Effects of a One-Day Experiential Sheep-Rearing Experience on Motivation, Anxiety, and Frontal Lobe Brain Activity in Patients with Chronic Psychiatric Disorders: A Crossover Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Methods
2.1.1. Participants
2.1.2. Study Design
2.1.3. Intervention
2.2. Survey Methodology
2.2.1. Measurement of the Motivation Score (Apathy Scale)
2.2.2. Measurement of Changes in Salivary Cortisol and Oxytocin
2.2.3. Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow Using NIRS
2.2.4. Survey Period
2.3. Analysis
2.3.1. Identification of the Channel Location Using Standard Brain Coordinates
2.3.2. Comparison of Baseline Data on the Intervention and Control Days
2.3.3. Changes in the Intervention and Control Dates before and Immediately after the Start of the Intervention (Between-Group Comparisons)
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of the Salivary Oxytocin and Cortisol Levels before and after the Intervention
3.3. Test for Carryover Effect
3.4. Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow on the Intervention and Control Days Using NIRS
4. Discussion
4.1. Participants’ Characteristics
4.2. Changes in the Apathy Scale Scores during the Sheep-Rearing Experience and Usual Occupational Therapy
4.3. Changes in Salivary Oxytocin and Cortisol Levels during the Sheep-Rearing Experience and Usual Occupational Therapy
4.4. Changes in Brain Activity during the Sheep-Rearing Experience and Usual Occupational Therapy
4.5. Bilateral Frontal Lobe Activation with and without an Animal Intervention
4.6. Limitations and Future Challenges
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The fact that the sheep-rearing experience in this study showed the same apathy scale effect as the daycare program at the medical institution indicates that this project can be used as part of a psychiatric rehabilitation program.
- (2)
- Oxytocin levels increased more after the sheep-rearing experience than the regular psychiatric daycare programs. These findings indicate that including animal husbandry in employment support or the continuous experience of rearing livestock as part of psychiatric daycare programs, which also serves as employment training, may increase oxytocin levels. This increase may improve the ability of psychiatric patients to infer the psychology of others, improve their ability to perceive and recognize emotions based on the facial expressions of others and lead to better relationships with others.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Apathy Scale Questions |
---|---|
1 | Are you interested in learning new things? |
2 | Do you have any interests? |
3 | Are you concerned about your condition? |
4 | Do you put much effort into things? |
5 | Are you always looking for something to do? |
6 | Do you have plans or goals for the future? |
7 | Do you have motivation? |
8 | Do you have the energy for daily activities? |
9 | Does someone have to tell you what to do each day? |
10 | Are you indifferent to everything? |
11 | Are you unconcerned with many things? |
12 | Do you need a push to get started on things? |
13 | Are you neither happy nor sad, just in between? |
14 | Would you consider yourself apathetic? |
Facility | Sex | Age | Disease | Medication | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | Male | 75 | Schizophrenia | Risperidone |
2 | A | Female | 51 | Schizophrenia | Risperidone |
3 | A | Female | 34 | Extensive Developmental Disorder | Bronanserin, Sulpiride |
4 | A | Female | 37 | Schizophrenia | Zepreon, Abilify |
5 | A | Male | 50 | Schizophrenia | Aripiprazole |
6 | A | Male | 51 | Bipolar Mood Disorder | Risperidone, Lithium |
7 | A | Female | 73 | Schizophrenia | Risperidone |
8 | A | Female | 73 | Schizophrenia | Blonanserin |
9 | A | Female | 34 | Extensive Developmental Disorder | Bronanserin, Sulpiride |
10 | A | Male | 30 | Developmental Disorder | Strattera |
11 | A | Female | 49 | Schizophrenia | Risperidone, Serenace, Quetiapine |
12 | B | Male | 65 | Bipolar Disorder | Tegretol, Duloxetine capsules, Tsumura |
13 | B | Female | 49 | Bipolar Disorder | Olanzapine, Abilify |
14 | B | Female | 45 | Schizophrenia | Sobotril, Abilify |
15 | B | Female | 31 | Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar Disorder | Iron tablets, vitamins, zinc |
16 | B | Female | 34 | Autism Spectrum | Invega, Tegrelor, Lorazepam |
17 | B | Female | 64 | Depression | Sertraline, Abilify |
18 | B | male | 55 | Depression | Quetiapine, Rhythmic, Sodium valproate tablets |
Facility A n = 11 | Facility B n = 7 | p Value *1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | ||
Age (years) | 50.64 | 16.62 | 49.00 | 13.43 | 0.785 | |
Pre-intervention Oxytocin | (μg/dL) | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.495 |
Pre-intervention Cortisol | (pg/mL) | 315.88 | 252.72 | 276.78 | 349.55 | 0.051 |
Pre-intervention Apathy Scale Score | 25.36 | 8.64 | 28.00 | 11.39 | 0.554 | |
Pre-control Oxytocin | (μg/dL) | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.315 |
Pre-control Cortisol | (pg/mL) | 337.44 | 270.99 | 425.10 | 407.23 | 0.891 |
Pre-control Apathy Scale Score | 25.60 | 8.45 | 26.86 | 7.82 | 0.768 |
Before Intervention | After Intervention | p Value *1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | ||
Intervention Day Apathy Scale Score | 26.389 | 9.562 | 29.167 | 8.952 | 0.003 | |
Intervention Day Cortisol | (μg/dL) | 0.133 | 0.070 | 0.129 | 0.140 | 0.435 |
Intervention Day Oxytocin | (pg/mL) | 299.781 | 286.596 | 368.258 | 385.218 | 0.062 |
Control Day Apathy Scale Score | 26.118 | 7.968 | 30.000 | 7.802 | 0.003 | |
Control Day Cortisol | (μg/dL) | 0.164 | 0.097 | 0.126 | 0.093 | 0.055 |
Control Day Oxytocin | (pg/mL) | 371.531 | 321.965 | 356.488 | 416.676 | 0.523 |
Intervention Day | Control Day | p Value *1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | ||
Apathy Scale Score change | 2.778 | 3.439 | 3.882 | 4.498 | 0.531 | |
Cortisol change | (μg/dL) | 0.001 | 0.103 | −0.039 | 0.097 | 0.379 |
Oxytocin change | (pg/mL) | 80.475 | 155.626 | −15.043 | 265.990 | 0.093 |
Subject | Sequence | Carryover Effect | Treatment Effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apathy Scale | Cortisol Change | Oxytocin Change | Apathy Scale | Cortisol Change | Oxytocin Change | ||
1 | 1 (AB) | 12 | −0.24 | −760.85 | 2 | 0.04 | −500.45 |
2 | 1 (AB) | 10 | 0.14 | −41.25 | 0 | 0.18 | −53.25 |
3 | 1 (AB) | 1 | −0.1 | 28.81 | 1 | 0 | 106.95 |
4 | 1 (AB) | 4 | −0.01 | −84.6 | 0 | −0.03 | 89.38 |
5 | 1 (AB) | 2 | 0.09 | −63.58 | −2 | −0.01 | 63.58 |
6 | 1 (AB) | 0 | −0.04 | 186.45 | 2 | −0.04 | −291.37 |
7 | 1 (AB) | 3 | 0.02 | 171.67 | −1 | 0 | −102.47 |
8 | 1 (AB) | 6 | −0.21 | 69.26 | 4 | −0.25 | −146.8 |
9 | 1 (AB) | 5 | −0.21 | 49.89 | −5 | −0.21 | 49.89 |
10 | 1 (AB) | 8 | −0.06 | 102.66 | 8 | −0.04 | −203.12 |
11 | 1 (AB) | 12 | 0.1 | 51.35 | −4 | −0.2 | −58.55 |
12 | 2 (BA) | 1 | −0.11 | 12.1 | 1 | −0.03 | −32.08 |
13 | 2 (BA) | 2 | −0.07 | −8.81 | 4 | −0.07 | 17.09 |
14 | 2 (BA) | 18 | 0.03 | 699.79 | −14 | 0.03 | −35.21 |
15 | 2 (BA) | 6 | −0.12 | −162.45 | −6 | 0.02 | 223.59 |
16 | 2 (BA) | 21 | −0.12 | 16.64 | 3 | 0.00 | 84.00 |
17 | 2 (BA) | 3 | −0.17 | −313.41 | 7 | −0.01 | 522.65 |
18 | 2 (BA) | 2 | 0.45 | 1143.67 | −6 | 0.17 | −187.41 |
Brain Coordinate Measurement Position | Oxygen Hemoglobin Concentration (Integral) | Mann–Whitney U p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Channel 1 | Intervention | −57,010.491 | 0.458 |
Control | −28,992.879 | ||
Channel 2 | Intervention | −29,273.356 | 0.652 |
Control | −8469.174 | ||
Channel 3 | Intervention | −14,776.647 | 0.852 |
Control | −18,856.741 | ||
Channel 4 | Intervention | 30,126.428 | 0.032 |
Control | −58,048.605 | ||
Channel 5 | Intervention | −2770.151 | 0.942 |
Control | 1090.629 | ||
Channel 6 | Intervention | 15,648.397 | 0.270 |
Control | −8267.619 | ||
Channel 7 | Intervention | 6226.593 | 0.553 |
Control | −19,568.200 | ||
Channel 8 | Intervention | −27,745.876 | 0.691 |
Control | −5306.442 | ||
Channel 9 | Intervention | −83,291.332 | 0.151 |
Control | −8779.836 | ||
Channel 10 | Intervention | −53,775.030 | 0.568 |
Control | −23,492.277 | ||
Channel 11 | Intervention | 37,053.522 | 0.452 |
Control | 14,198.655 | ||
Channel 12 | Intervention | −51,526.818 | 0.280 |
Control | 2286.230 | ||
Channel 13 | Intervention | 9789.809 | 0.808 |
Control | 1629.656 | ||
Channel 14 | Intervention | 18,595.649 | 0.978 |
Control | 17,685.441 | ||
Channel 15 | Intervention | −1839.110 | 0.443 |
Control | −18,314.892 | ||
Channel 16 | Intervention | 33,583.087 | 0.045 |
Control | −20,404.002 | ||
Channel 17 | Intervention | 117.952 | 0.733 |
Control | −17,721.914 | ||
Channel 18 | Intervention | 3192.267 | 0.577 |
Control | −8242.235 | ||
Channel 19 | Intervention | −3593.690 | 0.715 |
Control | −8797.640 | ||
Channel 20 | Intervention | 16,986.230 | 0.330 |
Control | 1771.079 | ||
Channel 21 | Intervention | −21,777.784 | 0.467 |
Control | 787.291 | ||
Channel 22 | Intervention | −25,666.015 | 0.745 |
Control | −12,234.070 | ||
Channel 23 | Intervention | 31,754.014 | 0.098 |
Control | −13,519.307 | ||
Channel 24 | Intervention | 17,887.825 | 0.645 |
Control | −170.636 |
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Shimizu, N.; Ohe, S.; Asano, K.; Ishida, M. Effects of a One-Day Experiential Sheep-Rearing Experience on Motivation, Anxiety, and Frontal Lobe Brain Activity in Patients with Chronic Psychiatric Disorders: A Crossover Pilot Study. Psychiatry Int. 2024, 5, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint5020010
Shimizu N, Ohe S, Asano K, Ishida M. Effects of a One-Day Experiential Sheep-Rearing Experience on Motivation, Anxiety, and Frontal Lobe Brain Activity in Patients with Chronic Psychiatric Disorders: A Crossover Pilot Study. Psychiatry International. 2024; 5(2):134-153. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint5020010
Chicago/Turabian StyleShimizu, Nobuko, Shingo Ohe, Keigo Asano, and Motohiko Ishida. 2024. "Effects of a One-Day Experiential Sheep-Rearing Experience on Motivation, Anxiety, and Frontal Lobe Brain Activity in Patients with Chronic Psychiatric Disorders: A Crossover Pilot Study" Psychiatry International 5, no. 2: 134-153. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint5020010