Quantum Beam Science

11 pages, 8752 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Radioisotope Imaging Technology for Plant Science Research in Japan

by Nobuo Suzui, Keitaro Tanoi, Jun Furukawa and Naoki Kawachi

Quantum Beam Sci. 2019, 3(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs3030018 - 25 Aug 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7673

Soil provides most of the essential elements required for the growth of plants. These elements are absorbed by the roots and then transported to the leaves via the xylem. Photoassimilates and other nutrients are translocated from the leaves to the maturing organs via [...] Read more.

Soil provides most of the essential elements required for the growth of plants. These elements are absorbed by the roots and then transported to the leaves via the xylem. Photoassimilates and other nutrients are translocated from the leaves to the maturing organs via the phloem. Non-essential elements are also transported via the same route. Therefore, an accurate understanding of the movement of these elements across the plant body is of paramount importance in plant science research. Radioisotope imaging is often utilized to understand element kinetics in the plant body. Live plant imaging is one of the recent advancements in this field. In this article, we recapitulate the developments in radioisotope imaging technology for plant science research in Japanese research groups. This collation provides useful insights into the application of radioisotope imaging technology in wide domains including plant science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Beams in Biology and Medicine)

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12 pages, 1998 KiB

Open AccessReview

Grain Rotation in Plastic Deformation

by Bin Chen, Linli Zhu, Yunchang Xin and Jialin Lei

Quantum Beam Sci. 2019, 3(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs3030017 - 26 Jul 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4581

Abstract

The plastic deformation behaviors of crystalline materials are usually determined by lattice dislocations. Below a certain particle or grain size, focus is placed on the grain-boundary-mediated mechanisms (e.g., grain rotation, grain boundary sliding, and diffusion), which has been observed during recrystallization, grain growth, [...] Read more.

The plastic deformation behaviors of crystalline materials are usually determined by lattice dislocations. Below a certain particle or grain size, focus is placed on the grain-boundary-mediated mechanisms (e.g., grain rotation, grain boundary sliding, and diffusion), which has been observed during recrystallization, grain growth, and plastic deformation. However, the underlying mechanisms of grain rotation remain to be studied. In this article, we review the theoretical models, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental investigations on grain rotation. The development of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray characterization methods for probing grain boundary processes during plastic deformation provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of grain rotation. Especially, the ability to acquire high-quality X-ray diffraction patterns from individual nanograins is expected to find broad applications in various fields such as physics, chemistry, materials science, and nanoscience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synchrotron Imaging and Diffraction Characterization of Advanced Materials)

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23 pages, 2915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Performance, Price, and Background of Long Neutron Guides for European Spallation Source

by Sonja Holm-Dahlin, Martin Andreas Olsen, Mads Bertelsen, Jonas Okkels Birk and Kim Lefmann

Quantum Beam Sci. 2019, 3(3), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs3030016 - 18 Jul 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3065

Abstract

We describe a systematic approach for the design of long, ballistic cold, and thermal neutron guides for the European Spallation Source (ESS). The guides investigated in this work are 170 m long and are required to have a narrowing point with room for [...] Read more.

We describe a systematic approach for the design of long, ballistic cold, and thermal neutron guides for the European Spallation Source (ESS). The guides investigated in this work are 170 m long and are required to have a narrowing point with room for a pulse shaping chopper placed 6 m from the moderator. In addition, most guides avoid line-of-sight from the moderator to the sample. The guides are optimized in order to find a reasonable trade-off between neutronics performance and construction price. The geometries simulated are closely related to the thermal-neutron multi-length-scale diffractometer HEIMDAL and the cold-neutron multi-analyser spectrometer BIFROST. For the cold-neutron guide an inexpensive solution was found that maintains good transport properties, while avoiding line-of-sight. However, for the thermal-neutron guide the losses when avoiding line-of-sight are large and it seems a good choice to stay in line-of-sight, even though this will increase both the shielding costs and fast-neutron background. The results are of general relevance for the understanding of the relation between transport, background, and price of long neutron guides. Full article

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12 pages, 5063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Mechanisms of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel under Shock-Load: Investigated by Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction

by Kun Yan, Mark D. Callaghan and Klaus-Dieter Liss

Quantum Beam Sci. 2019, 3(3), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs3030015 - 6 Jul 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3748

Abstract

As an ideal candidate material for automobiles, twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels possess excellent formability, high strength and high energy absorption ability during collision. This is attributed to its deformation mechanism of mechanical twinning, resulting in a high work hardening rate. In the current [...] Read more.

As an ideal candidate material for automobiles, twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels possess excellent formability, high strength and high energy absorption ability during collision. This is attributed to its deformation mechanism of mechanical twinning, resulting in a high work hardening rate. In the current study, deformation mechanisms of low-stacking fault energy TWIP steel, under different strain rates between 0.01/s to 1581/s, were investigated by high-energy X-ray diffraction. After compression, grains with {110}||compression direction became favourable. Higher intensity was observed near brass and A components in the selected orientation distribution function (ODF) section (φ₂ = 45°) for all the compressed specimens. The activity of twinning was found to be the highest in the specimens that had been compressed with medium–high strain rates (e.g., 100/s and 10/s), while the texture component related to slip had stronger intensity in the specimen deformed with a quasi-static strain rate (0.01/s). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strain, Stress and Texture Analysis with Quantum Beams)

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9 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Analysis of Carbon Ion-Induced Mutations in DNA Repair-Deficient Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

by Youichirou Matuo, Yoshinobu Izumi, Ayako N. Sakamoto, Yoshihiro Hase, Katsuya Satoh and Kikuo Shimizu

Quantum Beam Sci. 2019, 3(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs3030014 - 2 Jul 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4941

Abstract

Mutations caused by ion beams have been well-studied in plants, including ornamental flowers, rice, and algae. It has been shown that ion beams have several significantly interesting features, such as a high biological effect and unique mutation spectrum, which is in contrast to [...] Read more.

Mutations caused by ion beams have been well-studied in plants, including ornamental flowers, rice, and algae. It has been shown that ion beams have several significantly interesting features, such as a high biological effect and unique mutation spectrum, which is in contrast to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation such as gamma rays. In this study, the effects of double strand breaks and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) caused by ion-beam irradiation were examined. We irradiated repair-gene-inactive strains rad52, ogg1, and msh2 using carbon ion beams, analyzed the lethality and mutagenicity, and characterized the mutations. High-LET carbon ion-beam radiation was found to cause oxidative base damage, such as 8-oxodG, which can lead to mutations. The present observations suggested that nucleotide incorporation of oxidative damage gave only a limited effect on cell viability and genome fidelity. The ion-beam mutations occurred predominantly in 5′-ACA-3′ sequences, and we detected a hotspot at around +79 to +98 in URA3 in wild-type and mutant lines, suggesting the presence of a mutation-susceptible region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Beams in Biology and Medicine)

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Quantum Beam Sci., Volume 3, Issue 3 (September 2019) – 5 articles

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