Violence and Child Mental Health Outcomes in Iraq: Mapping Vulnerable Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Theoretical Framework
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Survey
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Logistic Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Characteristics | N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual | Depression | No | 9670 | 78.2 |
Yes | 2688 | 21.8 | ||
Anxiety | No | 7655 | 61.9 | |
Yes | 4706 | 38.1 | ||
Child Age | 5–9 | 7009 | 56.7 | |
10–14 | 5352 | 43.3 | ||
Child Sex | Male | 6391 | 51.7 | |
Female | 5970 | 48.3 | ||
Interpersonal | Serious Physical Violence | No | 6474 | 52.5 |
Yes | 5857 | 47.5 | ||
Household Head Education | Pre-primary or none | 1417 | 11.4 | |
Primary | 4409 | 35.6 | ||
Lower secondary | 2957 | 23.9 | ||
Upper secondary and beyond | 3600 | 29.1 | ||
Community | Women Justification for Domestic Violence | No | 6438 | 51.6 |
Yes | 5943 | 48.4 | ||
Wealth Quintile | Poorest | 3047 | 24.6 | |
Second | 2678 | 21.6 | ||
Middle | 2393 | 19.3 | ||
Fourth | 2221 | 17.9 | ||
Richest | 2006 | 16.2 | ||
Area | Urban | 8271 | 66.8 | |
Rural | 4111 | 33.2 | ||
Region | Kurdistan | 1609 | 13.0 | |
South Central | 10,772 | 87.0 | ||
Societal | Unsafe Neighborhood | No | 6946 | 56.1 |
Yes | 5436 | 43.9 |
Characteristics | Depression | Anxiety | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR 95% CI | p Value | AOR 95% CI | p Value | |||
Individual | Child Age, Ref = (5–9) years | |||||
10–14 | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.65 | ||
Child Sex, Ref = Male | Female | 0.92 (0.8–1.01) | 0.54 | 0.73 (0.67–0.79) | <0.001 | |
Interpersonal | Serious Physical Violence, Ref = No | Yes | 1.51 (1.37–1.67) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.70–2.01) | <0.001 |
Household Head Education, Ref = Pre-primary or none | ||||||
Primary | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 0.308 | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | 0.81 | ||
Lower secondary | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 0.446 | 1.12 (0.95–1.31) | 0.32 | ||
Upper secondary and beyond | 1.19 (0.98–1.43) | 0.174 | 1.15 (0.98–1.34) | 0.18 | ||
Community | Women Justification for Domestic Violence, Ref = No | Yes | 1.28 (1.16–1.42) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.06–1.26) | 0.001 |
Wealth Quintile, Ref = Poorest | ||||||
Second | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 0.109 | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.87 | ||
Middle | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.002 | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 0.65 | ||
Fourth | 0.75 (0.64–0.89) | 0.001 | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 0.1 | ||
Richest | 0.59 (0.47–0.73) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | <0.001 | ||
Region, Ref = Kurdistan | South Central | 1.87 (1.49–2.34) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.30–1.81) | <0.001 | |
Area, Ref = Rural | Urban | 1.35 (1.49–2.34) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | <0.001 | |
Societal | Unsafe Neighborhood, Ref = No | Yes | 1.18 (1.07–1.30) | 0.001 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 0.04 |
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Al Juboori, R. Violence and Child Mental Health Outcomes in Iraq: Mapping Vulnerable Areas. Psychiatry Int. 2024, 5, 39-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint5010004
Al Juboori R. Violence and Child Mental Health Outcomes in Iraq: Mapping Vulnerable Areas. Psychiatry International. 2024; 5(1):39-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint5010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Juboori, Ruaa. 2024. "Violence and Child Mental Health Outcomes in Iraq: Mapping Vulnerable Areas" Psychiatry International 5, no. 1: 39-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint5010004