Pseudomyopia: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods: Literature Search
3. Results
3.1. Pathophysiology
3.2. Clinical Presentation
3.3. Assessment and Diagnosis
3.4. Treatment
Author Year | Sex | Age | Symptoms/Signs | Diagnostic Test | Non-Cycloplegic Rx (D) | Cycloplegic Rx (D) | Gap Refraction (D) | Dx/Etiology | Treatment | After Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rutstein, Marsh-Tootle 2001 [12] | Female | 27 | Blurred distance vision in LE | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Accomodative response Funduscopy Slit-lamp exam | RE plano LE −5.00 | RE + 0.75 − 0.25 × 180 LE + 0.75 − 0.50 × 180 | RE 0.75 LE 5.75 | Pseudomyopia Unilateral LE accommodative spasm associated with excessive near work | Not treatment | Not reported |
Ninomiya et al. 2003 [22] | Male | 12 | Blurred distance vision after a head/eye trauma soccer ball | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Slit-lamp exam SA * | RE −2.00 LE −3.00 SA RE: −0.107 μm LE: −0.112 μm | RE plano LE plano | RE 2.00 LE 3.00 | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm associated with eye trauma | Cyclopentolate 0.1%, 2 drops/day | Resolved SA RE: 0.020 μm LE: 0.031 μm |
Ninomiya et al. 2003 [22] | Female | 37 | Blurred distance vision | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Slit-lamp exam SA * | RE −11.25 LE −5.00 SA RE: −0.075 μm LE: −0.048 μm | RE −3.50 LE −3.00 SA RE: 0.027 μm LE: 0.022 μm | RE 7.75 LE 2.00 | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm associated with excessive near work | Not reported | Not reported |
Peinado et al. 2019 [14] | Female | 10 | Monocular decreased of vision | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Papillary and macular OCT Neurophysiological studies | RE −6.00 | RE +0.50 | RE 6.50 | Pseudomyopia Unilateral RE accommodative spasmIdiopathic | Atropine 1% daily (15 days) and +3D near-vision spectacles in RE | Resolved |
Hughes et al. 2017 [25] | Female | 34 | Blurred distance vision in RE after a whiplash injury sustained | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Funduscopy Slit-lamp exam Neuro-ophtalmology exam MRI | RE −3.50 | Not reported | Pseudomyopia following a whiplash type injury | Far vision minus lens Atropine 1% | Not resolved | |
Laria et al. 2014 [17] | Female | 8 | Headaches and blurred vision | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Funduscopy Slit-lamp exam Neuro-ophtalmology exam | RE −9.75 − 0.25 × 65°LE −7.75 − 0.75 × 65° | RE +0.75 LE +0.75 D | RE 10.50 LE 8.50 | Pseudomyopia Esotropia, spasm of the near reflex | Cyclopentolate 1.0%, 2 drops/day Atropine 1%, 1 drop/day and near-vision glasses. Botulinum toxin in the medial rectus Visual therapy | Resolved |
Shetty et al. 2015 [38] | Female | 33 | Blurred distance vision and headache after one month PRK for myopia | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Slit-lamp exam Aberrometry † | RE −0.75 − 0.50 × 165° LE −0.50 × 20° Internal defocus RE: 1.019 μm LE: 0.366 μm | RE −0.50 × 165 LE −0.50 × 20° Internal defocus RE:0.142 μm (86% decreassed) LE:0.230 μm(36% decreased) | RE −0.75 LE plano | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm | Cyclopentolate 1%, 3 drops/day | Resolved |
Airiani S, Braunstein RE 2006 [39] | Female | 41 | Severe headache after undergoing LASIK surgery. | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Slit-lamp exam Funduscopy | RE −2.25 − 0.50 × 170° LE plano | RE plano LE +0.75 | RE 2.25 LE 0.75 | Pseudomyopia | Cyclopentolate 1% | Patient lost to follow-up |
Shanker et al. 2012 [26] | Male | 22 | Headaches and blurred vision | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic examMEM Funduscopy | RE −10.00 D LE −10.00 D | RE −2.25 LE −1.50 | RE 7.75 LE 8.50 | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm | Homatropine 2%, 2 drops/day for 10 days Accommodative training | AS resolved, but after exotropia intermittent |
Jayakumar et al. 2012 [16] | Male | 29 | Squint and blurred vision | VA Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam | Not reported | RE plano LE plano | Basic exotropia | Bilateral lateral rectus recession | Blurred vision after strabismus surgery | |
Blurred vision after strabismus surgery | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam NRA | RE −2.00 − 0.50 × 90° LE −2.75 | RE plano LE plano | RE 2.25 LE 2.75 | Pseudomyopia | Cyclopentolate 1%, 3 drops/day Prisms | Not reported | |||
Bohlmann BJ, France TD 1987 [40] | Female | 19 | Blurred distance vision after trauma | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Neuro-ophtalmology exam MRI | RE −1.50 LE −1.50 | RE 0.25 LE 0.25 | RE 1.75 LE 1.75 | Pseudomyopia after a closed head trauma | Atropine 1% and bifocals | Resolved after 9 years |
London et al. 2003 [18] | Female | 15 | Blurred distance vision after closed head trauma | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam MEM Neurophysiological studies | RE −1.50 LE−1.50 − 0.50 × 175° | RE +0.50 LE + 0.25 − 0.25 × 180° | RE 2.00 LE 1.75 | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm associated with head trauma | Accommodative rock exercises | Resolved |
London et al. 2003 [18] | Male | 25 | Blurred distance vision for a year. | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam MEM Neurophysiological studies | RE −2.75 LE −2.50 | RE −0.50 LE −0.25 | RE 2.25 LE 2.25 | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm associated with Parinaud’s syndrome Exotropia | Accommodative rock exercises Atropine and near-vision spectacles Far vision minus lenses Strabismus surgery | Partially resolved Eventually he required far vision minus lenses |
London et al. 2003 [18] | Female | 36 | Blurred and variable distance vision after closed head trauma.Pupillary asymmetry | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Neuro-ophtalmology exam Funduscopy Slit-lamp exam | RE −1.50 − 1.00 × 175° LE −1.75 − 1.25 × 157° | RE −0.25 LE −0.25 | RE 1.25 LE 1.50 | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm associated with head trauma | Homatropine 5% Scopolamine 0.25% Bifocal glasses +2.00 D | Partially resolved She required pharmacologic drops and bifocal glasses |
London et al. 2003 [18] | Male | 17 | Blurred distance vision without correction and blurred near vision with correction unilateral for a year after head trauma | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Accommodative response (MEM) and amplitudes | LE −2.25 | LE −0.25 | LE 2.00 | Pseudomyopia Unilateral LE accommodative spasm associated with head trauma | Bifocal glasses RE −0.50 Ad +0.75 LE −2.00 Ad +1.75 | Partially resolved He required bifocal glasses |
Chan RV, Trobe JD 2002 [36] | Male | 30 | Blurred distance vision after trauma | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Neuro-ophtalmology exam MRI | RE −1.50 LE −1.50 | RE plano LE plano | RE 1.50 LE 1.50 | Pseudomyopia after a closed head trauma | Manifest Rx | Not resolved |
Male | 20 | RE −5.00 LE −5.00 | RE −3.25 LE −3.25 | RE 1.75 LE 1.75 | Manifest Rx | Not resolved | ||||
Male | 18 | RE −1.50 − 0.75 × 93° LE −2.50 − 0.50 × 96° | RE +0.75 − 1.50 × 90° LE +0.25 − 1.25 × 70° | RE 1.50 LE 2.75 | Cycloplegic Rx Manifest Rx | Not resolved | ||||
Male | 17 | RE −2.50 − 0.50 × 10° LE −2.50 | RE −1.00 − 0.25 × 10° LE−0.75 − 0.25 × 150° | RE 1.50 LE 1.75 | Homatropine and bifocals | Not resolved | ||||
Male | 16 | RE −2.00 LE −1.25 − 0.75 × 55° | RE −1.25 LE −0.50 − 0.75 × 55° | RE 0.75 LE 0.75 | Manifest Rx | Not resolved | ||||
Mc Murray et al. 2004 [45] | Male | 28 | Decreased VA after closed head trauma sustained in a motor vehicle accident 16 weeks earlier | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Axial length Computerized tomography | NR | NR | RE 4.00 LE 5.25 | Pseudomyopia Accommodative spasm associated with head trauma | Unsatisfactory despite a variety of cycloplegic and refractive corrections Finally, sequential clear lens extraction was selected. | Resolved VA was N5 with +2.50 D reading glasses |
Park et al. 2021 [55] | Female | 33 | Blurred distance vision after | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Accomodative response Funduscopy Slit-lamp exam Biometry | RE −2.34 (SE) LE −2.50 (SE) | RE −0.26 (SE) LE 0.13 (SE) | RE 2.08 LE 2.63 | Pseudomyopia with paradoxical accommodation | Glasses −1.00 D | She is in monitorization |
Nguyen et al. 2020 [43] | Female | 10 | Painless vision loss in both eyes | VA Non-cycloplegic Rx Cycloplegic Rx Orthoptic exam Accomodative response Funduscopy Slit-lamp exam Biometry | RE −8.50 − 0.50 × 57° LE −9.25 − 0.50 × 153° | RE +0.75 − 0.50 × 7° LE + 0.75 − 0.50 × 47° | RE 9.25 LE 10.00 | Accommodative spasm associated with conversion disorder | Atropine 0.5%–0.1%–0.01% in both eyes once daily-10 weeks | Atropine drops discontinued |
Author | Year | Cycloplegic Agents | Plus Lenses | Manifest Rx | Prism Base in | Orthoptics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shaffer [20] | 1928 | x | x | |||
Padman [56] | 1930 | x | ||||
Hathaway [54] | 1930 | x | ||||
Willians [11] | 1956 | x | ||||
Bohlmann BJ, France TD [40] | 1987 | x | x | |||
Ciufreda [23] | 1999 | |||||
Chan RV, Trobe JD [36] | 2002 | x | x | x | ||
Ninomiya et al. [22] | 2003 | x | ||||
London et al. [18] | 2003 | x | x | x | x | |
Airiani S, Braunstein RE [39] | 2006 | x | ||||
Shanker et al. [26] | 2012 | x | x | |||
Jayakumar et al. [16] | 2012 | x | x | |||
Laria et al. [17] | 2014 | x | x | x | ||
Shetty et al. [38] | 2015 | x | ||||
Hughes et al. [25] | 2017 | x | x | |||
Peinado et al. [14] | 2019 | x | x | |||
Nguyen et al. [43] | 2020 | x | ||||
Park et al. [55] | 2021 | x |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria |
---|
Pseudomyopia caused by an increase in ocular refractive power due to overstimulation of the eye’s accommodative mechanism. |
Explicit mention of pseudomyopia as the primary outcome reported. |
Exclusion Criteria |
Not related to subject interest. |
Reported secondary myopia. |
Reported pseudomyopia, but it is not the primary outcome. |
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García-Montero, M.; Felipe-Márquez, G.; Arriola-Villalobos, P.; Garzón, N. Pseudomyopia: A Review. Vision 2022, 6, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision6010017
García-Montero M, Felipe-Márquez G, Arriola-Villalobos P, Garzón N. Pseudomyopia: A Review. Vision. 2022; 6(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision6010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Montero, María, Gema Felipe-Márquez, Pedro Arriola-Villalobos, and Nuria Garzón. 2022. "Pseudomyopia: A Review" Vision 6, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision6010017