workers is essential to provide tailored interventions and occupational health protection measures. However, to the best of our knowledge, although the analysis of musculoskeletal discomfort is an intervention that has already been consolidated in clinical practice and ergonomics, information on military police is still inconclusive. Considering that operational military police officers are more likely to remain inactive due to motorized patrolling, in this study we hypothesized that skeletal muscle discomfort as well as lifestyle would have a greater impact in military from the tactical force. Additionally, the anthropometric, working time, and lifestyle parameters could be associated with skeletal muscle discomfort. Thus, the objective of this cross-sectional correlational study was to evaluate the musculoskeletal discomfort and the lifestyle of military police officers in the administrative and operational tactical force sectors.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
After approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (no. 6.275.609/2023), military police officers working in the 17th Independent Company of the Military Police of the municipality of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, were invited to participate in the study. The invitation to participate in the study was carried out through direct contact between the researchers and the military and through verbal and digital dissemination strategies. Being active in employment was adopted as an inclusion criterion and recent return to work (3 months) as an exclusion criterion. Individuals who answered the questionnaire incorrectly and who did not present the signed informed consent form were excluded.
The company is composed of 120 military personnel: 20 from the administrative sector and 21 from the operational tactical force, with the rest having other functions. Of the 41 personnel from the administrative or operational tactical forces, only 10 subjects did not agree to participate in the study. Thus, the study sample comprised 31 military police officers, distributed into two groups: military from the administrative sector (Adm, n = 15) and military from the operational tactical force (TF, n = 16).
2.2. Evaluated Parameters
2.2.1. Anthropometric Parameters
Height was measured using a Stadiometer, model WCS (Cardiomed, Brasilia, Brazil) with a precision of 0.1 cm. Body mass was measured using a Scale, Personal Line Model 150 (Filizola, São Paulo, Brazil) with an accuracy of 0.1 kg. The body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated according to the following equation: BMI = weight/height2. The circumferences of the abdomen, waist, and hips were evaluated using an anthropometric tape (Sanny®, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil) to estimate abdominal adiposity and cardiovascular risk. The abdomen circumference was measured at the level of the umbilicus for men and women; the waist was measured at the midpoint between the last lower rib and the iliac crest for men and at the greatest protrusion of the buttocks for women; and, finally, the hips were measured at the largest circumference around the buttocks. Anthropometric variables were classified according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization [12].
2.2.2. Musculoskeletal Discomfort
For the assessment of musculoskeletal discomfort, the diagram of Corlett and Manenica was used [13]. This instrument indicates the existence of pain, the painful area, and the intensity of the pain, by dividing the body into 27 regions and using a pain index that ranges between 1 (absence of pain) and 5 (extreme pain). Lifestyle assessment was performed using the “Fantastic Lifestyle” Questionnaire validated for the Brazilian population by Rodriguez-Añez et al. [14]. This questionnaire is a self-administered instrument that considers the behavior of individuals in the last month and allows the association between lifestyle and health to be determined based on 25 questions distributed into 9 domains: (1) family and friends; (2) physical activity; (3) nutrition; (4) cigarettes and drugs; (5) alcohol; (6) sleep, seat belt, stress, and safe sex; (7) type of behavior; (8) introspection; (9) work. The 25 questions that make up the body of the questionnaire were arranged on the Likert scale, so that 23 of these have five possible alternatives as an answer, and 2 are presented in a dichotomous manner. The following scores were used: excellent (85 to 100 points), very good (70 to 84 points), good (55 to 69 points), fair (35 to 54 points), and needs improvement (0 to 34 points).
2.2.3. Physical Activity Level
The assessment of the military personnel’s physical activity level was performed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version [15,16,17]. Those who met the minimum recommendation of 150 min of weekly physical activity were classified as physically active (very active and active), and those who did not meet this recommendation were classified as inactive (inactive and insufficiently active), as established by the World Health Organization [18].
2.3. Statistical Analyses
Data are presented as absolute frequency (F), relative (%) for qualitative variables, and mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables. The x2 test and the unpaired t-test were used to compare the data of the qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. In addition, Pearson’s correlation was used to identify the correlation between length of service and perception of general pain with anthropometric parameters, level of physical activity, and lifestyle. The software GraphPad Prism version 6.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) was used, adopting a significance level of p < 0.05.
3. Results
Of 31 participants, 4 (13%) were women working in the administrative sector, and 27 (87%) were men, of which 11 were from the Adm group and 16 were from the TF group. The general mean age of the participants was 32 ± 6 years, with 35 ± 6 years in the Adm group and 29 ± 3 years in the FT group, which was a significative difference (p = 0.0043).
Regarding operational function, in general the sample consisted of 20 (65%) soldiers, 5 (16%) corporals, 3 (10%) sergeants, 1 (3%) lieutenant, 1 (3%) captain and 1 (3%) major. The TF group was composed of 13 (81%) soldiers and 3 (19%) corporals. The Adm group comprised 7 (47%) soldiers, 2 (13.5%) corporals, 3 (20%) sergeants, 1 (6.5%) captain, 1 (6.5%) lieutenant, and 1 (6.5%) major. No differences were found between groups regarding operational function (x2: 7.946; p = 0.1576).
The general average service length corresponded to 9.04 ± 5.64 years of activity. Significant differences (p = 0.0014) were found between the service time of military personnel in the Adm (12.63 ± 5.65 years) and TF (6.38 ± 3.70 years) groups. Regarding the level of physical activity, military police officers in general were classified as active, with a mean total time of physical activity of 541 ± 272 (coefficient of variation 50.40%) minutes per week. No significant differences (p = 0.0832) were found in the time of weekly physical activity practice between the active military in the Adm (454 ± 217 min, coefficient of variation 47.73%) and TF (623 ± 301 min, coefficient of variation 48.26%) groups. The sample characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Although the general classification of BMI of 26.28 ± 4.07 kg/m2 was considered overweight, when comparing the soldiers of the Adm (eutrophic: 44%, overweight: 50%, obese I: 6%) and TF (eutrophic: 50%, overweight: 44%, obese I: 6%) groups, no significant differences were found (x2: 0.423; p = 0.8093). However, these results may be related to more lean mass instead of fat mass.
Regarding the risk classification for abdominal circumference (AC), the general average of the military personnel was normal, with 49% of the personnel having normal AC, 13% having medium risk, 32% having high risk, and 6% having very high risk. No significant difference was found (x2: 1.060; p = 0.7868) between the Adm group (normal: 47%, medium risk: 7%, high risk: 40%, very high risk: 6%) and the TF group (normal: 50%, medium risk: 19%, high risk: 25%, very high risk: 6%). Concerning waist circumference (WC), the military personnel in general were classified as low risk, with 35% presenting high risk and 3% very high risk. No significant differences (x2: 1.840; p = 0.3984) were revealed between soldiers in the Adm group (high risk: 27%, very high risk: 6%) and those in the TF group (56% for high risk). Regarding the risk classification according to the waist-to-hip ratio, in general, the military personnel were considered low risk; however, 29% presented low risk, 49% moderate risk, 16% high risk, and 6% very high risk. When comparing the ratings of the military, no differences were found in risk (x2: 2.837; p = 0.4174) between the Adm (low risk: 20%, moderate risk: 47%, high risk: 27% and very high risk) and TF (low risk: 38%, moderate risk: 50%, high risk: 6% and very high risk: 6%) groups.
As regards the assessment of lifestyle (Table 2), in general the sample presented a style classification of very good (42%) and good (42%). For this parameter, no significant differences were found, but only a tendency was discovered (x2: 7.437; p = 0.0592); indeed, the TF group presented a better classification (63%) of very good compared to the Adm (53%) group of good.
Table 3 and Table 4 show the results related to perception of musculoskeletal discomfort. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the right and left sides between administrative and tactical force groups. Similarly, no differences (p > 0.05) were revealed in the perception of discomfort between the Adm and TF police officers among anatomical regions.
As shown in Table 5, no significant correlation was found between length of service and general pain, or between anthropometric parameters, lifestyle, and time of weekly physical activity.
4. Discussion
The aim of this study was to assess the lifestyle and musculoskeletal discomfort of military police officers in the administrative and operational sector of Espírito Santo district. No difference between administrative and operational officers was found.
Sample characteristics of administrative and tactical force showed no significant difference, except for age. Moreover, participants were classified as overweight but low risk for cardiovascular diseases, with no differences between military police officers in the administrative sector and ordinary troops. The high prevalence of overweight military police officers is not a new or recent finding [19,20,21,22]. If fact, most police officers are overweight, with a high abdominal and waist circumference, and this is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and musculoskeletal injuries [23,24]. However, these findings are in opposition to those from the study of Jorge et al., in which military police officers from the operational troop had a significantly higher BMI than police officers from the administrative sector [25]. It is probable that the lack of differences in the level of physical activity between the two groups of police officers may have determined the lack of differences in the BMI. The work activities carried out by military police officers in the administrative sector involve long periods of sedentary behavior, in a sitting posture and with exposure to screens, while the work routine of the operational troop involves shifts, night shifts, and overtime, which makes it difficult to adopt an active lifestyle. According to Bernardo et al., police officers who work in the administrative department have a probability of 0.927 of being less active than police officers who work in the operational department [26]. Thus, police officers in the administrative sector were expected to have a lower level of physical activity, which was not found in our study. However, there is evidence in the literature that demonstrates that the occupational activities of military police officers, in general, are predominantly related to sedentary behavior [17], and operational troop police officers had a higher level of physical activity compared to those in the administrative sector [17,25,26].
Regarding lifestyle, the military police were classified as good or very good, and better results were detected among operational troops compared to those in the administrative sector; however, no differences were revealed between the groups. The poorer lifestyle classification of police officers in the administrative sector may be explained by older age, longer service, greater body mass, and less time practicing physical activity [27,28]. Unpublished data of our laboratory demonstrated that military police officers from the metropolitan region of Vitória/ES, with a mean age, BMI, and length of service similar to those of the participants in our study, also had a good or very good lifestyle. In addition, Prando et al. pointed out that the lower prevalence of chronic diseases in military police officers in the metropolitan region of Vitória/ES was related to a healthy lifestyle [29], which could be related to socioeconomic and environmental characteristics [30,31,32].
Regarding musculoskeletal discomfort, we found that the perception of pain in military police officers can be considered low. In addition, no differences in pain perception were found between military police officers in the administrative sector and those in operational troops. However, the latter reported greater pain intensity in the dorsal region, particularly in the lumbar spine, which is still the most reported site of pain in both groups. Previous studies have also shown that low back pain is the main pain complaint in military police officers [19,33,34]. The systematic review carried out by Marins et al. demonstrated that low back pain is the most frequent musculoskeletal symptom in military police officers and has a prevalence between 42 and 52% [35]. According to the National Health Survey, the prevalence of low back pain in the Brazilian population in 2013 and 2019 was 18.5% and 21.6%, respectively [36,37]. The higher prevalence of low back pain in military police officers compared to the general population shows that specific preventive measures are needed for this professional category. The use of heavy equipment by military police, such as ballistic vests, is often associated with the manifestation of low back pain, mainly by operational troops [10,38,39]. In addition, sedentary behavior, especially sitting for long periods by police officers in the administrative sector, is also identified as a risk factor for the occurrence and worsening of low back pain symptoms [40,41,42]. Proper weight distribution of these devices on the body can contribute to prevention, and the use of leg holsters has been identified as one of the possible solutions for reducing overload on the lumbar spine [43]. Moreover, the practice of physical activity and exercise is recognized as an effective measure for the prevention and control of pain and improvement of physical function [44].
Additionally, some important limitations are present in this study, including the very small sample, which was limited to administrative and tactical force military police officers; low quantitative distribution of men and women in the sample; assessments of skeletal discomfort without identifying the primary cause; lack of objective parameters of skeletal muscle strength associated with skeletal discomfort; and evaluation of only the body composition and physical activity behavior, which limits the generalization of the results.
In conclusion, although the evaluated military police officers presented high and moderate risk considering waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, lifestyle and total time of physical activity were considered adequate and did not show indications of musculoskeletal discomfort. Nor were differences found between military personnel working in the administrative sector and tactical strength troops. New studies need to be carried out in order to identify the influence of personal, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on the lifestyle of military police officers from Espírito Santo, as well as the relationships between work characteristics, use of protective equipment, and length of service in the occurrence of musculoskeletal discomfort.
Author Contributions
R.R.d.O., J.B.d.C.A., C.H.O.R. and G.S.O.: methodology, A.F.M. and R.L.R.: formal analysis and data curation, L.A.V., V.B., S.G. and M.B.: writing—original draft preparation, L.A.V., V.B., S.G. and M.B.: writing—review and editing, D.S.B.: supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Federal University of Espírito Santo (number 6.275.609, approved in 20 February 2023).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Data presented in the current paper are available upon request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Espírito Santo (FAPES, grants numbers 327/2022 and 637/2022). Special thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for scientific assistance via the productivity fellowship address to DSB. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Marins, E.F.; David, G.B.; Vecchio, F.B. Del Characterization of the Physical Fitness of Police Officers: A Systematic Review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019, 33, 2860–2874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Araújo, A.O.; Cancela, J.M.; Rocha-Rodrigues, S.; Rodrigues, L.P. Association Between Somatotype Profile and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Special Police Unit. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2019, 61, e51–e55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dempsey, P.C.; Handcock, P.J.; Rehrer, N.J. Impact of Police Body Armour and Equipment on Mobility. Appl. Ergon. 2013, 44, 957–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dempsey, P.C.; Handcock, P.J.; Rehrer, N.J. Body Armour: The Effect of Load, Exercise and Distraction on Landing Forces. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 32, 301–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlton, S.D.; Orr, R.M. The Impact of Occupational Load Carriage on Carrier Mobility: A Critical Review of the Literature. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 2014, 20, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armstrong, N.C.; Gay, L.A. The Effect of Flexible Body Armour on Pulmonary Function. Ergonomics 2016, 59, 692–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lockie, R.G.; Dawes, J.J.; Kornhauser, C.L.; Holmes, R.J. Cross-Sectional and Retrospective Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Age on Flexibility, Strength Endurance, Lower-Body Power, and Aerobic Fitness in Law Enforcement Officers. J. Strength. Cond. Res. 2019, 33, 451–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas, M.; Pohl, M.B.; Shapiro, R.; Keeler, J.; Abel, M.G. Effect of Load Carriage on Tactical Performance in Special Weapons and Tactics Operators. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 32, 554–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calheiros, D.D.S.; Neto, J.L.C.; Calheiros, D.D.S. A Qualidade de Vida e Os Níveis de Atividade Física de Policiais Militares de Alagoas, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Qual. Vida 2013, 5, 59–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, M.M.A.; de Souza, E.L.; de Lima Barroso, B.I. Análise Sobre a Percepção de Policiais Militares Sobre o Conforto Do Colete Balístico. Fisioter. Pesqui. 2017, 24, 157–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neto, A.T.; Faleiro, T.B.; Moreira, F.D.; Jambeiro, J.S.; Schulz, R.D.A.S. Lombalgia Na Atividade Policial Militar: Análise Da Prevalência, Repercussões Laborativas e Custo Indireto. Rev. Baiana Saúde Pública 2014, 37, 365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser. 1995, 854, 1–452. [Google Scholar]
- Corlett, E.N.; Manenica, I. The Effects and Measurement of Working Postures. Appl. Ergon. 1980, 11, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Añez, C.R.R.; Reis, R.S.; Petroski, E.L. Versão Brasileira Do Questionário “Estilo de Vida Fantástico”: Tradução e Validação Para Adultos Jovens. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2008, 91, 102–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Craig, C.L.; Marshall, A.L.; Sjöström, M.; Bauman, A.E.; Booth, M.L.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Pratt, M.; Ekelund, U.L.F.; Yngve, A.; Sallis, J.F.; et al. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003, 35, 1381–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsudo, S.; Araújo, T.; Matsudo, V.; Andrade, D.; Andrade, E.; Oliveira, L.C.; Braggion, G. Questionario Internacional de Actividad Fisica (IPAQ): Estudio de Validad e Reprodutibilidad No Brasil. Rev. Bras. Atividade Física Saúde 2001, 6, 5–18. [Google Scholar]
- de França Ferraz, A.; de Andrade, E.L.; Viana, M.V.; Rica, R.L.; Bocalini, D.S.; Júnior, A.F. Physical Activity Level and Sedentary Behavior of Military Police Staff. Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte 2020, 26, 117–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- de Souza Minayo, M.C.; de Assis, S.G.; de Oliveira, R.V.C. Impacto Das Atividades Profissionais Na Saúde Física e Mental Dos Policiais Civis e Militares Do Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brasil). Cien Saude Colet. 2011, 16, 2199–2209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Itacarambi, A.A.; Dantas, T.S.; Brandão, M.L. Nível de Prática de Exercício Físico e Composição Corporal Dos Policiais Militares Do Estado de Goiás. Rev. Bras. Estud. Segurança Pública 2019, 12, 93–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- dos Santos, H.M.; Teixeira, E.M.B.; Vieira, P.M. Perfil Nutricional e Hábitos Alimentares de Policiais Militares. Res. Soc. Dev. 2021, 10, e165101420419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- dos Santos, A.R.; Ihlenfeld, M.F.K.; Olandoski, M.; Barreto, F.C. Comparative Analysis of the Health Status of Military Police Officers and Firefighters: A Cross-Sectional Study in the State of Paraná, Brazil. BMJ Open 2022, 12, e049182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- da Silva, F.C.; Hernandez, S.S.; Gonçalves, E.; Arancibia, B.A.V.; Castro, T.L.D.S.; da Silva, R. Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity in Policemen: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2014, 27, 891–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sergi, T.; Bode, K.B.; Hildebrand, D.A.; Dawes, J.J.; Joyce, J.M. Relationship between Body Mass Index and Health and Occupational Performance among Law Enforcement Officers, Firefighters, and Military Personnel: A Systematic Review. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2023, 7, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Oliveira Jorge, G.; Aguiar, D.G.; Nascimento, T.G.; da Silva Brito, R.L.; Alves, P.H.F.; Macedo, F.G.L. Nutritional Habits, Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Stress among Operational and Administrative Military Police Officers. SciELO, 2023; preprint. [Google Scholar]
- Bernardo, V.M.; da Silva, F.C.; Ferreira, E.G.; Bento, G.G.; Zilch, M.C.; de Sousa, B.A.; da Silva, R. Atividade Física e Qualidade de Sono Em Policiais Militares. Rev. Bras. Ciências Esporte 2018, 40, 131–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- da Silva Ferreira, D.K.; do Bonfim, C.V.; da Silva Augusto, L.G. Factors Associated with the Lifestyle of Military Police Officers. Cien Saude Colet. 2011, 16, 3403–3412. [Google Scholar]
- Ferraz, A.D.F.; Viana, M.V.; Rica, R.L.; Bocalini, D.S.; Battazza, R.A.; Miranda, M.L.D.J.; Politti, F.; Junior, A.F. Efeitos Da Atividade Física Em Parâmetros Cardiometabólicos de Policiais: Revisão Sistemática. ConScientiae Saúde 2018, 17, 356–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prando, J.; Cola, I.E.B.; Paixão, M.P.C.P. Perfil Nutricional e Prática de Atividade Física Em Policiais Militares Em Vitória-ES. Saúde Pesqui. 2012, 5, 320–330. [Google Scholar]
- Agrizzi, P.; Dourado, T.E.P.S.; da Silva, J.I.; de Souza Andrade, A.C. Fatores Associados Ao Conhecimento de Locais Públicos de Esporte e Lazer Nas Capitais Brasileiras. Rev. Bras. Atividade Física Saúde 2021, 26, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IBGE—Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, Estado do Espírito Santo. Available online: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/es/pesquisa/37 (accessed on 10 July 2023).
- do Rosário, A.M.; Lopez, J.F.B.; Bastos, K.V.; Enriquez-Martinez, O.G. Atlas dos Espaços Disponíveis Para a Prática de Atividade Física no Espírito Santo; Editora Conhecimento Livre: Uberlândia, Brazil, 2022; Volume 1, ISBN 978-65-5367-101-0. [Google Scholar]
- Braga, K.K.F.M.; Trombini-Souza, F.; Skrapec, M.V.C.; de Queiroz, D.B.; Sotero, A.M.; da Silva, T.F.A. Pain and Musculoskeletal Discomfort in Military Police Officers of the Ostensive Motorcycle Patrol Group. Braz. J. Pain 2018, 1, 29–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azeredo, P.O.; Ribas, R.C.C.; de Sena, W.S.; Oliveira, D.M.; Fernandes, E.V.; Gouvêa-e-Silva, L.F. Atuação Do Policial Militar: Reflexo Na Qualidade de Vida e Dor. Saúde 2021, 47, 2–11. [Google Scholar]
- Marins, E.F.; Andrade, L.S.; Peixoto, M.B.; da Silva, M.C. Frequency of Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Police Officers: Systematic Review. Braz. J. Pain. 2020, 3, 164–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malta, D.C.; Bernal, R.T.I.; Ribeiro, E.G.; Ferreira, É.R.J.; Pinto, R.Z.; Pereira, C.A. Dor Crônica Na Coluna Entre Adultos Brasileiros: Dados Da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Rev. Bras. Epidemiol. 2022, 25, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malta, D.C.; de Oliveira, M.M.; de Araújo Andrade, S.S.C.; Caiaffa, W.T.; de Fatima Marinho de Souza, M.; Bernal, R.T.I. Factors Associated with Chronic Back Pain in Adults in Brazil. Rev. Saude Publica 2017, 51, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cardoso, E.S.; Fernandes, S.G.G.; de Assunção Cortez Corrêa, L.C.; Dantas, G.A.F.; Câmara, S.M.A. Low Back Pain and Disability in Military Police: An Epidemiological Study. Fisioter. Em Mov. 2018, 31, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Souza, E.A.; Albuquerque, J.; Alves, F.R.; Ferreira, C.A.D. Perception of Lower Back Pain Associated with Use of Body Armor in Police Officers of the Countryside Specialized Battalion of Ceará, Brazil. Rev. Bras. Med. Do Trab. 2023, 21, e2023809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alzahrani, H.; Alshehri, M.A.; Alzhrani, M.; Alshehri, Y.S.; Attar, W.S.A. Al The Association between Sedentary Behavior and Low Back Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. PeerJ 2022, 10, e13127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemes, Í.R.; Pinto, R.Z.; Lynch, B.C.T.; Codogno, J.S.; Oliveira, C.B.; Ross, L.M.; Fernandes, R.A.; Monteiro, H.L. The Association Between Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Low Back Pain. Spine 2021, 46, 596–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahdavi, S.B.; Riahi, R.; Vahdatpour, B.; Kelishadi, R. Association between Sedentary Behavior and Low Back Pain; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Health Promot. Perspect. 2021, 11, 393–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Locatelli, M.C. Low Back Pain in Military Police Activity: Analysis of Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Ergonomics. Rev. Bras. Med. Trab. 2021, 19, 482–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geneen, L.J.; Moore, R.A.; Clarke, C.; Martin, D.; Colvin, L.A.; Smith, B.H. Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017, 4, CD011279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Table 1.
Sample characteristics of administrative and tactical force police officers.
| Parameters | Overall | Administrative | Tactical Force | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32 ± 6 | 35 ± 6 | 29 ± 3 | =0.0043 |
| Body mass (kg) | 81.93 ± 15.08 | 83.17 ± 19.06 | 80.70 ± 10.21 | =0.6631 |
| Height (m) | 1.76 ± 0.08 | 1.76 ± 0.09 | 1.77 ± 0.07 | =0.7699 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.28 ± 4.07 | 26.70 ± 4.90 | 25.85 ± 3.16 | =0.5774 |
| AC (cm) | 90.26 ± 10.27 | 91.63 ± 12.45 | 88.90 ± 7.71 | =0.4781 |
| WC (cm) | 86.28 ± 9.71 | 87.77 ± 11.78 | 84.79 ± 7.21 | =0.4106 |
| HC (cm) | 101.29 ± 8.24 | 102.35 ± 8.52 | 100.24 ± 8.09 | =0.4934 |
| WHR | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | =0.7000 |
Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation. BMI: body mass index; AC: abdominal circumference. WC: waist circumference. HC: hip circumference. WHR: waist-to-hip ratio.
Table 2.
Lifestyle parameters of administrative and tactical force police officers.
| Parameters | Overall | Administrative | Tactical Force | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family and friends | 6.83 ± 1.82 | 6.67 ± 2.09 | 7.00 ± 1.56 | =0.6250 |
| Physical activity | 5.70 ± 2.34 | 5.07 ± 2.71 | 6.33 ± 1.76 | =0.1421 |
| Nutrition | 6.13 ± 2.65 | 6.60 ± 2.20 | 5.67 ± 3.04 | =0.3442 |
| Smoke and drugs | 13.83 ± 1.60 | 14.20 ± 1.21 | 13.47 ± 1.88 | =0.2167 |
| Alcohol | 9.97 ± 2.92 | 10.60 ± 2.23 | 9.33 ± 3.44 | =0.2428 |
| Sleep | 13.37 ± 3.64 | 13.67 ± 4.53 | 13.07 ± 2.60 | =0.6608 |
| Behavior | 4.33 ± 1.94 | 4.60 ± 2.50 | 4.07 ± 1.16 | =0.4628 |
| Introspection | 8.63 ± 2.45 | 8.07 ± 2.71 | 9.20 ± 2.43 | =0.2379 |
| Work | 3.23 ± 1.01 | 3.33 ± 0.82 | 3.13 ± 1.19 | =0.5957 |
| Total score | 69.71 ± 16.42 | 72.80 ± 11.12 | 66.81 ± 20.12 | =0.3118 |
| Classification | ||||
| Excellent | 3 (10%) | 3 (10%) | 0 (0%) | =0.0592 |
| Very good | 13 (42%) | 3 (20%) | 10 (63%) | |
| Good | 13 (42%) | 8 (53%) | 5 (31%) | |
| Regular | 2 (6%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (6%) | |
| Need better | - | - | - |
Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
Table 3.
Perception of musculoskeletal discomfort of administrative and tactical force police officers.
Table 3.
Perception of musculoskeletal discomfort of administrative and tactical force police officers.
| Parameters | Overall | Administrative | Tactical Force | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neck | 1.79 ± 1.16 | 1.70 ± 1.21 | 1.88 ± 1.11 | =0.6826 | |
| Upper back | 1.61 ± 1.17 | 1.33 ± 1.05 | 1.88 ± 1.26 | =0.2019 | |
| Middle back | 1.63 ± 1.15 | 1.47 ± 1.06 | 1.78 ± 1.25 | =0.4553 | |
| Lower back | 2.10 ± 1.25 | 2.10 ± 1.24 | 2.09 ± 1.29 | =0.9891 | |
| Pelvic | 1.48 ± 1.18 | 1.27 ± 1.03 | 1.69 ± 1.30 | =0.3258 | |
| Shoulder | Right side | 2.00 ± 1.48 | 1.67 ± 1.29 | 2.31 ± 1.62 | =0.2286 |
| Left side | 1.97 ± 1.28 | 2.07 ± 1.22 | 1.88 ± 1.36 | =0.6826 | |
| Arm | Right side | 1.26 ± 0.89 | 1.67 ± 1.29 | 1.44 ± 1.21 | =0.2480 |
| Left side | 1.03 ± 0.18 | 1.07 ± 0.26 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | =0.3343 | |
| Forearm | Right side | 1.19 ± 0.75 | 1.07 ± 0.26 | 1.31 ± 1.01 | =0.3616 |
| Left side | 1.06 ± 0.25 | 1.07 ± 0.26 | 1.06 ± 1.25 | =0.9639 | |
| Fist | Right side | 1.45 ± 1.12 | 1.27 ± 0.70 | 1.63 ± 1.41 | =0.3754 |
| Left side | 1.32 ± 0.91 | 1.27 ± 0.70 | 1.38 ± 1.09 | =0.7431 | |
| Hang | Right side | 1.19 ± 0.79 | 1.13 ± 0.52 | 1.25 ± 1.00 | =0.6844 |
| Left side | 1.06 ± 0.36 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.13 ± 0.50 | =0.3332 | |
| Thig | Right side | 1.26 ± 0.82 | 1.07 ± 0. 26 | 1.44 ± 1.09 | =0.2053 |
| Left side | 1.10 ± 0.30 | 1.07 ± 0. 26 | 1.13 ± 0.34 | =0.5945 | |
| Leg | Right side | 1.77 ± 1.33 | 1.53 ± 1.25 | 2.00 ± 1.41 | =0.3370 |
| Left side | 1.65 ± 1.17 | 1.60 ± 1.24 | 1.69 ± 1.44 | =0.8308 | |
| Ankle and feet | Right side | 1.58 ± 1.26 | 1.27 ± 1.01 | 1.88 ± 1.41 | =0.1795 |
| Left side | 1.71 ± 1.30 | 1.47 ± 1.13 | 1.94 ± 1.44 | =0.3167 | |
| General discomfort | 31.23 ± 13.61 | 28.53 ± 11.25 | 33.75 ± 15.45 | =0.2897 | |
Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
Table 4.
Perception of skeletal muscle discomfort classification of administrative and tactical force police officers.
Table 4.
Perception of skeletal muscle discomfort classification of administrative and tactical force police officers.
| Parameters | Overall | Administrative | Tactical Force | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skeletal Muscle Discomfort Classification | Skeletal Muscle Discomfort Classification | Skeletal Muscle Discomfort Classification | ||||||||||||||
| A F (%) | L F (%) | M F (%) | I F (%) | E F (%) | A F (%) | L F (%) | M F (%) | I F (%) | E F (%) | A F (%) | L F (%) | M F (%) | I F (%) | E F (%) | ||
| Neck | 19 (61) | 6 (19) | 3 (10) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | 11 (73) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 8 (50) | 4 (25) | 3 (19) | 0 | 1 (6) | |
| Upper back | 23 (74) | 3 (10) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | 14 (93) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 9 (56) | 3 (19) | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | |
| Middle back | 22 (71) | 5 (16) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | 11 (73) | 3 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 11 (69) | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | |
| Lower back | 17 (55) | 5 (16) | 5 (16) | 2 (6) | 2 (6) | 8 (53) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 1 (7) | 9 (56) | 3 (19) | 3 (19) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | |
| Pelvic | 27 (87) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 14 (93) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 13 (81) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | |
| Shoulder | Right side | 19 (61) | 3 (10) | 3 (10) | 2 (6) | 4 (13) | 11 (73) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 8 (50) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | 3 |
| Left side | 17 (55) | 4 (13) | 6 (19) | 2 (6) | 2 (6) | 7 (47) | 2 (13) | 5 (33) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 10 (63) | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | |
| Arm | Right side | 28 (90) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (88) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) |
| Left side | 30 (97) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 | |
| Forearm | Right side | 28 (90) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (88) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
| Left side | 29 (94) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (94) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Fist | Right side | 26 (84) | 0 (0) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 13 (87) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (81) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) |
| Left side | 27 (87) | 0 (0) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 13 (87) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (88) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | |
| Hang | Right side | 29 (94) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 14 (93) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (94) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
| Left side | 30 (97) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (94) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Thig | Right side | 27 (87) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (81) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
| Left side | 28 (90) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (93) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (88) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Leg | Right side | 22 (71) | 3 (10) | 3 (10) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | 12 (80) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 10 (63) | 2 (13) | 3 (19) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
| Left side | 21 (68) | 5 (16) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | 11 (73) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 10 (63) | 3 (19) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | |
| Ankle and feet | Right side | 24 77) | 2 (6) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 3 (10) | 14 (93) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 10 (63) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) |
| Left side | 22 (71) | 2 (6) | 4 (13) | 0 (0) | 3 (10) | 12 (80) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 10 (63) | 1 (6) | 3 (19) | 0 (0) | 2 (13) | |
Skeletal muscle discomfort classification: absence of pain/discomfort (A), low pain/discomfort (L), moderate pain/discomfort (M), intense pain/discomfort (I), and extreme pain/discomfort (E).
Table 5.
Correlation of anthropometric parameters and lifestyle, service time, and pain perception of police officers.
Table 5.
Correlation of anthropometric parameters and lifestyle, service time, and pain perception of police officers.
| Parameters | Service Time | Pain Perception | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p | 95% CI | r | p | 95% CI | |
| Service time | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Body mass | −0.284 | =0.1278 | −0.4549–0.2575 | −0.268 | =0.1520 | −0.5730–0.1020 |
| BMI | −0.178 | =0.3459 | −0.5060–0.1945 | −0.182 | =0.3339 | −0.5094–0.1901 |
| AC | −0.142 | =0.4530 | −0.4781–0.2297 | −0.129 | =0.4951 | −0.4680–0.2420 |
| WC | −0.113 | =0.5513 | −0.4549–0.2575 | −0.285 | =0.1268 | −0.5852–0.0838 |
| HC | −0.186 | =0.3231 | −0.5125–0.1860 | −0.185 | =0.3276 | −0.5112–0.1878 |
| WHR | 0.034 | =0.8584 | −0.3303–0.3895 | −0.239 | =0.2034 | −0.5517–0.1327 |
| Lifestyle | −0.110 | =0.5616 | −0.5385–0.1512 | 0.143 | =0.4508 | −0.2290–0.4786 |
| Physical activity time | 0.010 | =0.9540 | −0.4526–0.2603 | 0.047 | =0.8010 | −0.3179–0.4012 |
| Pain perception | −0.221 | =0.2403 | −0.5385–0.1512 | - | - | - |
BMI: body mass index. AC: abdominal circumference. WC: waist circumference. HC: hip circumference. WHR: waist-to-hip ratio. 95% CI: 95% confidence intervals.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
de Oliveira, R.R.; Aquino, J.B.d.C.; Reis, C.H.O.; Oliveira, G.S.; Vieira, L.A.; Machado, A.F.; Rica, R.L.; Bullo, V.; Bergamin, M.; Gobbo, S.; et al. Skeletal Muscle Discomfort and Lifestyle of Brazilian Military Police Officers of Administrative and Tactical Force. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040148
AMA Style
de Oliveira RR, Aquino JBdC, Reis CHO, Oliveira GS, Vieira LA, Machado AF, Rica RL, Bullo V, Bergamin M, Gobbo S, et al. Skeletal Muscle Discomfort and Lifestyle of Brazilian Military Police Officers of Administrative and Tactical Force. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2023; 8(4):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040148
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Oliveira, Renan Ribeiro, Jadder Bento da Costa Aquino, Carlos H. O. Reis, Geanderson S. Oliveira, Leonardo A. Vieira, Alexandre F. Machado, Roberta L. Rica, Valentina Bullo, Marco Bergamin, Stefano Gobbo, and et al. 2023. "Skeletal Muscle Discomfort and Lifestyle of Brazilian Military Police Officers of Administrative and Tactical Force" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 8, no. 4: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040148
