Decentralised Voltage Regulation through Optimal Reactive Power Flow in Distribution Networks with Dispersed Generation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Voltage Regulation in Modern Distribution Networks
2.2. Optimal Reactive Power Flow
3. Methodology
3.1. The Q(V) Control Law
3.2. The Mathematical Model
- is the set of all nodes of the grid;
- is the active power injected in the bth bus;
- is the active power required by the bth bus;
- is the reactive power injected in the bth bus;
- is the reactive power required by the bth node;
- , are the magnitudes of the nodal voltage in p.u.;
- are the angles of the nodal voltage in p.u.;
- is the magnitude of the kmth element of the nodal admittance matrix;
- is the angle of the kmth element of the nodal admittance matrix.
- is the set of nodes of the grid at which the DERs are connected;
- is a suitable penalty factor;
- is the angular coefficient of the gth distributed generator.
4. Case Studies and Numerical Results
4.1. Test on a Small-Scale Distribution Network
Numerical Results: Minimisation of Voltage Variations
4.2. The Aosta Case Study
- is the hourly power consumption of the i-th secondary substation (SS);
- is the hourly power consumption of the primary substation (PS);
- is the summation of the MV users’ hourly consumption. This parameter also includes the distributed generation;
- is the apparent power of the transformer installed in the j-th secondary substation.
5. Conclusions and Future Studies
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Production/Load Active Power Ratio DP | Line Length l |
---|---|
, generator growth index , line-length growth index |
Day | Consumption [MWh] | DG Production [MWh] | Reference Figure |
---|---|---|---|
7 February | 562.755 | 191.890 | Figure 16 |
25 May | 355.964 | 132.565 | Figure 17 |
2 August | 407.274 | 44.732 | Figure 18 |
17 October | 472.981 | 196.267 | Figure 19 |
Voltages Root Mean Square Error | |||
---|---|---|---|
Without Regulation | With Regulation | ||
Season | Winter | 0.0036 | 0.0034 |
Spring | 0.0113 | 0.0084 | |
Summer | 0.0087 | 0.0066 | |
Autumn | 0.0052 | 0.0041 |
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Daccò, E.; Falabretti, D.; Ilea, V.; Merlo, M.; Nebuloni, R.; Spiller, M. Decentralised Voltage Regulation through Optimal Reactive Power Flow in Distribution Networks with Dispersed Generation. Electricity 2024, 5, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010008
Daccò E, Falabretti D, Ilea V, Merlo M, Nebuloni R, Spiller M. Decentralised Voltage Regulation through Optimal Reactive Power Flow in Distribution Networks with Dispersed Generation. Electricity. 2024; 5(1):134-153. https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaccò, Edoardo, Davide Falabretti, Valentin Ilea, Marco Merlo, Riccardo Nebuloni, and Matteo Spiller. 2024. "Decentralised Voltage Regulation through Optimal Reactive Power Flow in Distribution Networks with Dispersed Generation" Electricity 5, no. 1: 134-153. https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010008