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Journal of Composites Science

Journal of Composites Science is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of composites published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Materials Science, Composites) / CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 3.7 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.9 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2504-477X

Latest Articles

18 pages, 8702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidation Process and Morphological Degradation of Drilling Chips from Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers

by Dora Kroisová, Stepanka Dvorackova, Martin Bilek, Josef Skrivanek, Anita Białkowska and Mohamed Bakar

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080410 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors due to their high strength, stiffness, and low density. However, significant waste is generated during manufacturing and after the use of CFRPs. Traditional disposal methods [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors due to their high strength, stiffness, and low density. However, significant waste is generated during manufacturing and after the use of CFRPs. Traditional disposal methods like landfilling and incineration are unsustainable. CFRP machining processes, such as drilling and milling, produce fine chips and dust that are difficult to recycle due to their heterogeneity and contamination. This study investigates the oxidation behavior of CFRP drilling waste from two types of materials (tube and plate) under oxidative (non-inert) conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed from 200 °C to 800 °C to assess weight loss related to polymer degradation and carbon fiber integrity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze morphological changes and fiber damage. The optimal range for removing the polymer matrix without significant fiber degradation has been identified as 500–600 °C. At temperatures above 700 °C, notable surface and internal fiber damage occurred, along with nanostructure formation, which may pose health and environmental risks. The results show that partial fiber recovery is possible under ambient conditions, and this must be considered regarding the harmful risks to the human body if submicron particles are inhaled. This research supports sustainable CFRP recycling and fire hazard mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, 4th Edition)

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18 pages, 4093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Mechanical and Wear Properties of Fabricated Tri-Axial Glass Composites

by Raghu Somanna, Rudresh Bekkalale Madegowda, Rakesh Mahesh Bilwa, Prashanth Malligere Vishveshwaraiah, Prema Nisana Siddegowda, Sandeep Bagrae, Madhukar Beejaganahalli Sangameshwara, Girish Hunaganahalli Nagaraju and Madhusudan Puttaswamy

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080409 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

This study investigates the mechanical, morphological, and wear properties of SiO₂-filled tri-axial warp-knitted (TWK) glass fiber-reinforced vinyl ester matrix composites, with a focus on void fraction, tensile, flexural, hardness, and wear behavior. Adding SiO₂ fillers reduced void fractions, enhancing composite [...] Read more.

This study investigates the mechanical, morphological, and wear properties of SiO₂-filled tri-axial warp-knitted (TWK) glass fiber-reinforced vinyl ester matrix composites, with a focus on void fraction, tensile, flexural, hardness, and wear behavior. Adding SiO₂ fillers reduced void fractions, enhancing composite strength, with values ranging from 1.63% to 5.31%. Tensile tests revealed that composites with 5 wt% SiO₂ (GV1) exhibited superior tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation due to enhanced fiber–matrix interaction. Conversely, composites with 10 wt% SiO₂ (GV2) showed decreased tensile performance, indicating increased brittleness. Flexural tests demonstrated that GV1 outperformed GV2, showcasing higher flexural strength, elastic modulus, and deflection, reflecting improved load-bearing capacity at optimal filler content. Shore D hardness tests confirmed that GV1 had the highest hardness among the specimens. SEM analysis revealed wear behavior under various loads and sliding distances. GV1 exhibited minimal wear loss at lower loads and distances, while higher loads caused significant matrix detachment and fiber damage. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing SiO₂ filler content to enhance epoxy composites’ mechanical and tribological performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Mechanical Analysis of Composite Materials)

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13 pages, 2698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Stress–Strain State of the Structure of the GP-50 Support Bushing Manufactured by 3D Printing from PLA Plastic

by Almat Sagitov, Karibek Sherov, Didar Berdimuratova, Ainur Turusbekova, Saule Mendaliyeva, Dinara Kossatbekova, Medgat Mussayev, Balgali Myrzakhmet and Sabit Magavin

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080408 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

This article analyzes statistics on the failure of technological equipment, assemblies, and mechanisms of agricultural (and other) machines associated with the breakdown or failure of gear pumps. It was found that the leading causes of gear pump failures are the opening of gear [...] Read more.

This article analyzes statistics on the failure of technological equipment, assemblies, and mechanisms of agricultural (and other) machines associated with the breakdown or failure of gear pumps. It was found that the leading causes of gear pump failures are the opening of gear teeth contact during pump operation, poor assembly, wear of bushings, thrust washers, and gear teeth. It has also been found that there is a problem related to the restoration, repair, and manufacture of parts in the conditions of enterprises serving the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AIC RK). This is due to the lack of necessary technological equipment, tools, and instruments, as well as centralized repair and restoration bases equipped with the required equipment. This work proposes to solve this problem by applying AM technologies to the repair and manufacture of parts for agricultural machinery and equipment. The study results on the stress–strain state of support bushings under various pressures are presented, showing that a fully filled bushing has the lowest stresses and strains. It was also found that bushings with 50% filling and fully filled bushings have similar stress and strain values under the same pressure. The difference between them is insignificant, especially when compared to bushings with lower filling. This means that filling the bushing by more than 50% does not provide a significant additional reduction in stresses. In terms of material and printing time savings, 50% filling may also be the optimal option. Full article

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18 pages, 3916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bond Behavior Between Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Composites and Different Substrates: An Experimental Investigation

by Pengfei Ma, Shangke Yuan and Shuming Jia

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080407 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

This study investigates the bond behavior of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites with three common masonry substrates—solid clay bricks (SBs), perforated bricks (PBs), and concrete hollow blocks (HBs)—using knitted polyester grille (KPG) fabric. Through uniaxial tensile tests of the KPG fabric and FRCM [...] Read more.

This study investigates the bond behavior of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites with three common masonry substrates—solid clay bricks (SBs), perforated bricks (PBs), and concrete hollow blocks (HBs)—using knitted polyester grille (KPG) fabric. Through uniaxial tensile tests of the KPG fabric and FRCM system, along with single-lap and double-lap shear tests, the interfacial debonding modes, load-slip responses, and composite utilization ratio were evaluated. Key findings reveal that (i) SB and HB substrates predominantly exhibited fabric slippage (FS) or matrix–fabric (MF) debonding, while PB substrates consistently failed at the matrix–substrate (MS) interface, due to their smooth surface texture. (ii) Prism specimens with mortar joints showed enhanced interfacial friction, leading to higher load fluctuations compared to brick units. PB substrates demonstrated the lowest peak stress (69.64–74.33 MPa), while SB and HB achieved comparable peak stresses (133.91–155.95 MPa). (iii) The FRCM system only achieved a utilization rate of 12–30% in fabric and reinforcement systems. The debonding failure at the matrix–substrate interface is one of the reasons that cannot be ignored, and exploring methods to improve the bonding performance between the matrix–substrate interface is the next research direction. HB bricks have excellent bonding properties, and it is recommended to prioritize their use in retrofit applications, followed by SB bricks. These findings provide insights into optimizing the application of FRCM reinforcement systems in masonry structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Sustainable Cement-Based Composites: Innovations in Performance, Durability, and Environmental Impact)

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12 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reuse of Activated Carbon Filter Waste as Filler in Vulcanized Rubber Composites

by Viviane Chaves de Souza, Henrique Pina Cardim, Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe, Guilherme Pina Cardim, Iago William Zapelini, Leonardo Lataro Paim, Gleyson Tadeu Almeida Santos, Silvio Rainho Teixeira, Erivaldo Antônio da Silva, Renivaldo José dos Santos and Flávio Camargo Cabrera

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080406 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

The incorporation of residues into rubber composites has gained attention as a sustainable strategy to address waste management challenges while replacing commercial fillers. In this study, we investigated the potential use of water filter cartridge residue after exhaustion, composed of activated carbon, as [...] Read more.

The incorporation of residues into rubber composites has gained attention as a sustainable strategy to address waste management challenges while replacing commercial fillers. In this study, we investigated the potential use of water filter cartridge residue after exhaustion, composed of activated carbon, as a reinforcing filler in vulcanized natural rubber composites. Samples were prepared with 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr (per hundred rubber) of residue and compared to unfilled natural rubber. Stress vs. strain tests reached 13.9 MPa of tension at rupture for composites containing 10 phr of carbon-activated residues, representing a 21.9% increase compared to natural rubber. Interestingly, the tension at rupture for NR/AC_10phr reached values close to those of NR/CB_5phr (with carbon black N330) attaining 14.4 MPa. These results indicate that, even at relatively low concentrations, the carbon filter can offer partial substitution for commercial fillers. Moreover, the use of activated carbon from filter cartridges as filler in rubber composites provides an environmentally favorable alternative to energy-intensive regeneration processes for activated carbon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rubber-Based Composites: Challenges in Reusing Waste and Nanostructures as Fillers)

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17 pages, 2269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocurable Resin Composites with Silica Micro- and Nano-Fillers for 3D Printing of Dental Restorative Materials

by Pirat Karntiang, Hiroshi Ikeda, Yuki Nagamatsu and Hiroshi Shimizu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080405 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

This study aimed to develop experimental filler-reinforced resin composites for vat-photopolymerization 3D printing and to evaluate the effects of filler addition on their mechanical, physicochemical, and bonding properties for dental restorative applications. Silanized nano- and/or micro-fillers were incorporated into acrylic resin monomers to [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop experimental filler-reinforced resin composites for vat-photopolymerization 3D printing and to evaluate the effects of filler addition on their mechanical, physicochemical, and bonding properties for dental restorative applications. Silanized nano- and/or micro-fillers were incorporated into acrylic resin monomers to formulate photocurable resins suitable for vat-photopolymerization. The rheological behavior of these liquid-state resins was assessed through viscosity measurements. Printed resin composites were fabricated and characterized for mechanical properties—including flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Vickers hardness—both before and after 8 weeks of water immersion. Physicochemical properties, such as water sorption, water solubility, and degree of conversion, were also evaluated. Additionally, shear bond strength to a resin-based luting agent was measured before and after artificial aging via thermocycling. A commercial dental CAD-CAM resin composite served as a reference material. Filler incorporation significantly improved the mechanical properties of the printed composites. The highest performance was observed in the composite containing 60 wt% micro-fillers, with a flexural strength of 168 ± 10 MPa, flexural modulus of 6.3 ± 0.4 GPa, and Vickers hardness of 63 ± 1 VHN, while the commercial CAD-CAM composite showed values of 152 ± 8 MPa, 7.9 ± 0.3 GPa, and 66 ± 2 VHN, respectively. Filler addition did not adversely affect the degree of conversion, although the relatively low conversion led to the elution of unpolymerized monomers and increased water solubility. The shear bond strength of the optimal printed composite remained stable after aging without silanization, demonstrating superior bonding performance compared with the CAD-CAM composite. These findings suggest that the developed 3D-printed resin composite is a promising candidate for dental restorative materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Direct and Indirect Dental Composite Restorations)

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17 pages, 3105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cell Viability of Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs) on 3D-Printed Resins for Temporary Dental Restorations

by Mónica Antonio-Flores, Andrés Eliú Castell-Rodríguez, Gabriela Piñón-Zárate, Beatriz Hernández-Téllez, Abigailt Flores-Ledesma, Enrique Pérez-Martínez, Carolina Sámano-Valencia, Gerardo Quiroz-Petersen and Katia Jarquín-Yáñez

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080404 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

There is insufficient evidence regarding the cytotoxicity of restorative 3D-printing resins, used as part of the digital workflow in dentistry. This study presents a novel comparative evaluation of cell viability and adhesion using human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs), a less commonly [...] Read more.

There is insufficient evidence regarding the cytotoxicity of restorative 3D-printing resins, used as part of the digital workflow in dentistry. This study presents a novel comparative evaluation of cell viability and adhesion using human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs), a less commonly used but clinically relevant cell line in dental biomaterials research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cell viability of WJ-MSCs seeded on 3D-printed resins intended for temporary restorations. Resin discs of three commercial 3D-printing resins (NextDent C&B, Leaf Dental C&B, and UNIZ Temp) and a conventional self-curing acrylic resin (NicTone) were used. WJ-MSCs were cultured on the specimens for 1, 4, and 10 days. Cell viability was assessed using the PrestoBlue assay, Live/Dead immunofluorescence staining, and 7AAD/Annexin V staining. Cell adhesion was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Direct exposure to the 3D-printed resins and the self-curing acrylic caused slight reductions in cell viability compared to the control group in both microscopic analyses. 7AAD/Annexin V showed the highest percentage of viable WBCs for the conventional acrylic (34%), followed by UNIZ (35%), NextDent (42%), and Leaf Dental (36%) (ANOVA p < 0.05 Tukey’s post-hoc test p < 0.05). These findings suggest that 3D-printed resins could be considered safe for use in temporary restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)

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17 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Methacrylate-POSS in Nanosilica Dispersion Addition on Selected Mechanical Properties of Photo-Cured Dental Resins and Nanocomposites

by Norbert Sobon, Michal Krasowski, Karolina Kopacz, Barbara Lapinska, Izabela Barszczewska-Rybarek, Patrycja Kula and Kinga Bociong

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080403 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Background: This study aimed to assess the impact of methacrylate-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes dispersed in nanosilica (MA/Ns-POSS) on the mechanical properties of light-curable dental resins and composites. The primary goal was to evaluate how different concentrations of MA/Ns-POSS (0.5–20 wt.%) affect the hardness, [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to assess the impact of methacrylate-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes dispersed in nanosilica (MA/Ns-POSS) on the mechanical properties of light-curable dental resins and composites. The primary goal was to evaluate how different concentrations of MA/Ns-POSS (0.5–20 wt.%) affect the hardness, flexural strength, modulus, diametral tensile strength, polymerization shrinkage stress, and degree of conversion of these materials. Methods: A mixture of Bis-GMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, HEMA, and camphorquinone, with a tertiary amine as the photoinitiator, was used to create resin and composite samples, incorporating 45 wt.% silanized silica for the composites. Hardness (Vickers method, HV), flexural strength (FS), and flexural modulus (E_f) were assessed using three-point bending tests, while diametral tensile strength (DTS) polymerization shrinkage stresses (PSS), and degree of conversion (DC) analysis were analyzed for the composites. Results: The results showed that resins with 10 wt.% MA/Ns-POSS exhibited the highest E_f and FS values. Composite hardness peaked at 20 wt.% MA/Ns-POSS, while DTS increased up to 2.5 wt.% MA/Ns-POSS but declined at higher concentrations. PSS values decreased with increasing MA/Ns-POSS concentration, with the lowest values recorded at 15–20 wt.%. DC analysis also showed substantial improvement for 15–20 wt.% Conclusion: Incorporating MA/Ns-POSS improves the mechanical properties of both resins and composites, with 20 wt.% showing the best results. Further studies are needed to explore the influence of higher additive concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations of Composite Materials in Prosthetic Dentistry)

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37 pages, 1664 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mining Waste in Asphalt Pavements: A Critical Review of Waste Rock and Tailings Applications

by Adeel Iqbal, Nuha S. Mashaan and Themelina Paraskeva

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080402 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

This paper presents a critical and comprehensive review of the application of mining waste, specifically waste rock and tailings, in asphalt pavements, with the aim of synthesizing performance outcomes and identifying key research gaps. A systematic literature search yielded a final dataset of [...] Read more.

This paper presents a critical and comprehensive review of the application of mining waste, specifically waste rock and tailings, in asphalt pavements, with the aim of synthesizing performance outcomes and identifying key research gaps. A systematic literature search yielded a final dataset of 41 peer-reviewed articles for detailed analysis. Bibliometric analysis indicates a notable upward trend in annual publications, reflecting growing academic and practical interest in this field. Performance-based evaluations demonstrate that mining wastes, particularly iron and copper tailings, have the potential to enhance the high-temperature performance (i.e., rutting resistance) of asphalt binders and mixtures when utilized as fillers or aggregates. However, their effects on fatigue life, low-temperature cracking, and moisture susceptibility are inconsistent, largely influenced by the physicochemical properties and dosage of the specific waste material. Despite promising results, critical knowledge gaps remain, particularly in relation to long-term durability, comprehensive environmental and economic Life-Cycle Assessments (LCA), and the inherent variability of waste materials. This review underscores the substantial potential of mining wastes as sustainable alternatives to conventional pavement materials, while emphasizing the need for further multidisciplinary research to support their broader implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Asphalt Composite Materials)

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27 pages, 5832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospinning Technology to Influence Hep-G2 Cell Growth on PVDF Fiber Mats as Medical Scaffolds: A New Perspective of Advanced Biomaterial

by Héctor Herrera Hernández, Carlos O. González Morán, Gemima Lara Hernández, Ilse Z. Ramírez-León, Citlalli J. Trujillo Romero, Juan A. Alcántara Cárdenas and Jose de Jesus Agustin Flores Cuautle

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080401 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

This research focuses on designing polymer membranes as biocompatible materials using home-built electrospinning equipment, offering alternative solutions for tissue regeneration applications. This technological development supports cell growth on biomaterial substrates, including hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cells. This work researches the compatibility of polymer membranes [...] Read more.

This research focuses on designing polymer membranes as biocompatible materials using home-built electrospinning equipment, offering alternative solutions for tissue regeneration applications. This technological development supports cell growth on biomaterial substrates, including hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cells. This work researches the compatibility of polymer membranes (fiber mats) made of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) for possible use in cellular engineering. A standard culture medium was employed to support the proliferation of Hep-G2 cells under controlled conditions (37 °C, 4.8% CO₂, and 100% relative humidity). Subsequently, after the incubation period, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) assays were conducted in a physiological environment to characterize the electrical cellular response, providing insights into the biocompatibility of the material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to evaluate cell adhesion, morphology, and growth on the PVDF polymer membranes. The results suggest that PVDF polymer membranes can be successfully produced through electrospinning technology, resulting in the formation of a dipole structure, including the possible presence of a polar β-phase, contributing to piezoelectric activity. EIS measurements, based on R_ct and C_dl values, are indicators of ion charge transfer and strong electrical interactions at the membrane interface. These findings suggest a favorable environment for cell proliferation, thereby enhancing cellular interactions at the fiber interface within the electrolyte. SEM observations displayed a consistent distribution of fibers with a distinctive spherical agglomeration on the entire PVDF surface. Finally, integrating piezoelectric properties into cell culture systems provides new opportunities for investigating the influence of electrical interactions on cellular behavior through electrochemical techniques. Based on the experimental results, this electrospun polymer demonstrates great potential as a promising candidate for next-generation biomaterials, with a probable application in tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, 3rd Edition)

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25 pages, 5899 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Invasive Medical Imaging in the Evaluation of Composite Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions

by Samira Farjaminejad, Rosana Farjaminejad, Pedram Sotoudehbagha and Mehdi Razavi

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080400 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Tissue-engineered scaffolds, particularly composite scaffolds composed of polymers combined with ceramics, bioactive glasses, or nanomaterials, play a vital role in regenerative medicine by providing structural and biological support for tissue repair. As scaffold designs grow increasingly complex, the need for non-invasive imaging modalities [...] Read more.

Tissue-engineered scaffolds, particularly composite scaffolds composed of polymers combined with ceramics, bioactive glasses, or nanomaterials, play a vital role in regenerative medicine by providing structural and biological support for tissue repair. As scaffold designs grow increasingly complex, the need for non-invasive imaging modalities capable of monitoring scaffold integration, degradation, and tissue regeneration in real-time has become critical. This review summarizes current non-invasive imaging techniques used to evaluate tissue-engineered constructs, including optical methods such as near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); X-ray-based approaches like computed tomography (CT); and ultrasound-based modalities. It discusses the unique advantages and limitations of each modality. Finally, the review identifies major challenges—including limited imaging depth, resolution trade-offs, and regulatory hurdles—and proposes future directions to enhance translational readiness and clinical adoption of imaging-guided tissue engineering (TE). Emerging prospects such as multimodal platforms and artificial intelligence (AI) assisted image analysis hold promise for improving precision, scalability, and clinical relevance in scaffold monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, 3rd Edition)

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28 pages, 3834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Exact 3D Shell Model for Free Vibration Analysis of Magneto-Electro-Elastic Composite Structures

by Salvatore Brischetto, Domenico Cesare and Tommaso Mondino

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080399 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

The present paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) spherical shell model for the magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) free vibration analysis of simply supported multilayered smart shells. A mixed curvilinear orthogonal reference system is used to write the unified 3D governing equations for cylinders, cylindrical panels and [...] Read more.

The present paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) spherical shell model for the magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) free vibration analysis of simply supported multilayered smart shells. A mixed curvilinear orthogonal reference system is used to write the unified 3D governing equations for cylinders, cylindrical panels and spherical shells. The closed-form solution of the problem is performed considering Navier harmonic forms in the in-plane directions and the exponential matrix method in the thickness direction. A layerwise approach is possible, considering the interlaminar continuity conditions for displacements, electric and magnetic potentials, transverse shear/normal stresses, transverse normal magnetic induction and transverse normal electric displacement. Some preliminary cases are proposed to validate the present 3D MEE free vibration model for several curvatures, materials, thickness values and vibration modes. Then, new benchmarks are proposed in order to discuss possible effects in multilayered MEE curved smart structures. In the new benchmarks, first, three circular frequencies for several half-wave number couples and for different thickness ratios are proposed. Thickness vibration modes are shown in terms of displacements, stresses, electric displacement and magnetic induction along the thickness direction. These new benchmarks are useful to understand the free vibration behavior of MEE curved smart structures, and they can be used as reference for researchers interested in the development of of 2D/3D MEE models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)

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21 pages, 12325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inspection of Damaged Composite Structures with Active Thermography and Digital Shearography

by João Queirós, Hernâni Lopes, Luís Mourão and Viriato dos Santos

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080398 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

This study comprehensively compares the performance of two non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques—active thermography (AT) and digital shearography (DS)—for identifying various damage types in composite structures. Three distinct composite specimens were inspected: a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate with flat-bottom holes, an aluminum honeycomb core [...] Read more.

This study comprehensively compares the performance of two non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques—active thermography (AT) and digital shearography (DS)—for identifying various damage types in composite structures. Three distinct composite specimens were inspected: a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate with flat-bottom holes, an aluminum honeycomb core sandwich plate with a circular skin-core disbond, and a CFRP plate with two low-energy impacts damage. The research highlights the significant role of post-processing methods in enhancing damage detectability. For AT, algorithms such as fast Fourier transform (FFT) for temperature phase extraction and principal component thermography (PCT) for identifying significant temperature components were employed, generally making anomalies brighter and easier to locate and size. For DS, a novel band-pass filtering approach applied to phase maps, followed by summing the filtered maps, remarkably improved the visualization and precision of damage-induced anomalies by suppressing background noise. Qualitative image-based comparisons revealed that DS consistently demonstrated superior performance. The sum of DS filtered phase maps provided more detailed and precise information regarding damage location and size compared to both pulsed thermography (PT) and lock-in thermography (LT) temperature phase and amplitude. Notably, DS effectively identified shallow flat-bottom holes and subtle imperfections that AT struggled to clearly resolve, and it provided a more comprehensive representation of the impacts damage location and extent. This enhanced capability of DS is attributed to the novel phase map filtering approach, which significantly improves damage identification compared to the thermogram post-processing methods used for AT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials)

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19 pages, 10777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Durability and Mechanical Properties of Silty Sand Stabilized with Geopolymer and Nanosilica Composites

by Mojtaba Jafari Kermanipour, Mohammad Hossein Bagheripour and Ehsan Yaghoubi

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080397 - 30 Jul 2025

This study investigates the effectiveness of geopolymer-based binders for the stabilization of silty sand, aiming to improve its strength and durability under cyclic environmental conditions. A composite binder consisting of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) and Recycled Glass Powder (RGP), modified with nano [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effectiveness of geopolymer-based binders for the stabilization of silty sand, aiming to improve its strength and durability under cyclic environmental conditions. A composite binder consisting of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) and Recycled Glass Powder (RGP), modified with nano poly aluminum silicate (PAS), was used to treat the soil. The long-term performance of the stabilized soil was evaluated under cyclic wetting–drying (W–D) conditions. The influence of PAS content on the mechanical strength, environmental safety, and durability of the stabilized soil was assessed through a series of laboratory tests. Key parameters, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), mass retention, pH variation, ion leaching, and microstructural development, were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results revealed that GGBS-stabilized specimens maintained over 90% of their original strength and mass after eight W–D cycles, indicating excellent durability. In contrast, RGP-stabilized samples exhibited early strength degradation, with up to an 80% reduction in UCS and 10% mass loss. Environmental evaluations confirmed that leachate concentrations remained within acceptable toxicity limits. Microstructural analysis further highlighted the critical role of PAS in enhancing the chemical stability and long-term performance of the stabilized soil matrix. Full article

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14 pages, 1607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Distribution of Titanium Hydrides After Degradation of Magnesium/Titanium Hybrid Implant Material—A Study by X-Ray Diffraction Contrast Tomography

by Vasil M. Garamus, D. C. Florian Wieland, Julian P. Moosmann, Felix Beckmann, Lars Lottermoser, Maria Serdechnova, Carsten Blawert, Mohammad Fazel, Eshwara P. S. Nidadavolu, Wolfgang Limberg, Thomas Ebel, Regine Willumeit-Römer and Berit Zeller-Plumhoff

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080396 - 26 Jul 2025

Hybrid implants composed of magnesium and titanium are a promising direction in orthopaedics, as these implants combine the stability of titanium with the biological activity of magnesium. These partly soluble implants require careful investigation, as the degradation of magnesium releases hydrogen, which can [...] Read more.

Hybrid implants composed of magnesium and titanium are a promising direction in orthopaedics, as these implants combine the stability of titanium with the biological activity of magnesium. These partly soluble implants require careful investigation, as the degradation of magnesium releases hydrogen, which can enter the Ti matrix and thus alter the mechanical properties. To investigate this scenario and quantify the hydrogen uptake along with its structural impacts, we employed inert gas fusion, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a combination of synchrotron absorption and X-ray diffraction tomography. These techniques enabled us to investigate the concentration and distribution of hydrogen and the formation of hydrides in the samples. Titanium hydride formation was observed in a region approximately 120 µm away from the titanium surface and correlates with the amount of absorbed hydrogen. We speculate that the degradation of magnesium at the magnesium/titanium implant interface leads to the penetration of hydrogen due to a combination of electrochemical and gaseous charging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Degradation of Composites: Microscopic Characterization and Analysis)

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16 pages, 1870 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Development and Industrial Applications of Wax Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Nano, Green, and Classic Materials Approaches

by Parham Joolaei Ahranjani, Hamed Sadatfaraji, Kamine Dehghan, Vaibhav A. Edlabadkar, Prasant Khadka, Ifeanyi Nwobodo, VN Ramachander Turaga, Justin Disney and Hamid Rashidi Nodeh

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080395 - 26 Jul 2025

Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to [...] Read more.

Wax deposition, driven by the crystallization of long-chain n-alkanes, poses severe challenges across industries such as petroleum, oil and natural gas, food processing, and chemical manufacturing. This phenomenon compromises flow efficiency, increases energy demands, and necessitates costly maintenance interventions. Wax inhibitors, designed to mitigate these issues, operate by altering wax crystallization, aggregation, and adhesion over the pipelines. Classic wax inhibitors, comprising synthetic polymers and natural compounds, have been widely utilized due to their established efficiency and scalability. However, synthetic inhibitors face environmental concerns, while natural inhibitors exhibit reduced performance under extreme conditions. The advent of nano-based wax inhibitors has revolutionized wax management strategies. These advanced materials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocomposites, leverage their high surface area and tunable interfacial properties to enhance efficiency, particularly in harsh environments. While offering superior performance, nano-based inhibitors are constrained by high production costs, scalability challenges, and potential environmental risks. In parallel, the development of “green” wax inhibitors derived from renewable resources such as vegetable oils addresses sustainability demands. These eco-friendly formulations introduce functionalities that reinforce inhibitory interactions with wax crystals, enabling effective deposition control while reducing reliance on synthetic components. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms, applications, and comparative performance of classic and nano-based wax inhibitors. It highlights the growing integration of sustainable and hybrid approaches that combine the reliability of classic inhibitors with the advanced capabilities of nano-based systems. Future directions emphasize the need for cost-effective, eco-friendly solutions through innovations in material science, computational modeling, and biotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

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14 pages, 2195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Simulation Analysis on Wet Slip Performance Between Tread Rubber and Road Surface

by Yang Wan, Benlong Su, Guochang Lin, Youshan Wang, Gege Huang and Jian Wu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080394 - 25 Jul 2025

Optimisation of the anti-skid properties of tyres is a significant area of composite applications. For investigating the wet slip friction characteristics, the wet slip friction test of tread rubber and road surface was carried out using the comprehensive tire friction testing machine. The [...] Read more.

Optimisation of the anti-skid properties of tyres is a significant area of composite applications. For investigating the wet slip friction characteristics, the wet slip friction test of tread rubber and road surface was carried out using the comprehensive tire friction testing machine. The wet slip properties of different formulated rubbers under various working conditions such as different slip speeds, water film thicknesses and vertical loads were compared through the test. Subsequently, an orthogonal test programme was designed to investigate the degree of significant influence of each factor on the wet slip performance. A three-dimensional finite element model of tread rubber and road surface with water film was established in order to facilitate analysis of the wet slip properties. The simulation results were utilised to elucidate the pattern of the effects of different loads on the wet slip friction characteristics. Results indicate that the wet slip friction coefficient is subject to decrease in proportion to the magnitude of the vertical load; the friction coefficient of rubber block in wet slip condition exhibits a decline of approximately 26% in comparison with that of dry condition; the factor that exerts the most significant influence on the coefficient of friction is the vertical load, while the water film thickness exerts the least influence. The results obtained can serve as a reference source for the design of tire anti-skid performance enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials)

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16 pages, 2673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal and Volumetric Signatures of the Mullins Effect in Carbon Black Reinforced Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Composites

by Nicolas Candau, Guillaume Corvec, Noel León-Albiter and Miguel Mudarra Lopez

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080393 - 24 Jul 2025

This paper investigates the interplay between rubber network damage, carbon black (CB) network damage, heat exchange, and voiding mechanisms in filled Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) under cyclic loading. To do so, three carbon black filled SBR composites, SBR5, SBR30 and SBR60 are studied. The [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the interplay between rubber network damage, carbon black (CB) network damage, heat exchange, and voiding mechanisms in filled Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) under cyclic loading. To do so, three carbon black filled SBR composites, SBR5, SBR30 and SBR60 are studied. The study aims to quantify molecular damage and its role in inducing reversible or irreversible heat flow and voiding behavior to inform the design of more resilient rubber composites with improved fatigue life and thermal management capabilities. The study effectively demonstrated how increasing carbon black content, particularly in SBR60, leads to a shift from mostly reversible to irreversible and cumulative damage mechanisms during cyclic loading, as evidenced by thermal, volumetric, and electrical resistivity changes. In particular, we identify a critical mechanical energy of 7 MJ.m⁻³ associated with such transition. These irreversible changes are strongly linked to the damage and re-arrangement of the carbon black filler network, as well as the rubber chains network and the formation/growth of voids, while reversible mechanisms are likely related to rubber chains alignment associated with entropic elasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 15603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Carbon Nanotube–Epoxy Interfaces: Correlating Morphology to Sulfate Exposure

by Sijan Adhikari, Braiden M. Myers, Bryce L. Tuck, Courtney Dawson, Joey R. Cipriano, Jules F. Ahlert, Menziwokuhle Thwala, Mia A. Griffin, Omar Yadak, Osama A. Alfailakawi, Micah S. Ritz, Seth M. Wright, Jeffery Volz and Shreya Vemuganti

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080392 - 24 Jul 2025

Epoxy resins are widely used as protective coatings in civil infrastructure, yet sulfate-rich environments accelerate their deterioration. This study evaluates the effectiveness of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in enhancing the sulfate resistance of epoxy resins. Neat and MWCNT-reinforced epoxy specimens (0.25 wt.% and [...] Read more.

Epoxy resins are widely used as protective coatings in civil infrastructure, yet sulfate-rich environments accelerate their deterioration. This study evaluates the effectiveness of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in enhancing the sulfate resistance of epoxy resins. Neat and MWCNT-reinforced epoxy specimens (0.25 wt.% and 0.5 wt.%) were fabricated, heat cured at 100 °C and exposed to a solution of sulfuric acid and sodium chloride maintaining a pH of less than 3 for 0, 30, and 60 days. Analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), revealed distinct degradation patterns: the neat epoxy exhibited puncture damage and extensive salt deposition, while the MWCNT-reinforced specimens showed crack propagation mitigated by nanotube bridging. Heat curing introduced micro-voids that exacerbated sulfate ingress. The salt deposition surged to 200 times for the MWCNT-reinforced specimens compared to the neat ones, whereas crack width was higher in the MWCNT reinforced specimen compared to their neat counterparts, given that crack-bridging was observed. These findings highlight the potential of MWCNTs to improve epoxy durability in sulfate-prone environments, though the optimization of curing conditions and dispersion methods is critical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lightweight Composites Materials: Sustainability and Applications, Volume II)

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2 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Abdulmajid et al. Feasibility of the Maturity Concept for Strength Prediction in Geopolymer Based Materials. J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9, 329

by Rafah R. Abdulmajid, Dillshad K. Bzeni, Farid H. Abed and Hussein M. Hamada

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080391 - 24 Jul 2025

Figure [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Sustainable Cement-Based Composites: Innovations in Performance, Durability, and Environmental Impact)

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