Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Agricultural Production in District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Image Processing
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Type | Source | Description |
---|---|---|
Multispectral images | Landsat 5 and 8 from USGS Earth Explorer | Multiple years’ worth of data from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI_TIRs imaging |
Road network shapefile | Local authorities | Geographic Information System (GIS) shapefile containing road network data, includes classified roads and their attributes. |
Population data | Government records | Population census data for District Bahawalnagar, collected from government records. |
Administrative boundaries | Government records | Shapefile or geographic data defining the administrative boundaries of District Bahawalnagar. |
Topographic maps | Survey of Pakistan | Topographic maps at a scale of 1:50,000. |
GPS coordinates | Field surveys | GPS coordinates were collected for the training site to create a spectral signature for image classification during field surveys conducted within the study area of District Bahawalnagar. |
Actual Class | Predicted Class | Producer Accuracy | User Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|
Water bodies | Water bodies | 90% | 85% |
Bare land | Bare land | 85% | 90% |
Built-up area | Built-up Area | 80% | 80% |
Agricultural land | Agricultural land | 80% | 75% |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | |||||
LULC Class | Area ha | % | Area ha | % | Area ha | % | Areaha | % |
Water bodies | 54.311 | 3% | 48.796 | 3% | 43.29 | 2% | 37.79 | 2% |
Bare land | 320.518 | 18% | 264.898 | 15% | 248.071 | 14% | 257.106 | 14% |
Built-up area | 837.761 | 46% | 906.146 | 50% | 951.233 | 52% | 980.788 | 54% |
Agricultural land | 598.779 | 33% | 592.344 | 33% | 569.913 | 31% | 536.818 | 30% |
Total | 1811.369 | 100% | 1812.184 | 100% | 1812.507 | 100% | 1812.502 | 100% |
2013 | 2018 | 2023 | ||||||
Area ha | % | Area ha | % | Area ha | % | |||
Water bodies | 38.644 | 2% | 35.10089 | 2% | 31.55778 | 2% | ||
Bare land | 251.72 | 14% | 249.16 | 14% | 246.6 | 14% | ||
Built-up area | 1006.566 | 56% | 1060.383625 | 59% | 1114.20125 | 61% | ||
Agricultural land | 515.57 | 28% | 467.85765 | 26% | 420.1453 | 23% | ||
Total | 1812.5 | 100% | 1812.502165 | 100% | 1812.50433 | 100% |
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Raza, A.; Shahid, M.A.; Safdar, M.; Zaman, M.; Sabir, R.M.; Muzammal, H.; Ahmed, M.M. Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Agricultural Production in District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan. Environ. Sci. Proc. 2024, 29, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECRS2023-16644
Raza A, Shahid MA, Safdar M, Zaman M, Sabir RM, Muzammal H, Ahmed MM. Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Agricultural Production in District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2024; 29(1):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECRS2023-16644
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaza, Aamir, Muhammad Adnan Shahid, Muhammad Safdar, Muhammad Zaman, Rehan Mehmood Sabir, Hafsa Muzammal, and Mian Muhammad Ahmed. 2024. "Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Agricultural Production in District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan" Environmental Sciences Proceedings 29, no. 1: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECRS2023-16644