Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete Fabricated with Different Types of Strengthened Lightweight Aggregates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Methodology
3.1. Recycled Coarse Aggregate Preparation
3.2. Pre-Treatment Technique for LECA, CCB, and CAAC
3.3. Mixing Proportion
Cement, kg/m3 | Fine Aggregate, kg/m3 | LWA, kg/m3 | Water, kg/m3 |
---|---|---|---|
380 | 572 | 564 | 186 |
Mixture Label | Type of LWA | Surface Condition | |
LW | LECA | Saturated surface dry with water | |
LG | LECA | Pre-treated with cement grout | |
LS | LECA | Pre-treated with silica fume grout | |
CW | CCB | Saturated surface dry with water | |
CG | CCB | Pre-treated with cement grout | |
CS | CCB | Pre-treated with silica fume grout | |
AW | CAAC | Saturated surface dry with water | |
AG | CAAC | Pre-treated with cement grout | |
AS | CAAC | Pre-treated with silica fume grout |
Material | Cement, % | Silica Fume, % | Water, % | Superplasticizer, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grout | |||||
CG | 100 | - | 300 | - | |
SFG | 90 | 10 | 300 | 1 a |
3.4. Experimental Work
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Fresh Properties
4.2. Hardened Properties
4.2.1. Dry Density
4.2.2. Compressive Strength
4.2.3. Splitting Tensile Strength
5. Conclusions
- Crushed waste from CCB and CAAC can be utilized in LWC fabrication. Non-structural LWC can be produced with LECAs and CAAC; on the other hand, CCB can be used to produce structural LWC.
- The density of LWC manufactured with saturated surface dry and pre-treated LECAs, CCB, and CAAC complies with the acceptable limit of density according to ACI standards. The higher values of dry density were obtained for LWC produced with LECAs, CCB, and CAAC pre-treated with modified cement grout and SF, namely, 1471 kg/m3, 1680 kg/m3, and 1618 kg/m3, respectively, after 28 days.
- The utilization of CCB and CAAC as LWAs in LWC production decreases its workability, revealed by means of a slump test, due to the angular particles’ edges, large surface pores with a rough texture, and irregular particle shape. The slump values of LWC fabricated with saturated surface dry CAAC and CCB were lower than those of LWC fabricated with the saturated surface dry LECA by about 41.9% and 70.9%, respectively.
- The pre-treatment procedure with cementitious grout for LWA surfaces revealed a marginal improvement in the workability of concrete in the plastic stage due to blocking the surface pores of all types of LWAs and reducing their water absorption capacity.
- The LWC fabricated using CCB exhibited higher compressive strength and splitting tensile strength relative to those exhibited by LWC produced with the LECA and CAAC in early and later stages due to the higher crushing value of CCB compared with the LECA and CAAC, which are characterized by weak particles. In light of this, employing CCB as an LWA is an effective sustainable and economical approach to fabricate LWC instead of using a manufactured LECA.
- The studied strength performance of hardened LWC was enhanced by pre-treating the LWA particles with cementitious grout due to the roughing of their surfaces increasing the bonding with the cement matrix and densifying the ITZ. Moreover, the modification of traditional CG with SF and a high-range water-reducing admixture is an effective technique to increase the efficiency of the coating due to the positive impact of SF on cement hydration and the densification of the microstructure of the cement matrix in the ITZ.
- Pre-treating LWAs with CG resulted in increased compressive strength of LWC relative to that containing the saturated surface dry LWA. The compressive strength increased by 4.3%, 10.2%, and 22.7% after 28 days when using the pre-treated LECA, CCB, and ACCA with CG instead of using them in the saturated surface dry state.
- The splitting tensile strength of LWC increased as a result of pre-treating all types of LWAs with CG and SFG at early and later ages; this increment can be attributed to improving the bonding strength between the LWA particles and the cement matrix.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | % | Physical Properties | |
---|---|---|---|
CaO | 61.66 | 2-Day Compressive Strength, MPa | 17.3 |
SiO2 | 21.61 | 28-Day Compressive Strength, MPa | 35.3 |
Al2O3 | 4.83 | Initial Setting Period, Min | 134 |
Fe2O3 | 3.32 | Final Setting Period, Hr | 3.26 |
SO3 | 2.01 | ||
MgO | 3.12 | ||
Free CaO | 0.86 | ||
Loss on Ignition | 2.37 | ||
Insoluble Residue | 0.92 |
Ingredients | % | Physical Properties | |
---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | >85% | Color and shape | Gray powder |
Moisture content | <3% | Specific surface area | >15 m2/gm |
Loss on ignition | <6% | Pozzolanic activity index (age of 7 days) | >105% relative to control |
Retained on sieve no. 325 | <10% |
Age | 3 Days | 7 Days | 28 Days | 56 Days | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mix. Lab. | |||||
LW | 1221 | 1241 | 1281 | 1287 | |
LG | 1318 | 1344 | 1351 | 1358 | |
LS | 1387 | 1436 | 1471 | 1493 | |
CW | 1490 | 1512 | 1595 | 1645 | |
CG | 1601 | 1624 | 1640 | 1705 | |
CS | 1647 | 1667 | 1680 | 1760 | |
AW | 1378 | 1381 | 1382 | 1386 | |
AG | 1402 | 1410 | 1415 | 1418 | |
AS | 1598 | 1609 | 1618 | 1621 |
Age | 3 Days | 7 Days | 28 Days | 56 Days | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mix. Lab. | |||||
LW | 2.6 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 4.8 | |
LG | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 5.3 | |
LS | 5.1 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.8 | |
CW | 13.6 | 17.6 | 22.5 | 26.3 | |
CG | 16.2 | 21.5 | 24.8 | 29.6 | |
CS | 19.8 | 23.2 | 27.1 | 30.2 | |
AW | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 | |
AG | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.3 | |
AS | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 7.1 |
Age | 3 Days | 7 Days | 28 Days | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mix. Lab. | ||||
LW | 0.57 | 0.84 | 1.11 | |
LG | 0.72 | 0.96 | 1.24 | |
LS | 0.91 | 1.35 | 1.73 | |
CW | 0.96 | 1.18 | 1.24 | |
CG | 1.21 | 1.63 | 1.85 | |
CS | 1.42 | 1.65 | 2.08 | |
AW | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.50 | |
AG | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.54 | |
AS | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.74 |
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Mahmmod, L.M.R.; Dulaimi, A.; Bernardo, L.F.A.; Andrade, J.M.d.A. Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete Fabricated with Different Types of Strengthened Lightweight Aggregates. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040144
Mahmmod LMR, Dulaimi A, Bernardo LFA, Andrade JMdA. Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete Fabricated with Different Types of Strengthened Lightweight Aggregates. Journal of Composites Science. 2024; 8(4):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040144
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmmod, Laith Mohammed Ridha, Anmar Dulaimi, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo, and Jorge Miguel de Almeida Andrade. 2024. "Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete Fabricated with Different Types of Strengthened Lightweight Aggregates" Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 4: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040144